The numismatic chronicle and journal of the Royal Numismatic Society

THE

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,

AND

JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,

/'AND

(JOURNAL

i NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

v^.

EDITED BY

JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., TREAS.R.S., P.S.A.,

CORRESPONUANT DK I/1N8T1TUT DE FRANCE,

BARCLAY V. HEAD, D.C.L., PH.D.,

ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF COINS, BRITISH MUSEUM, MEMBRK OF THE IMPERIAL,
GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE,

AND

HERBERT A. GRUEBER, F.S.A.

THIRD SERIES.— VOL. XI.

Factum abiit — monumenta manent. — Ov. Fast.

LONDON :
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15- PICCADILLY.

PARIS: MM. EOLLIN ET FEUARDENT, PLACE LOUVOIS, No. 4.

189L

c?

sar D
V.ll

641 3f 8

LONDON

PRIKTBU BY J. 8. VIETUE AND CO.
CITY EOAU.

CONTENTS.

ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.

Page
Archaic Coins probably of Gyrene. By Barclay V. Head,

D.O.L., Ph.D 1

Greek Coins acquired by the British Museum in 1890. By

Warwick Wroth, F.S.A 117

Eupolemus. By Warwick Wroth, F.S.A 135

Notes on Coins found in Cyprus. By Col. Falkland Warren,

C.M.G 140

On some rare or unpublished Roman Medallions. By John

Evans, D.C.L., P.S.A 152

Syracusan " Medallions" and their Engravers. By Arthur

J. Evans, M.A., F.S.A 205

MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.

The Anglo-Saxon Mints of Chester and Leicester. By H.

Montagu, F.S.A 12

VI CONTENTS.

Page
Pennies of William I. and William II. By the Eev. G. F.

Crowther, M.A 25

Some Notes on the Coins of Henry VII. By A. E. Packe,

Esq 34

English Personal Medals from 1760. By H. A. Grueber,

F.S.A 65, 377

On a Pax Penny attributed to Witney. By the Eev. G. F.

Crowther, M.A 161

On the Durham Pennies of Bishop De Bury and Hatfield.

By H. Montagu, F.S.A 164

English Silver Coins issued between 1461 and 1483. By

L. A. Lawrence, Esq 180

ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Notes on Gupta Coins. By E. J. Rapson, M.A. ... 48

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.

Eevue Numismatique ....... 105, 418

Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik 106

Numismatique de la Crete ancienne. J. N. Svoronos . .109

CONTENTS. Vll

Page
Ephemeris Archceologike. J. N. Svoronos . . . .110

The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. Professor W. M.

Ramsay . . . .111

Catalogue des Monnaies Grecques de la Bibliotheque Na-
tionale. Les Rois de Syrie, d'Armenie, et de Comrnagene.
E. Babelon 113

Traite de Numismatique du Moyen Age. MM. Arthur En gel

and Raymond Seriure . . . . . . .114

Les Monnaies et la Chronologie des Rois de Sidon sous la

domination des Perses Achemenides. E. Babelon . . 422

Nurnismatica. Dr. Solone Ambrosoli . , 425

MISCELLANEA.

Greek Coins acquired by the British Museum in 1889. —

Corrections . . . . . . . . .116

A New Coin of Dubnovellaunus ...... 198

A Further Discovery of Roman Coins in Southern India . 199
Treasure Trove, Whaplode, Lincolnshire .... 202

Inedited Gold Crown of James V., with the name of John,

Duke of Albany 203

Find of Coins at Colchester 413

Tityros or Tisyros 417

An Unpublished Penny of Archbishop Cranmer . . .418

VI 11 PLATES.

LIST OF PLATES CONTAINED IN VOL. XI.

Plate
I. Coins of Cyrene.

II. Gupta Coins in the Bodleian.

III. English Personal Medals.

IV. Acquisitions of the British Museum in 1890.
V. Coins found in Cyprus.

VI. Roman Medallions.
VII. English Silver Coins, 1461—1483.
VIII. Ditto Ditto.

IX. Kimcm's First " Medallion" Type and illustrative coins.

X. Kimon's Later " Medallions " and illustrative coins.
XI. Kimon's Facing Head of Arethusa : Prototype and copies.
XII. " Medallion " by New Artist (two diams.).

XIII. " Medallions" and Gold Pieces by Evsenetos with illustra-
tive coins and gem.

XIV. Evametos " Medallion" Type and Imitations.
XV. Coins in Evaonetos' earlier manner.
XVI. English Personal Medals.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

i.

ARCHAIC COINS PROBABLY OF GYRENE.
(See PL I.)

A RECENT small find in the island of Cos of archaic coins
of the Eubo'ic standard, from which my friend Canon
Greenwell has acquired some of the specimens described
below, affords occasion for a few remarks on early Cyrenean
coin-types, or what I believe to be such : —

(i.) Bunch of grapes within
circle of dots.

Incuse square, within which
youthful running male figure r. ,
with curled wings at shoulders
and ankles. He carries a wreath
consisting of a dotted circle in
each hand. His hair is in queue,
indicated by dots. The whole
within double square, dotted
and linear.

M. Tetradrachm, 266 grs.
[PI. I. No. 3.]

(ii.) Bunch of grapes, from
the same die as No. i.

Incuse square, within which
head of bearded Herakles 1. in
lion's skin, enclosed in square
of dots.

JR. Tetradrachm, 264-3 grs.
[PI. I. No. 4.]

(iii.) Bunch of grapes flanked
on either side by a leaf or
smaller bunch of four grapes ;
hanging from stalk, circle of
dots.

Head of Herakles, from the
same die as No. ii.

JR. Tetradrachm, 256 grs.

[PI. I. No. 5.]

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

[This coin was purchased by the British Museum in
1872, and was placed among the uncertain coins.]

(iv.) Bunch of grapes flanked
on either side by a leaf, from
the same die as No. iii.

Incuse square containing
crested helmet, &c.

M. Tetradrachm, 261 '3 grs.

[PI. I. No. 6.]

In addition to the above unpublished coins (PI. I., Nos.
3, 4, and 6), the hoard contained an archaic tetradrachm
of Athens of the very earliest style, similar to B.M. Cat.
Attica, PI. I., 5 (wt. 261-2 grs.), and an archaic tetradrachm
of Mende of the usual type, ass with crow on his back,
similar to B.M. Guide, PI. IV., 8 (wt. 271-5 grs.).

The presence of this last coin in the hoard led me at
first to think of Chalcidice as the district to which the
new types might also belong, and their Eubo'ic weight
seemed to tell in favour of this hypothesis. A conside-
ration of the types compelled me, however, to seek some
other place of mintage. The fact that Nos. i.— ii. and
iii. — iv. are from the same obverse-dies, and Nos.
ii. — iii. from the same reverse-die, is strong evidence
that they all belong to the same city ; and there seems to
be no city in Chalcidice to which such a type as a bunch
of grapes would be appropriate, the obverse-types of the
archaic tetradrachms of the Chalcidic towns being in-
variably as follows: — Acanthus, Lion devouring bull;
Terone, Amphora ; Sermyle, Horseman galloping ; Olyn-
thus, Quadriga ; Mende, A ss; Potidaea, Poseidon Hippios ;
Dicaea, Cow scratching herself ; Aeneia, Aeneas carrying
Anchiscs, &c.

Moreover, the reverses of all these Chalcidic coins
consist merely of incuse squares, either quartered or sub-
divided into triangles. None of them in the earliest
period exhibit a device upon the reverse, and at a later

ARCHAIC COINS PROBABLY OF CYRENE. 3

period, when reverse-types first make their appearance
in Chalcidice, they are never enclosed, as on two out of
the three coins now before us, in a dotted square.

Omitting, therefore, Chalcidice, the only other regions
in which, on metrological grounds, it is admissible, so far
as I know, to look for Euboic tetrad rachms, are Euboea,
Athens, Sicily, and the Cyrenai'ca ; and it is to this last
district that, in my judgment, the coins now in question
must be attributed. Here, and here only, we find coins
of the Euboic standard which have at the same time a
type on the reverse sometimes enclosed in a dotted square
within an incuse square (cf. Head, Hist. Num. Fig. 387,
and Head, " Coins discovered on the Site of Naucratis,"
Num. Chron. 1886, p. 9).

It is true that this style of reverse, a type within a
dotted square enclosed in an incuse square, is not by any
means peculiar to Cyrene, for we meet with it here and
there at various points on the coasts of Asia Minor, Crete,
and Cyprus (e.g. on archaic coins of Tenedos, B.M. Guide,
PL II., 19 ; Lycia, PI. III., 35 ; Methymna, PI. XI, 27 ;
Cyprus, PL XI, 42; Crete, B.M. Cat. PL XIII, 12 ; and
Samos, Gardner, Samos, PL I, 8) ; but, so far as I
remember, never on tetradrachms of Euboic weight except
at Cyrene.

So much for the weight and fabric of the coins before
us. Let us now turn to the types, and we shall see, I
think, that they are not inappropriate to Cyrene or, at
any rate, to the Cyrena'ica.

First, as to the bunch of grapes. This is a type which
forcibly reminds us of the contemporary coins of lulis,
in Ceos, of the Aeginetic standard (Imhoof, Griecfiische
Munzen, PL I. 29 — 40), where it symbolizes the worship
of Aristaeos, the beneficent pastoral divinity, protector of

4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

flocks and herds, of vines and fruit-trees, of corn-fields and
bee-culture, against the scorching heat of the sun during
the dog-days, and the parching south wind to which Ceos
was much exposed.

At Gyrene the worship of Aristaeos, who was the son
by Apollo of the nymph Kyrene, was not less prevalent
than at Ceos, whence it appears to have been derived.
We must bear in mind that the population of Gyrene was
a mixed one. This we know from the fact that of the
three tribes into which the Cyrenean citizens were divided,
one, the Nqo-iamu, consisted of settlers from the Ionian
Cyclades, doubtless including Ceos ; another of Dorians
from Thera with their vassals ; and a third of Pelopon-
nesians and Cretans. Whether the coin-types of Cyrene
reflect this threefold division of the population is a very
doubtful point, but it is at least noteworthy that the
Cyrenean coin-types in archaic times are more numerous
and varied than those of any other ancient city, and that
among them there is one which offers unmistakable
evidence either of a Ehodian settlement at Cyrene or, at
any rate, of an intimate commercial relationship with
Rhodes. I allude to the tetradrachm (PI. I. No. 7) which
bears, in conjunction with the national silphium, the
lion's head of Lindus on the obverse, and on the reverse
the eagle's head of lalysus.

With this example before us, I have less hesitation
than I might otherwise have had in suggesting that on
the coins now in question, bearing on one side the bunch
of grapes, the well-known type of the archaic coins of
Ceos, we may perhaps trace a relationship between Cyrene
and that island.

Of the three reverse-types the most important is the
winged running figure, which I take to represent a wind-

ARCHAIC COINS PROBABLY OF CYRENE.

Cyrenean Kylix from Naucratis, in the British Museum.

6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

god. With it may be compared the interesting bowl of
Cyrenean fabric lately discovered on the site of Naucratis
(Petrie, Naucratis, Pt. I., PL VIII.), and a more accurate
engraving, here reproduced, from Studniczka, Kyrene,
Fig. 10. On the inside of this kylix the goddess Kyrene
stands erect, holding in one hand the silphium and in the
other a branch of the tree of the Hesperides. Behind her
are four female winged forms, which have been identified
as harpies, though they have not the bodies of birds. In
this respect they resemble the harpies on the Phineus
vase (Baumeister, Denkmaler, s.v. Phineus). Facing the
harpies, on the other side of the goddess, are three bearded
male divinities, with wings at their shoulders and ankles
as on our coin. These have been explained by Studniczka
(op. cit. p. 26) as Boreades, or mild and gentle breezes
from the north, favourable to the growth of the silphium
and other plants. They seem to be guarding the goddess
Kyrene- Hesperis against the attacks of the harpies. Com-
pare, again, the Phineus vase already cited, on which the
harpies are pursued by the two Boreades Zetes and Kala'is.

No part of the world as known to the Greeks depended
perhaps more than the Cyrenaica upon the direction of the
wind. The hot southerly winds from the deserts, here
symbolized as harpies, dried up all the watercourses and
tanks, and burnt up with their scorching blasts all fruit
and vegetation. The north winds, Boreades, on the
other hand, brought a welcome moisture and refreshing
breezes from the sea. These mild, moist breezes were
sent by Aristaeos, just as at Ceos he sent the Etesiae,
which blew every year for forty days from the rising
of Sirius, cooling the ground after the parching heat of
the dog-days (Diod. iv. 82, 2).

Even in the present day, Hamilton tells us, there is

ARCHAIC COINS PROBABLY OF CYRENE. 7

in these parts an almost superstitious dread of the south
wind, the same wind which in ancient times swept
away the Libyan tribe called Psylli, and buried them in
heaps of desert sand (Herod, iv. 172).

It is but natural, therefore, that in a country like
Cyrena'ica, where all the blessings of rich vegetation and
unrivalled fertility were dependent upon the soft sea-
breezes which periodically blew through its valleys, Wind
daemons should be alternately worshipped and propi-
tiated ; and that this was actually the case may be in-
ferred from the frequent occurrence of winged divinities
on early Cyrenean vases. Thus we find a running male
figure, with wings at his shoulders and feet, on a Cyrenean
vase at Munich (Jahn, Cat. 1164), and, as Studniczka
has remarked (op. tit. p. 24), " Similar though beardless
figures fulfil on Cyrenean bowls with victorious riders the
same function as Nike does elsewhere." They some-
times carry flowers and wreaths, as on our coin, and as
on two other coins with somewhat similar types, which
Babelon (Rev. Num. 1885, p. 395, sq.) has rightly,
though on other grounds, attributed to Gyrene. On one
of these coins (Rev. Num. 1885, PI. XV. 4, and No. 1
of my plate) the figure has two wings attached to the
waist and two to the ankles, and holds in one hand a
wreath, while in front is the silphium flower. On the
other coin (Rev. Num. 1885, PI. XV. 3) the figure (in
this case, perhaps, female) is in the same attitude ; she
holds the silphium flower in each hand, but the wings
are wanting. A third coin [PI. I. 2], a cast of which
is in the British Museum (where the original is I do not
know), is similar to, though not identical with, the speci-
men published by M. Babelon. With these figures on
coins of Cyrene may also be compared a figure with

8 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

wings at shoulders and ankles, and apparently holding a
silphium flower, on a fragment of a situla found at
Daphnae in Egypt (Petrie, Tanis, Pt. II., Nebesheh and
Defenneh, PL XXVI. 4), which probably also represents a
harpy or wind-diemon, though Mr. Murray, in his
chapter on the Daphnae vases in Mr. Petrie' s work
(p. 67), has called it Nike.

These instances will I hope be sufficient to show that
the winged figure on the coin which I now publish for
the first time is especially appropriate to Gyrene, and
that, as it is a male figure, there can be little doubt that
it represents one of the Boreades.

The next reverse type, the head of Herakles, requires
little comment. The type of Herakles in the garden of
the Hesperides, on the well-known tetradrachm of Gyrene
(Miiller, i. p. 11, Fig. 23), is in itself sufficient to prove
that Herakles occupies a prominent place in early Cyre-
nean mythology ; cf. also the Scholiast (ad Pind. Pyth.
v. 101), fle'Ae* $eii;ai TOV 'ApKeaL\aov TO yevos Karayovra
a.7ro TU)V *Hpaic\e&wv. As Studniczka has already re-
marked (Kyreney p. 20), " Herakles in Cyrenean legend
represents the Peloponnesian element in the population."

The helmet on No. iv. is a type which it would be
rash to speculate about, though doubtless it might be,
with more or less plausibility, brought into connection
with more than one Cyrenean myth. The attribution of
this coin to Gyrene must rest, therefore, simply upon its
resemblance in fabric, in the type of its obverse, which is
from the same die as No. iii., and in weight, to the two
other specimens with which it was found.

The present seems a good opportunity of putting on
record a change of attribution which I have recently been

ARCHAIC COINS PROBABLY OF CYRENE.

9

compelled to make while cataloguing the coins of Ionia in
the British Museum. In my Hist. Num., p. 490, and in
my Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, 3rd ed. p. 6, 21,
I have assigned to Clazomenae, in Ionia, the following
tetradrachm of the Eubo'ic standard : —

Lion 1. as if devouring prey ;
his tail between his legs ;
farther foreleg indicated by
doubled outline of the nearer
one ; above, silphium flower ;
beneath, apple, countermarked
with incuse quatrefoil ; border
of dots.

Forepart of winged boarl.,
beneath which, uncertain sym-
bol ; the whole in dotted square
within incuse square.

M. Tetradr.,wt. 265 '6 grs.

[Brit. Mus. PI. I. No. 8.]

Another specimen from same
obverse die ; silphium more
distinct ; apple not counter-
marked.

Forepart of winged boar r.,
no symbol beneath ; the whole
in dotted square within incuse
square.

M. Tetradr., wt. 265 grs.

[Dr. Weber. PI. I. No. 9.]

These coins are so different both in style and weight
from the earliest coins of Clazomenae, that, had it not
been for the winged boar, the attribution would cer-
tainly never have been suggested. As, however, this
type is by no means peculiar to Clazomenae (for we meet
with it both at Samos and lalysus in comparatively early
times, as well as on electrum staters and hectae), there
seems no reason why we should not find it also at
Cyrene, especially as we have already seen that another
Cyrenean coin-type (the eagle's head) is also found on
coins of lalysus. But this, perhaps, is a mere coincidence.
The decisive point in favour of Cyrene as the mint-city of
the lion tetradrachm is of course the symbol in the field
above the lion's back.

On the specimen figured by me in the Brit. Mus. Guide,

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. C

10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

PI. II. 21, the form of the flower was not quite distinct,
and I consequently failed to identify it as a silphiura
flower ; but on the second specimen, recently acquired by
Dr. Weber, which I now figure on PI. I. No. 9, no doubt
can be any longer entertained that the flower is a silphium
formed precisely as on other Cyrenean coins (cf. Miiller,
p. 10, 15, p. 11, 17, and Bompois, Nonnaies de la Cyrt-
naique, PI. I. 6), as well as on Cyrenean vases, where, com-
bined with unopened buds, it forms a most characteristic
border (cf. woodcut, p. 5). The other symbol, beneath
the lion, I take to be an apple symbolizing the garden
of the Hesperides. On Dr. Weber's coin it is more
distinct, but on the Museum specimen, which is from
the same die, it has been apparently countermarked or
punched with an incuse quatrefoil.

The symbol beneath the winged boar on the reverse is
hardly to be made out, though it might be taken for a
boar without wings to the right (cf. this symbol on a
specimen engraved in Miiller, p. 10, 15).

With regard to the lion, this is a type so appropriate to
Libya, that it is scarcely necessary to justify its occur-
rence as a principal type on a coin of Gyrene, especially
as it is already known on other coins of the city or dis-
trict (cf. Muller, Num. de Vane. Afr. i. p. 9, No. 5). As a
coin- type at Gyrene the lion is not due so much to the
fact that these animals were indigenous in Libya as to
Cyrenean myths and traditions, in which the lion is heard
of in connection with the nymph Kyrene, with Battus and
others (cf. Muller, op. cit. p. 62, where references to
Pindar and Callimachus will be found).

According to one legend the contest between Kyrene
and the lion took place in Thessaly, and Apollo, who wit-
nessed the struggle, became enamoured of the nymph,

ARCHAIC COINS PROBABLY OF CYRENE. 11

whom he bore off " beyond the sea to a chosen garden of
Zeus, and that same day made accomplishment of the
matter, and in a golden chamber of Libya they lay toge-
ther, where now she haunteth a city excellent in beauty
and glorious in the games " (Find. Pyth., ix.).

According to another version the kingdom of Eurypylos,
in Libya, was ravaged by a devouring lion, to rid the land
of which the king promised to bestow a portion of his
realm on any one who should slay the monster. The
nymph Kyrene performed the feat, and received the due
reward of her prowess.

For representations of Kyrene contending with the
lion, see the relief from the treasure-house of the Cyre-
neans at Olympia (Studniczka, op. cit. Figs. 20 and 21),
and two groups in the British Museum (Figs. 22, 23), on
the latter of which, a slab in high relief of a late period,
the nymph is seen strangling the lion and crowned by
Libya, who stands before her. A vine with pendent
bunches of grapes (cf. the obverse types of our new coins,
PI. I., Nos. 3 — 6) forms an arch above the whole, while
beneath is a metrical dedicatory inscription, in which
Kyrene is called Aeoi/T00oi/o?.

The above considerations seem to me to form, in the
aggregate, a cumulative argument which tends to estab-
lish the Cyrenean origin of the lion tetradrachms pre-
viously assigned to Clazomenae, as well as of the recently
discovered specimens which Canon Greenwell has kindly
allowed me to publish.

BARCLAY V. HEAD.

II.

THE ANGLO-SAXON MINTS OF CHESTER AND
LEICESTER.

IT is somewhat remarkable that in a work so carefully
compiled and so accurate in its details as that on the
" Anglosachsiska Mynt i Svenska Kongliga Myntkabi-
nettet funna i Sveriges Jord," by the late Dr. Bror Emil
Hildebrand (Stockholm, 1881), the mints of Chester and
Leicester should have been systematically reversed. Under
the reign of every Anglo-Saxon monarch of whom the
author describes coins struck at these mints, commenc-
ing with Eadgar and terminating with Eadward the Con-
fessor, he gives the Chester coins to Leicester, and the
Leicester coins to Chester.

I mentioned the subject of this erroneous attribution to
Dr. Evans in 1885, when he wrote his description of a
hoard of Saxon pennies found in the City of London in
1872 (N.C. 3rd S. vol. v. p. 258), and he therein refers to
the point. Since then my attention has again been called
to the subject owing to doubts having been raised in other
directions, and I think that it may be beneficial to dispose
of the question, once and for all, in order that future
error may be avoided.

For this purpose it may be almost sufficient to give in
the first place the early names of the two towns and the
origin of those names, and in the second place to refer to

ANGLO-SAXON MINTS OF CHESTER AND LEICESTER. 13

those entries in the Saxon and other Chronicles which
allude to either of them.

Chester, on the river Dee, was of the greatest importance
during the time of the Roman occupation, and was effec-
tively fortified as an advance post and stronghold whence
the predatory incursions of the British or Welsh tribes
beyond the border could be, and constantly were, success-
fully repelled. It was occupied by the twentieth Legion
(Valeria Victrix), and for that reason — though it is known
as Deva on the Roman Itineraries (Anton. Iter. XI., &c.) —
the ancient British name was Caerlleon, " The City of the
Legion." The Anglo-Saxons adapted the same idea in
their transformation of the name to Legaceastre. It will
be observed that the letter R does not enter into the
composition of that name except in the final syllable ; and
this is true of all its varieties, such as Leigceastre, Lege-
ceastre, Ligcester, Leiceceastre, Liececeastre, &c.

In the Speculum Historiale of Richard of Cirencester
(Lib. ii., cap. xv.) is a reference to the collection by
Ethelfred of Northumbria of a large army " ad Civitatem
Legionum quae a gente Anglorum Legacester, a Bri-
tonibus autem rectius Kaerlegion appellatur." In the
Chronicle of Abingdon, and other mediaeval Chronicles,
the city is constantly called " Urbs Legionum/' l

Leicester, on the river Leire, now known as the Soar,
was also a Roman station of some importance under the
name of Ratae (Anton. Iter. VI.), or Ratiscorion, and
retained that importance during early Saxon times. It
became, later, of much more prominent note in connection
with the struggles between the Mercians and the Danes,

1 Vide, also, Chronicle of Roger de Hoveden, who, under the
year 905, refers to " Civitas, quae Karlegion Britannice et
Legaceastre dicitur Saxonice."

14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

by whom alternately it was more than once occupied and
fortified ; and it formed one of the famous five Danish
burghs of which the others were Derby, Lincoln, Stam-
ford, and Nottingham. Owing to its site on the river
Leire, it was by the Saxons called Leireceastre, which
soon became developed into Leherceastre, Lihraceastre,
Ligraceastre, Ligoraceastre, &c. (the two latter being pro-
bably Latinised variations), in all of which forms the
letter R appears early in the name.

It appears to me more than probable that the root of
the name is identical with that of the Loire (France)
Lat. Ligera or Ligeris ; and it may be more than a
coincidence that a town near the mouth of the latter bears
a name so similar to Ratae as Ratiatum (Reze*, Loire
Inf 6rieure) .

Both Chester and Leicester were very important towns
in their day, and the prosperity of both varied from time
to time with the fortunes of war, but, of the two, Chester
seems to have played a more important part in the history
of our early periods ; and this is rendered probable, if not
actually proved, by the fact that a greater number of
coins issued from its mint than from that of Leicester.
Its exceptional position caused it, in later times, to be
known by its present name. As the Bible was the ptpx.os
par excellence, so was Chester the Ceastre which required
no farther distinguishing appellation. Another reason
for its profuse coinage may be that it was not situated as
was Leicester, surrounded by other mints, but, owing to
its somewhat isolated position, had to supply a much
larger area with the necessary currency.

There is no express reference to either Chester or
Leicester in King Aethelstan's Regulation of Mints, A.D.

!), and, therefore, if either of these towns had a mint,

ANGLO-SAXON MINTS OF CHESTER AND LEICESTER. 15

its moneyer must have been included in the general
expression: "In aliis Castellis unus." There are large
numbers of coins of Aethelstan with the name of the
mint on the reverse, appearing as LEG, LEGO, LEGF,
LEGECE, LEGECFI, LEIE, LEIECF, LEIGE,
LEIGECIF, &c. The termination C, CF, CIF, &c., is
a contraction of CIFITAS, a form sometimes used on
Saxon coins for CI VITAS. Chester seems always to have
been denominated, as now, a city, and Leicester a town
or burgh, although, so far as the ecclesiastical position of
matters is concerned, Leicester was the see of a bishopric
very early in the day until A.D. 874 ; but Chester did not
become a distinct bishopric until the sixteenth century,
although the Bishop of Lichfield removed his seat thither
in 1075, and his successors were styled Bishops of Chester.

While upon this point, I may mention that I have
searched through Mr. Walter De Gray Birch's Cartu-
larium Saxonicum for references to either of the two
towns, and I find that in Charter No. 355, containing the
Profession of Hrethun, Bishop of Leicester, to Uulfred,
Archbishop of Canterbury, circa A.D. 816, the Bishop
describes himself as " ad episcopalem Legoracensis eccle-
siae sedem electus ; " and that in No. 440, A.D. 844,
which contains the Profession of the Bishop Ceolred of
Leicester to his Archbishop, he, also, is styled " electus
Legoracensis civitatis," &c., thus proving my point as to
the Latinised spelling of the name of that town.

In my opinion, the whole of Aethelstan's coins, bear-
ing LEG, LEIE, or any variety of such a name upon them,
and those of a similar character issued by his successor,
Edmund, proceeded from the mint of Chester ; and,
hitherto, I have not seen or heard of any authenticated
production of the mint of Leicester at this early period.

16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

It is, therefore, more than possible that no mint was
there instituted until the reign of Eadgar, when pennies
of several moneyers appear with the name of the mint
written LIGAR.

It may be urged that the importance of Leicester would
have indicated the contrary ; but this is not a conclusive
test, as is proved by the fact that in the case of two other
of the five burghs, viz., Stamford and Lincoln, of both of
which we should have expected to have found large
numbers of coins, none also appear until the reign of
Eadgar. With regard to Lincoln an exception may,
perhaps, be made in respect of a rude penny of Aelfred,
and of two pennies of Aethelstan, which latter I have not
seen, but which, from the description by Dr. Evans in his
paper on Anglo-Saxon coins found in Meath (N.C. 3rd S.
vol. v.), I am inclined to think are coins of Chester and
not of Lincoln. He himself states that it is barely pos-
sible that they belong to Leicester ; or rather what must
be Chester, if I be successful in proving that these mints
have hitherto been reversed. I cannot but think that
Lincoln, so prolific a producer of coins when we are
certain that it had a mint, would, if the mint had existed
in Aethelstan's time, have left us as a legacy more than
two pieces, of doubtful attribution, found at Meath so late
only as in 1876. The two bungled pieces in the Roman
hoard (N. C. 3rd. S. iv. p. 247), doubtfully attributed to
Lincoln, are probably Danish imitations.

I am of opinion also that the pennies of Eadred, Ead-
wig, and Eadgar, which read LE on the reverse, are of
the Chester mint, and in this I am confirmed by the late
Rev. E. J. Shepherd, no mean numismatist. This gentle-
man was not quite justly treated in the Introduction
to the Sale Catalogue of his coins, in which it is stated

ANGLO-SAXON MINTS OF CHESTER AND LEICESTER. 17

that he had bequeathed to us no published records of his
studies. He contributed to the York volume of the Archae-
ological Institute in 1846 a very interesting and well-
considered paper " On the Mint Marks of certain Saxon
Coins which are presumed to have been struck at York,"
and in this paper he refers to the fact that on the reverses
of the coins of the above-mentioned monarchs, instead of
+BE+DA+ or some other town, will be seen OL+EO,
which has been supposed to be a blunder for ON+EO,
that is, On York. This he disproves, and suggests that
the letters LE can only relate to the Chester Mint (the
O's being really annulets), and there is no suggestion on
his part that they could possibly indicate the Mint of
Leicester. I had, myself, before reading his paper,
attributed all such coins to Chester, and had so allocated
them in my own cabinet.

In Dr. Hildebrand's work cited at the head of this
paper, including the Tillagg or Supplement, the following
are the numbers of coins in the various reigns attributed
by him to the two mints of Chester and Leicester re-
spectively : —

Chester. Leicester.

Eadgar 3 4

Bad ward II. 0 1

Aethelred H. 29 101

Cnut 20 151

Harold, I. 6 89

Harthacnut 2 6

Eadward Confessor 4 20

64 322

It would, indeed, be strange to any student of the
history of the two places if it were true that the one of
apparently greater importance than the other should have

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. D

18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

issued so many less coins as is evidenced by the foregoing
proportions. This point alone should have led the learned
antiquary into an inquiry, the result of which would not
for one moment have been doubtful ; but " aliquando bonus
dormitat Homerus," and the marvel is that so few errors
have crept into a work of such vast erudition and detail.

Ruding, except in some few instances, rightly classified
the coins of the two towns, and was to some extent pre-
ceded in this by the Rev. Richard Southgate, who, in his
account of the Leicester Mint written for Mr. Nichols's
history of that town, makes use of the following words : —
" In the early period of the Saxon mintage, it is difficult
to distinguish the coins of Leicester from those of Chester,
as the names of both were then nearly similar. In this
uncertainty I have given those of LIECE, LECER,
LEHER, &c., to Leicester, as Chester is generally Lege-
ceaster, without the I or R." If the learned author had
thought less of the letter I, I should have been able to
give my unqualified adhesion to his views. It will be
observed that he has, on the strength of his own rule,
given LIECE to Leicester, which I should give to Chester.

Kenyon, in his two editions of Hawkins' Silver Coins of
England, blindly follows the classification of Hildebrand
in his list of mints.

It will be useful now to refer to the Saxon chronicle,
and to ascertain from the actual entries therein how the
names of the two towns were spelt at the time of its com-
pilation.

In the entry for the year 894 we find that the Pagans
(alias Danes), after a defeat, " traveled night and day
until they settled in a certain western 2 city in Wirheale,

2 I have adopted Gibson's translation of pertpe. According

ANGLO-SAXON MINTS OF CHESTER AND LEICESTER. 19

which was called Legaceaster (Leja-ceajrep)." This city
in the west could be none other than Chester. Wirheale,
now Wirrall, was, as stated by Gibson in his Oxford
edition of 1692, in agro Cestrensi, and this is sufficiently
apparent from the entry, under the next year, to the
effect that " in the following year the Pagans departed
from Wirheale into North Wales (Non^-Jjealar)."

Under the year 917 it is narrated that the Pagans after
Easter departed on horseback from Hamtune and from
Lygeraceastre (Lygena-ceartjie), and, breaking the truce,
killed many men at Hocneratune and its neighbourhood.

Hamtune, in this passage, is clearly Northampton, and
not Southampton, and Hocneratune is Hook-Norton,
about five miles from Chipping- Norton, in Oxfordshire.
It is clear, therefore, that the attack from the Danes was
from Leicester, and not from Chester.

Under the year 918 (Thorpe) or 920 (Gibson) Aethel-
fleda reduced into possession the " bunh aec Leg (or Lig)-
naceartpe," clearly Leicester.

Under the year 921 it is stated that the Pagans again
sallied forth from Hamtune and Lygeraceastre, and
thence, turning north, broke the peace and came (turning
southward again, 1 presume) to Tofeceastre (Towcester),
and, besieging that city during a whole day, and being
unsuccessful, indulged in a fresh expedition during the
night, and committed many depredations between Burne-
wuda (Bern wood Forest) and Aeglesbyrig (Aylesbury).
This again fixes beyond the slightest doubt the identity
of Lygeraceastre with Leicester, and further shows that

to another translator it should be "desolated," which is con-
firmed by Florence of Worcester. "CrVitatem Legionum tune
temporis desertam, quae Saxonice Legeceaster dicitur ....
intrant." The probable translation might be "remote."

20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the Hamtune referred to here and before, was North-
ampton.

Under the year 941 King Eadmund is stated to have
invaded Mercia, and the chronicler in substance proceeds
to narrate that the five cities (Lijona-cearten),3 Lincoln,
Nottingham, Stamford, and Derby, formerly belonged to
the Danes until the " warlike heir of Eadward " liberated
them. We have again proof to demonstration of the
identity of Ligoraceaster with Leicester, in this account
of the king's successful operations, which were similar in
their nature and effect to those undertaken in earlier
times by the royal Mercian Lady Aethelfleda, daughter
of Aelfred the Great. In the Cottonian Manuscript,
Tiberius, B. IV., but not in any other known manuscript
of the chronicle, there is also, under the year 943, a
reference to King Eadmund besetting " Wulfstan, arch-
bishop on Legraceastre," i.e. in Leicester.

It seems scarcely necessary to say more on this head of
the subject. On the facts stated it would appear beyond
a doubt that the attributions of Hildebrand and Kenyon
must be reversed, and that, therefore, the great bulk of
our early pieces must be given to Chester, and not to
Leicester.

There remain only a few words to be said concerning
the probable origin of the confusion which has hitherto
existed. In the first place it is, of course, patent that,
without inquiry, the name of Leicester would, however
erroneously, be considered identical with LEICECEAS-
TRE, or any other word with similar spelling, in prefer-
ence to Chester. In the second place, although in the

.3 "Variations in the various manuscripts: Ligeraceaster, Liger-
acester and Ligereceaster.

ANGLO-SAXON MINTS OF CHESTER AND LEICESTER. 21

Norman or Latinised forms used by the chroniclers of the
Middle Ages, Chester became CESTRIA, and Leicester
LEYCESTRIA, yet variations occur even in the same
sentence.4 For a flagrant instance of this I may refer to
the chronicle of John de Oxenedes, who, under the year
1224, writes as follows : " Comes Cestriae (Chester) cum
suis conspiratoribus apud Leycestriam (Leicester) festum
suum tenuit ; " and yet, within four or five lines after-
wards, he writes, " Archiepiscopus sollempnes nuncios
misit ad Legecestriam (Leicester) ad comitem Cestriae
(Chester)." As our only known manuscript of this
chronicle is evidently a transcript and not the original
work, there may have been some mistake on the part of
the transcriber ; but the use of the word Legecestria in
this instance is quite sufficient to mislead any one who
does not examine the earlier records and authorities.

Another confusing instance arises in the Speculum
Historiale of Richard of Cirencester, who, in spite of his
nomenclature of Chester, already mentioned, refers (lib.
iii. cap. xiv. continuatio), under the year 942, to uLin-
colniam, Snotingham, Dereby, Legecestriam (clearly
intending thci eby, Leicester) et Stanford! am ; " and yet,
in his treatise, De Wereburgd virgine sanctissima (lib. iv.
c. li. continuatio), writes, " Ad Legecestriam, quae nunc
Cestria dicitur."

In the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, the authorship of

4 In earlier times negligent mistakes happen. Instances
occur in the A.-S. Chronicle under the year 606 where, Lega-
ceastre, so spelt in MSS. Bodl. Laud. 686, is in the Corpus
Christi Coll. (Cambridge) MSS. spelt Legercyestre, and under
the year 972, Chester appears as Leiceastre (Cott. Tiber. B. IV.),
Laegeceastre (Bodl. Laud. 636) and erroneously, as Leger-
ceastre (Cott. Domit. A. VIII.).

22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

which is still in doubt, Robert, Earl of Leicester, who
is frequently referred to, is as often called " Comes Lege-
cestriae " as " Comes Leicestriae."

In these more intelligent times similar mistakes occur,
and to show how confusion may be created, it is worth
while to see how the incidents before referred to under
the year 894, in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, are narrated
by the translator of Roger of Wendover's Chronicle, in
Bohn's Series. " Those who escaped the slaughter fled
to Leicester (!), whose English name is Wyrhale, where
they found numbers of their countrymen in a certain
town, and were admitted by them into their fraternity.
In the year of our Lord 896 the wicked band of pagans
quitted Leicester, and made for Northumberland," &c.
Independently of the mistake of Leicester for Chester, it
may be asked, if the above account be founded upon fact,
and referring to the difference of reading " western " or
" desolated," before mentioned, how could the latter
term have been applied to Chester, if numbers consti-
tuting a fraternity or otherwise already resided there ?

In Norman times Chester, under William I. and II.,
appears on coins as well as LEGES, LEHC, LECI,
&c., as in the Latin form CESTRE ; Leicester is still
LEHR and LEHRE. Under Stephen the latter appears
as -LEIRE, which is important as being the exact name
of the river upon which it stood. Under Henry II.
Chester is CES and CEST, and Leicester LERC and
LERE, the latter thus still retaining the R in its compo-
sition to the last date of any coinage in this town. During
the reigns of the Edwards, Leicester had ceased to be
a mint, and on the coins issued from Chester the name of
the town is spelt CESTRIE.

When on the point of concluding this paper I hap-

ANGLO-SAXON MINTS OF CHESTER AND LEICESTER. 23

pened to refer to the exhaustive account of the Beaworth
Find of Pennies of William I. and II., published in the
Archaeologia, vol. xxvi., by the late Mr. Hawkins, and I
find that I have practically arrived at the same conclusion,
as that to which he had come when incidentally referring
to the subject in that account, and I cannot do better than
transcribe his observations as a final appendix to the
views which I have expressed, and which I had formed
quite independently of his. He writes as follows : —

" Collectors have long been aware of the difficulty of
separating the coins of Leicester from those of Chester.
This latter place being frequently, indeed generally,
styled Legecester, the names so nearly approximated that,
in the incorrectness and uncertainty of Saxon ortho-
graphy, it was almost impossible to distinguish one from
the other. An examination of the following combined
list will lead to a tolerably satisfactory solution of the
difficulty. There can be little doubt that the coin of
VNN VLF ON EESTRE 5 must be referred to Chester.
Now it is ascertained, upon minute inspection, that this
coin has its obverse struck from the very same die as the
coins of SVNOLF ON LEHE and SVNOVLF ON
LEE I ; there will consequently be very little doubt that
VNN VLF, SVNOLF, and 'SYNOVLF are different
spellings of the name of the same moneyer, and that
LEHE and LEEI are both abbreviations of the name of
Chester. Another coin of SVNOLF reads LEEES. See-
ing, then, that this Chester moneyer uses the two different
abbreviations of LEHE and LEEES, it will be allowed
that LEHEEE and LEEESTE on the coins of the
moneyer IELFSI, that LEHE and1 LEEE, with their

6 Misspelt LESTRE in Ruding, vol. i. p. 153.

24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

variations, upon the coins of the money er LIFPINE, as
also LEHEE and LEHEEST upon those of the moneyer
LIFINE, are all abbreviations of the name then generally
given to the ancient city of Chester. The abbreviation
LEHRE is separated by the insertion of the letter R from
those which have been ascribed to Chester. It is also
connected with the name of a moneyer which does not
appear upon any of these coins, and it has, therefore, been
considered as indicating the town of Leicester.

" Ruding, in his list of the mints of Edward the Con-
fessor, seems to have accidentally fallen upon a somewhat
similar appropriation of the coins of these two places, but
his list of mints of preceding reigns proves that he had
not any fixed principle of interpretation for his guide.
Had he given the mints and moneyers in connexion, it is
probable that some satisfactory conclusion might have been
arrived at through all the reigns. At present it appears
that the presence of the letter R is necessary for the
certain appropriation of a coin to Leicester."

I may add to the above that on a careful comparison of
the mints and moneyers in early Saxon times, particularly
on the numerous coins of Aethelred II. and Cnut, I can-
not find that there is evidenced any confusion or cause for
confusion between the names of the two towns, whatever
their attribution may be, at the time when their mints
were co- existent ; and that every reasonable care seems
to have been taken by the moneyers to prevent the
mintage of the one being mistaken for that of the other.

H. MONTAGU.

III.

PENNIES OF WILLIAM I. AND WILLIAM II.

THE discovery of a large hoard of coins at Beaworth, in
1833, gave rise at that time to a discussion about the
arrangement of the various types of the pennies of the two
Williams, and the respective attribution of each ' variety.
A fair summary of the question is to be found in Hawkins'
Silver Coins of England, a reference to which will show
that the conclusion arrived at by numismatists was not
unanimous, but that the attribution of the various pieces
had to be "left to the decision of individual collectors."
Constant reference to Mr. Hawkins' standard work has
since gained for his arrangement of the coins, and for the
distribution he suggested, almost universal acceptance.

The key to the whole question is the date of the " Pax "
pennies and their position in the series. These were
assigned by Mr. Hawkins to William I., while Mr.
Lindsay and Mr. Bergne preferred to attribute them to
William II. In defence of the position he had taken up,
Mr. Hawkins made a careful analysis of the moneyers
whose names occurred on the Pax pennies, and showed
what proportion of these moneyers struck coins of the
types immediately preceding and following that type. In
reply it was proved that the facts, as tabulated by Mr.
Hawkins, might be quoted against his own theory ; and
it was also pointed out that the examination of a larger

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. E

26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

number of coins might lead to an entirely different con-
clusion.

With regard to the word PAX, there were several
occasions during the reign of the Conqueror when it
might have been adopted, and each of these occasions
would, in turn, be deemed important. But it is not
improbable that many great events, which might have
suggested the use of this word, may have been passed
over ; while it may have been employed to commemorate
some less noteworthy incident. The word betokens that
the king who used it was under ecclesiastical influence,
possibly that of Lanfranc. It has, therefore, been sup-
posed that William I., who had chosen Lanfranc for his
adviser, must have been persuaded by the Archbishop to
stamp this word on his coins. But if William I. owed
much to Lanfranc, William II. was even more indebted
to him. It was mainly through the policy of the Arch-
bishop that Kufus succeeded to the crown of England
without a struggle. Why then should not the word PAX
have been used by William II. in the beginning of his
reign, to emphasize his peaceful accession to the throne ?
The objection that William I. was more wealthy than his
son, and that we should therefore expect his coins to be
more plentiful than those of William II., is one of the
reasons which has predisposed many numismatists to
assign the common Pax pennies to the Conqueror. But,
if we bear in mind the fact that by far the larger number
of these coins hitherto discovered were found at one time,
in a hoard of a very peculiar kind, we need no longer
hesitate to attribute them to William II. because they
are now so common. Their preservation is evidently due
to chance, as the presence of only one specimen in the
Shillington find would suggest. Before the year 1833

PENNIES OF WILLIAM I. AND WILLIAM II. 27

these Pax pennies were exceedingly rare, and not nearly so
numerous as was the earliest type of the Conqueror's
money. Mr. Sainthill's theory, that the Beaworth find
was a part of the king's seignorage on coins of the Pax
type, together with the payment due on a few previous
coinages not accounted for to the king's receiver, is the
most probable explanation of the abundance of the Pax
pennies in that hoard. This suggestion will also account
for the remarkable state of preservation of the Beaworth
coins, nearly all being as fresh as from the die.

It will not be necessary to give a minute description
of the various types of the coins of these kings, as
all are figured in Hawkins' Silver Coins of England.
After making some alteration in the order adopted in
that book, we can then consider at what point in the series
the accession of William II. took place.

Some method or system must have been followed in the
striking of this group of coins. It is not likely that the
first coin had the king's bust to the left, the second a full-
faced bust, while on the third the original obverse design
reappeared. Each new modification must have been based
on, and developed out of, the type previously in use ; and
the pieces should be so arranged that any new features
are introduced as gradually as possible. The application
of these general principles would seem to point to the
order given below, as that in which the coins were issued.

I. (Hks. 233.) The obverse of this ,piece bears a close

resemblance to the coins of Harold II., except that the
legend on the penny of William is interrupted by the
king's bust which reaches to the edge of the coin. The
bust of the king looks to the left, as on the usual type
of Harold's pennies.

II. (Hks. 235.) A similar obverse, with a slightly varied

reverse.

28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

After the two coins with bust to the left, follow two
with the full-faced bust.

III. (Hks. 234.) Bonnet type.

IV. (Hks. 236.) Canopy type.

All the preceding are without any inner circle on the
obverse. They are followed by two varieties on which
the bust of the king with full face is entirely contained
within the inner circle, the obverse legend being con-
tinued all round the coin.

V. (Hks. 237.) A sceptre at each side of the king's bust.

VI. (Hks. 238.) A star at each side of the king's bust.

On all the preceding coins the king's name is generally
spelt J7ILLEMYS or J7ILLEM ; but on all subsequent
types an L is inserted before the final M, and the name
appears as J7ILLELM. The obverse legend on all the
following pieces is again interrupted by the king's bust,
which is continued down to the edge of the coin. On the
five types which come next, the king wields a sword,
which is afterwards exchanged for a sceptre.

VII. (Hks. 243.) Bust of the king, with full face, holding in
his right hand a sword which rests on his right shoulder.
The reverse, a cross patee over a floral cross, is not very
unlike the reverse on type VI. These pieces are more
carefully struck, and are neater than many of the Pax
pennies. The absence of this variety from the Shilling-
ton and Tamworth hoards is not easily accounted for if
it be placed after the Pax pennies ; unless it be granted
that those pennies were less numerous than were coins
of this type.

VIII. (Hks. 247.) Similar to the preceding, but rather
coarse work. By this time the Saxon rnoneyers, who
were employed before the Conquest, were gradually
dying out, and their places were being filled by less
skilful Norman workmen.

IX. (Hks. 246.) Similar obverse: rev., a cross patee within
a qua trefoil.

PENNIES OF WILLIAM I. AND WILLIAM II. 29

By both the Shillington and Tamworth hoards, this
variety is closely connected with the Pax type ; but the
law of evolution makes it impossible to place these two
varieties side by side. It will be noticed that the reverse
of the Pax type, and also the reverse of this type, are both
joined to two different obverses ; showing that these
reverses were used in periods of transition, when a change
was made in the position of the king's bust. But from
the first introduction of the full face, with the bonnet
type, we have had up to this point an unbroken series of
coins with the full face, leading on to the pennies in
which the king holds a drawn sword resting on his right
shoulder. It has, therefore, been impossible to insert
the Pax pennies earlier in the series ; and it is equally
impossible to find a place for them here, as the reverse of
the next type is the exact counterpart of the reverse of
this coin.

X. (Hks. 245.) The king's bust to the right, in his right

hand a drawn sword held before his face. The reverse,
as has been stated, is exactly like that on the previous
coin. Some specimens of this variety were found at
Tamworth together with some Pax pennies; and the
coins in that hoard belong neither to the earliest nor to
the latest type of the pennies of the two Williams.

XI. (Hks. 244.) Obverse, as above, king's bust to the left,
with a drawn sword in his right hand : rev., a cross patee
upon a noreated cross. Some specimens of this rare type
were found at Shillington, together with some coins of
type IX. and one Pax penny.

XII. (Hks. 239.) The king's bust to the left, with a sceptre
instead of a sword in his right hand: rev., across
patee with a floral ornament projecting from the inner
circle in each quarter.

XIII. (Hks. 240.) Obverse, like the preceding ; with re-
verse of the common Pax type. After these four coins
with the king's bust looking to the right, the type with
the full face is re-introduced.

30 XUM1SMATIC CHRONICLE.

XIV. (Hks. 241, 242.) The common Pax type, the latest
variety found in the Tamworth hoard.

XV. (Hks. 248.) The king's bust with full face, a sceptre on
his right and a star on his left. The sceptre helps to
connect this with the Pax type, although the workman-
ship is inferior.

XVI. (Hks. 249.) King's bust with full face, without either
sword or sceptre. This and the next piece are of much
coarser work than any other coins of this series, and are
rightly placed late in the reign of William Rufus.

XVII. (Hks. 250.) This differs from the piece above in
having two stars hanging as tassels from the crown.

It is difficult to make the evidence afforded by the
development of type harmonize entirely with that of the
hoards discovered. But at all events the difficulties to be
overcome in this respect are not any greater, according to
the new order, than are those which need explanation
under the old system. Taking a comprehensive view of
the points of connection in the series, it will be noticed
that, if the pennies be placed as proposed : first we have
two with bust to the left, next seven with the full face,
then four with bust to the right, and last, four with the
full face. Again it will be remarked that all coins with-
out an inner circle on the obverse are placed together ; and
the group with the drawn sword in the king's right hand,
and the rather larger group with a cross pat^e on the
reverse, remain unbroken by the suggested revision.

Hoards of these coins have been found at Beaworth, in
Hampshire, in 1833 ; at Shillington, in Bedfordshire, in
1871 ; at Tamworth, in Warwickshire, in 1877 ; and a
few early pieces were discovered among the pennies of
Edward the Confessor, found in the City of London
in 1872.

The Beaworth find contained only five varieties, types
VI., VII., XII., XIII., XIV. While according to the

PENNIES OF WILLIAM I. AND WILLIAM II. 31

order generally adopted the coins follow consecutively,
there is a gap of four types if we adopt the new arrange-
ment. At first this omission would appear to be a suffi-
cient reason for rejecting the new order ; but, when
examined, the break in the series will be found not to be
so serious as might have been supposed. Of the four
missing types (VIII. to XL) only one (type IX., Hks.
246) is at all plentiful ; and even that variety is some-
what scarcer than are types VI. and VII. Moreover it
should not be forgotten that out of the 6,000 coins
described, only about 100 were of other than the Pax
type.

At Shillington about 250 coins of the two Williams
were found, together with a few pennies of Henry I.
This hoard does not present an unbroken series of types
according to either arrangement. The coins bearing the
name of William were of types IX., XL, XIV. (one coin
only), and XVII. The least scarce of the intermediate
pieces not represented is type XV. (Hks. 248), a by no
means common variety. The presence of only one Pax
coin suggests that these pennies were not in such general
use at that time as we might have supposed, judging by
the number already discovered. The absence of type VII.
(Hks. 243) is remarkable. It is not a very rare type, and
it might have been expected that a few specimens would
have occurred in the Shillington find, if this type were
issued after the Pax pieces.

Among the 2,000 coins of Edward the Confessor found
in the City of London, were five pennies of the Conqueror,
of types III. and V. (Hks. 234 and 237), showing that
these varieties were struck early in his reign.

At Tamworth 294 coins, bearing the name of William,
were discovered. They were of types IX., X., XL,

32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and XIY. Mr. Keary, in his description of this find (Num.
Chron., JST. S., Second Series, vol. xvii.) says he cannot
agree to assign type IX. (Hks. 246) to William I., and
the others to William IT., as is commonly done. This
hoard suggests, as does the Shillington hoard also, that
types VII. and IX. (Hks. 243 and 246) should be placed
earlier than Mr. Hawkins was inclined to think : but it
must not be overlooked that his theory was based almost
entirely on the evidence of the great find at Beaworth.

The re-arrangement of the coins is an easier matter
than the decision of the exact point in the series where
the coins of William I. end and those of William II.
begin. As the Conqueror reigned nearly twice as long as
his son, we might expect his types to be nearly twice as
numerous as those of William II. A surmise of this
kind would seem to have influenced the late Mr. Hawkins
when he attempted to determine what coins should be
assigned to each king respectively. On this point we
have nothing to guide us, and must, therefore, act on
induction. Perhaps we shall not be far wrong in attri-
buting to the Conqueror the first eleven, and to Rufus the
last six varieties. By this division, all those in which
the king is represented wielding the drawn sword are
coins of the Conqueror. May not the unsheathed sword
be a token of his determination to suppress the revolt of
the barons under Roger Fitz-Osborn, Ralph de Guader,
and Bishop Odo ? In contrast with his father, Rufus
appears as the peaceful king, holding a sceptre, the word
Pax being introduced as an after-thought, embodying the
same idea.

This word Pax had been imprinted on English money
by Cnut and all his successors, the letters P.7LE.X. being
generally disposed in the angles of a long cross. But

PENNIES OF WILLIAM I. AND WILLIAM II.

33

just before the Confessor's death, and throughout the brief
reign of Harold, the word Pax was stamped across the
reverse. To have revived this latter type would have per-
petuated the memory of Harold, whom the Normans
execrated as a perjured usurper. They preferred rather to
adopt an arrangement of letters which might be a tribute
to Edward the Confessor, whom they revered because he
had bequeathed the crown of England to the Conqueror.
If this were the case, the two first types of the pennies of
Kufus were quickly superseded by the ordinary Pax type,
which must have been introduced very soon after his
accession. And, as the enormous wealth left in the royal
treasury by the Conqueror may have been in bullion, the
common Pax pennies were probably struck from the silver
which had been stored up during the previous reign.

Gr. F. CROWTHER.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES.

IV.

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRY VII.

Tin: importance of the reign of Henry VII. us u transi-
tion period is as marked in the coinage us in legal and
constitutional history. Tho groat, development in the
design of the coins between the beginning and end of the
reign is, of course, noticeable by every one ; but it is to
the central portion, from I IS!) to 1 f>(M, which includes
the issue of the four types of sovereigns, that the interest
is mainly confined.

As regards the order of mint marks on the ordinary
angels and groats, an examination ofu paper by Dr. Kvans
on a find of gold coins near St. Albans in Num. Chron.,
3rd series, vi. 174, and of the two by Mr. Crowther on the
groats of this period, which have appeared more recently
in the Chronicle, with also Hawkins and Kenyon, gives
the following general results : —

ANGELS. GROATS.

First typo. Open crown.

^or no Di.in.) ....
LM on rose ..... L/.s t»i msr.

Cro.s-.s- fitchff, or f»lnin
r/vw.s.

Arched crown.
rr.i'oi! (or no in.in. \

<V/^M«:/;.i/ (trefoils in legend) . . <Ym/mV«>/7 ^trefoils in

legond).

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRY VII. 'JO

AXOELH. OR OATH

Second type, (continued).

/ ..... Escallop (trefoils or

"••foil, rudely shaped (rosettes or
cross*:. =5, ...... Cinquefott, rudely

shaped (rosettes
or crosses),
Leopard's head

>i Ad//* r/;*£ ..... Li* on
..... • . Anchor.

s head . . . . Greyhound! 8 head.
Cross crotslet ..... Cross crosslet.

I will not set my opinion against Mr. Crowther's as to
whether the later rudely-shaped cinquefofls with rosettes
or crosses are to be taken as two separate marks or as
one ; or whether, if separate, the lis on half rose and leo-
pard's head come between them; but they are clearly
distinct from the earlier cinquefoil with trefoils and the
plain arched crown. This, as well as the position of the
escallop, is shown by the testimony of the angels.

The above comparison raises two points for notice : the
first is with regard to the mint marks (so called). In
number and variety they show a great increase when
compared with those of the reign of Edward IV. ; yet
they are still far removed from anything like the annual
change which is found established by the time of Eliza-
beth, though too numerous to square with the number of
mint indentures.

They must, I would suggest, be taken as referring to
the dies rather than the coins ; as gravers' rather than
mint marks proper, each mark characterizing a particular
set of dies engraved and delivered on one occasion. This
is much in accordance with an opinion expressed by the

36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

late Archdeacon Pownall (Num. Chron., N.S., vi. 139),
that each m.m. marked one delivery, while the minor
privy marks were signs of separation required, with the
tri-monthly pyx trial, to supplement the differences pre-
served by these chief marks. The practice of the French
mints with regard to the " point secret " and the other
" differents " J is also in favour of the smaller marks being
those which were placed more particularly for mint
purposes on the coins themselves. Such small marks are
to be found in the variations of trefoils, quatrefoils,
rosettes, crosses, pellets, &c., in the legend or the field,
and in their number and disposition. Thus Dr. Evans's
list has some fifteen specimens of escallop and cinquefoil
angels all differing in this respect as regards the rosettes
or crosses on the obverse and reverse. It is obviously in
accordance with their object that mint distinctions should
be neither prominent nor conspicuous, and in some cases
the difference is so slight that the alteration could have
been made on a die already in use. There are escallop
groats with trefoils instead of the usual rosettes in the
legend, and the arch on the king's breast not fleured.
In this case the trefoils could be converted into rosettes,
and the arch on the breast fleured on the die while in
use ; and it seems to me quite likely that this was what
was done in order to make a distinction required at the

1 The " point secret " was a pellet placed under a certain
letter of the legend, which marked the place of mintage.

" Le different est une petite marque que les tailleurs
particuliers et les maitres des monnoies choisissent a leur
lautaisie, comme un soleil, une rose, une etoile, un croissant.
Elle ne peut etre changee que par 1'ordre de la cour des mon-
noies ou des juges gardes. Elle se change necessairement
ii la mort des tailleurs et des maitres ou quand il y a des
nouveaux juges gardes ou essayeurs." — Encyclop. Methodique,
Arts et Metiers Mecaniques. Tom. v. Art. " Monnoies," p. 170.

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRY VII. 37

time by the mint. The form of the differentiating stops
in the legend is generally peculiar to each principal mark ;
but the escallop occurs with trefoils as well as rosettes,
and the later cinquefoil and one or two others with
rosettes as well as crosses. Each has generally a charac-
teristic form of legend, though the abbreviations vary on
each individual die.

The style and form of the letters are also peculiar to
each, and an examination of the coins will show that the
legend must have been stamped into the die letter by
letter, and not regularly engraved thereon.2 Lastly, while
a gradual modification of the type can be traced through
the period as a whole, it remains constant for any given
m m. Either then, if, as a high authority supposes, the
engravers were constantly at work and the dies prepared
as needed, the m.m. indicated a pattern which was copied
for a certain period ; or all dies bearing the same m.m.
would seem to have been executed under some one autho-
rity at one time : and this theory is supported by two notes
of writs relating to the mint at Calais, given in the Acts of
Privy Council, temp. Henry VI. The first commands the
keeper of the mint there to receive from the engraver of
the irons 350 crosses and piles for grosses, 60 crosses and
piles for demi-grosses, 30 d°. for pennies, and 60 d°. for
mailles and ferlings of silver.3 The second orders him in
like manner to receive from the engraver 12 piles and
96 crosses for grosses, 3 piles and 12 crosses for demi-
grosses, 3 piles and 12 crosses for pennies, 3 piles and 12
crosses for mailles, and 3 piles and 12 crosses for ferlings.4

2 See also Mr. Cochran-Patrick's Records of the Coinage of
Scotland, Introd. pp. xvii., 1., cxx. The'" letters of graving"
are spoken of as distinct from the coining irons.

3 Acts of P. C., vol. iv. p. 306 ; 14 Henry VI. (1435).

4 Ibid., vol. v. p. 130; 19 Henry VI. (1440).

38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Here the numbers quoted, especially for groats, make it
impossible to suppose that the irons were all used at once ;
some must have been left over and brought into use after-
wards as occasion required. Still, however, the number
employed at a time must have been large, especially with
the work of the London Mint ; and, when we consider
this, and the labour of engraving, everything being done
by hand, it is improbable that, except for some grave
reason, a whole set should be discarded all at once ; some
clearly would last longer than others, and their duration
would vary with the amount of work done with them.
Thus not only might two consecutive marks be found at
the same time among the irons in use, but also there
might well be slight variations in the individual speci-
mens, and some might even be left over after a set had
been generally discarded and be used again accidentally
at a later period. Again, occasionally special requirements
such as an unexpected failure of irons or a large issue of a
particular class of coins, would necessitate the engraving
of some additional dies besides the sets then in use. Such
dies would be distinguished from the rest either by the
absence of the regular mark or by a special one. An
instance of this seems to me to be afforded in the above
list by such a mark as the leopard's head crowned. This
does not occur on the gold and only rarely on the silver,
and may indicate a few dies specially engraved to meet
an unusually large coinage of silver. It is plainly just
the assay mark of the Goldsmiths' Company, who were
intimately connected with the die engraving as well as
the other working departments of the mint, and would
naturally be likely to use it as a distinction on such an
occasion.

Such an explanation as this would, I think, allow of

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRY VII. 39

the contemporaneous use of these marks which evidently
sometimes occurred, and also meet various anomalies which
occur with regard to them on coins ; and would show that
though in general they are a good guide to the course of
a coinage, undue importance must not be given for such
a purpose to every peculiar diversity in each specimen.

The other point for remark is that the change in the
type of the groats and of the angels did not take place
at the same time. The mark, heraldic cinquefoil, first
appears on the early groats with the arched crown, which
seems to have been introduced at the time of the commis-
sion to Lord Daubeny and Bartholomew Rede to make
sovereigns, dated October 28th, 1489, and which was pro-
bably adopted to be in conformity with that on the gold
coin then struck. But there are angels of the first type
with this m.m., and the change in their case does not take
place till the coming in of the m.m. escallop, being marked
by the peculiar transitional coins with the TRSRSIGCRS
legend, one of which has a first type obverse with m.m.
cinquefoil and a second type reverse with m.m. escallop.
A consideration of the number of m.ms. and the length of
the period give an average of two or three years for the
prevalence of each one ; and this time naturally brings
us to the date of the Mint indenture of November 20th,
1492, for the establishment of the new type of angel.
The peculiarities of the escallop coins, the forms of the
lettering, and a certain roughness of execution combined
sometimes with elaborate details are well known, and seem
to show new, possibly even foreign, influence in the
engraving department ; and I hazard the suggestion that
the adoption of the emblem of the patron saint of Spain
had reference to an event of the previous winter which
had caused a stir through Western Europe, and particu-

40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

larly England, when it was announced in the spring,
namely, the capture of Granada. We are told in notable
language how that " this action, in itself so worthy, King
Ferdinando (whose manner was never to lose any virtue
for the showing) had expressed and displayed in his letters
at large, with all the particularities and religious punctos
and ceremonies that were observed in the reception of
that city and kingdom ; " how that " he would not enter
the city till he had proclaimed that he did acknowledge
to have received that kingdom by the help of God Al-
mighty, and the glorious Virgin, and the virtuous Apostle,
St. James/' &c., &c. ; that " these things were in the letters
with many more ceremonies of a kind of holy ostenta-
tion ; " and that " the King, ever willing to put himself
into the consort or quire of all religious actions, and
naturally affecting much the King of Spain (as far as one
king can affect another) partly for his virtues and partly as
an equipoise to France,'* celebrated the event by a solemn
thanksgiving service at St. Paul's. The grounds of
Henry's affection for Ferdinand would not be diminished
in the course of the next few months. But whether the
escallop is thus to be explained or not, I must dissent
from the theory that at this period a new mark like this
was chosen at random merely for the sake of distinction,
and had no meaning or significance to those who chose it.
This may well have been the case in the comparatively
modern days of Elizabeth, but the age of Henry VII. was
an age of universal badges and emblems, heraldic and
other ; and it would be, I think, quite contrary to the
spirit of the age for a man to select a mark and use it
merely for distinction without any reference to the asso-
ciations connected with it.

Dr. Evans's explanation of most mint-marks of these

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRY VII. 41

centuries, as heraldic charges or differences borne by
some one in authority, hardly seems to me, with great
deference, to meet the case. This may be true enough of
the base coinages of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., but
their period was one of innovation and change in many
matters, and its usages can scarcely explain those of
earlier times. The m.m.'s of the fifteenth century,
whether heraldic, badges, or rebuses, always seem to refer
to the prince or prelate under whom the coins were
struck, and not to a subordinate.

Again, all those of Henry VII., except the escallop
and anchor, can be explained, like those of both his pre-
decessors, as badges referring in some way to his position,
descent, fortunes, &c. : and it would therefore be reason-
able to suppose that these two, like the rest, admit of a
similar explanation from his history or interests.

With regard to the anchor, the order of m.m.'s would
place its adoption as about the years 1496 — 8. It is a
conspicuous mark on the not very much earlier seal of
Richard of Gloucester as Lord High Admiral ; and it is
at least noticeable, till a better explanation is given, that
it was just at this period that Henry's attention was
chiefly turned to maritime discovery and colonization, and
to the regular organization of a navy.5

Turning to the sovereigns, I must number the four
types according to their order in Mr. Kenyon's book.

5 I need only refer to the discoveries of John Cabot, and the
patents of 5 Mar., 1496, and 3 Feb., 1498, authorising him to
sail under the king's banners, and to exercise jurisdiction and
to colonise in the king's name.

The entry 13 Mar., 1496, in the Privy Purse Expenses, of
the payment of £100 to " the clerks of -the shipps," for the
conveying of " the Soverayn " to Southampton, is the earliest
notice, I believe, of anything like a Board of Naval Administra-
tion.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. G

42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

With the exception of No. 1, which has the m.m. cinque-
foil with trefoils, they appear quite unconnected as to
m.m. with the rest of the coinage. It has been long ago
noticed that they must have been issued in limited quan-
tities and, like coronation medals, to mark certain special
occasions. I will try to point out what these occasions
may have been.

No. 1, then, would seem to have been struck, under the
patent to Lord Daubeny and Bartholomew Rede, dated
October 28th, 1489, in view of a great State ceremonial
which took place a month later at Westminster, when on
St. Andrew's Day the king's eldest son, Prince Arthur,
was made a Knight of the Bath and created Prince ( f
Wales in the presence of a great assemblage of lords and
knights, and his eldest daughter, Princess Margaret, was
christened. Such an occasion, with the opportunities for
what the herald, who describes it with great detail, calls
" largesse," 6 appears to me to have been eminently one
for the distribution of the splendid new coins, and I can-
not but think that they were designed in prospect of it.

It is to the time of the indenture with B. Rede and
John Shaw, dated November 20th, 1492, that we must
attribute sovereign No. 2 with its half, the very rare
ryal, which is evidently, by m.m. and workmanship, of
the same issue. The political situation at that date is
well known. After much preparation, much swagger,
and much taxation, Henry, though he had already pri-
vately arranged for peace, had crossed over with his army
at the beginning of October on his invasion of France
and besieged Boulogne. Within a month he had made
peace at Etaples and had agreed, like Edward IV. before
him, to waive his claim to the French kingdom for an

6 See MS. Cot. Jul. B. XII.

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRY VIT. 43

adequate pension (or tribute) amounting in all to 745,000
crowns. Though it was probably for their ultimate benefit
that there should be no war, this peace with dishonour
was not popular with his subjects, who had been taxed so
heavily, and had now got nothing for it, not even glory.
" They stuck not to say," says Bacon, " that the king-
cared not to plume his nobility and people to feather
himself." Henry was aware of this, and wrote a letter to
the Lord Mayor and Aldermen " half bragging what
great sums he had obtained for the peace," which was
read publicly in the Guildhall on November 9th. Eng-
lishmen of the fifteenth century had not yet come to con-
sider complacently the title of King of France as a mere
empty addition to their sovereign's style ; and in the face
of their discontent the king must have been anxious, not
only to magnify his triumph, but also to emphasize at
every opportunity the shadowy theory that the lawful
king of France was merely receiving tribute from the
existing ruler of that country, and we are not without
evidence that this view of the matter found some popular
acceptance. At the same time, inglorious though the
expedition might seem, the peace of Staples completed
the success of Henry's diplomacy, and left him in the
possession of a foremost position in the politics of Europe.
It was, therefore, natural as well as advisable for him to
mark the occasion by a fresh issue of festival coins, which,
(perhaps because the general public were more than usually
concerned) seems to have been on a less limited scale and
comprised ryals as well as sovereigns, both prominently
marked with the fleur de lys of France by way of vindi-
cating Henry's claim.

Leake, indeed, supposed that the ryal with the French
arms was struck abroad at the siege of Boulogne, but it

44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

is hardly likely that its place of mintage should have be en
separate from that of the sovereign which bears the same
mint mark. Besides, there seems to be no reason why
dies should be specially engraved and a peculiar coin
struck in a camp during an uneventful siege lasting less
than a month, and the neighbouring mint at Calais had
long ceased working. Mr. Montagu, however, agrees
with Leake, and thinks that though the dies were made
in London, the coin was actually struck abroad, especially
as it seems from two Dutch placarts of the seventeenth
century to have been commonly current in Flanders ; or
even that it may have been specially struck in London
for the use of the French expedition. Still the French
arms must, I think, be merely taken as a piece of
bravado which, under the circumstances, it was worth
Henry's while to assume, and not worth Charles's to
resent.

On both sovereigns, No. 1 and No. 2, the king's head
has the hair in heavy rolls corresponding with the arched
crown groats with the heraldic cinquefoil and escallop
mint marks ; but when we look at No. 3 and No. 4 we
find, in the first place, that the long hair on each side the
head connects them with the later issues of the arched
crown groats ; next, that the fact of one reverse being
common to both of them brings them near together in
date of issue ; and thirdly, that if Mr. Kenyon's order
is right, No. 4 would appear to be merely No. 3 altered
to meet the requirements of Stat. 19 Henry VIL, c. 5,
passed in January, 1504. This statute provided inter alia
that " all manner of gold thereafter to be coined should
have the whole scripture about every piece of the same
gold without lacking of any part thereof, to the intent
that the king's subjects thereafter might have perfect

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRY VII. 45

knowledge by that circle or scripture when the same
coins were clipped or impaired."

On this supposition No. 3 was struck before, and No. 4
after, January, 19 Henry VII. (1504), and no long period
separated them. With the date thus limited, it does not
seem unreasonable to assign the issue of No. 3 to the cele-
bration of the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, and
Katharine of Arragon, on November 14th, 1501, 17
Henry VII. ; and that of No. 4 to the creation, after
Arthur's death, of the king's second son, Henry, as Prince
of Wales, which took place at the end of that very par-
liament, namely on February 23rd, 19 Henry VII.
(1504).7

But Dr. Evans considers that No. 3 comes, both in type
and legend, nearer to those of Henry VIII., while No. 4
has the peculiar 8's with an inverted cusp, which are
found on the escallop coins. I scarcely think that this last
argument is conclusive, as I have an angel with a similar
peculiarity in the G's, which are like an half-finished 8, 8,
and which has the admittedly late m.m. pheon. Still
accepting the correction, the two coins may either be trans-
posed in allotting them to these ceremonies, or, if it should
appear impossible that No. 3 could be struck after the
statute, No. 4 may be given to the earlier creation of
Henry as Duke of York on All Saints' day, 1494.

These events, especially the creations and marriage of
the Prince of Wales, were the occasions in the reign

7 There has been some confusion as to this date and year as
Henry seems to be spoken of as Prince of Wales in some
negotiations with b'pain in the autumn oiM508, but the actual
creation is fixed to February in the 19th year (1504) by the
fiolb, of Parliament (vi. 532), and also an entry in the Privy
Purse Expenses, titcerpta llistorirn, p. 131.

46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

most specially fitted for a display of state ceremonial and
magnificence, and the endeavour to allot an issue of these
special coins to them will not, I hope, be thought wholly
unwarrantable from the slight indications as to date which
seem to be in its favour on the coins themselves.

Who was the engraver who executed these coins is a
question which is still in obscurity. The only engraver
to the mint mentioned by Ruding is Nicholas Flynt, a
goldsmith of London, but the Patent Roll shows that he
was superseded as early as August 23rd, 1489, when he
received compensation for the loss of the office of engraver
to the mint, &c., which the king had disposed of other-
wise since granting them to him for his life.

This may be explained by another grant on the Roll
dated May 26th, 1488, subsequent to the original grant
to Nicholas, of the same offices to Michael Flynt (pro-
bably his son) during the king's pleasure ; or it may refer
to a completely fresh appointment ; but the present in-
dexes to the Roll give no further information.

It is possible, then, that sovereign No. 1 is to be attri-
buted to Michael Flynt. In this and in the first arched-
crowned groats there is no real advance in art ; there is
the same stiffness and conventionality of the head (with
the mere difference of the arched crown) as in the earlier
coinage, while the contemporary angels remain exactly
the same. But with the later issues the gradual progress
is remarkable. There is a great improvement in the
design of the second type of angels, and the correspond-
ing escallop groats are noticeable for their extreme deco-
ration. Sovereign No. 2 also has the throned figure
somewhat less stiff, and appears to me rather more deco-
rated in its details than No. 1.

From this time, 14(J2, forward, though the type of the

SOME NOTES ON THE COINS OF HENRT VII. 47

angels remains the same, the conventional crowned head
on the groats slowly develops more and more into some
sort of a likeness of the king, resulting at last in the
artistic side-face portrait of 1504, while sovereigns No. 3
and No. 4 cannot be surpassed by any coins for beauty
and elaborateness of decoration. In them, what may have
been intended for a rough representation of the coronation
chair on No. 1 has developed into a gorgeous throne, and
the field, instead of being chequered, is, more artistically,
merely strewn with fleur de lys. No. 4 is possibly some-
what inferior to No. 3, as it is necessarily more cramped in
design ; the lettering also and the execution are rougher,
reminding one in this respect of the escallop coins.

The occasional variety in execution and lettering here
exemplified is another obscure point in the coinage of the
reign which needs explanation. Besides the well-known
S's and M's generally on the escallop coins, sovereign
Kos. 1 and 2 have a remarkable form of X in the legends,
Avhile on the reverse of the others the M appears again,
mid the obverse of No. 4 has letters of a rough, almost
Roman, form quite peculiar to it.

On these two subjects I trust that others may be able
now or hereafter to throw some light if they turn their
attention to the period. That the suggestions which I
have previously made may lead them to do so is, perhaps,
my only justification for thus putting these forward.

A. E. PACKE.

Y.

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS.
(See PI. II.)

THE admirable essay of Mr. Vincent Smith on The Coin-
age of the Early or Imperial Gupta Dynasty of Northern
India (Jour. R.A.S., 1889, Part I.) will probably remain
the standard work on the subject for some considerable
time to come. As it has not hitherto been noticed as it
deserves in the Numismatic Chronicle, it has been thought
fitting to take the present opportunity of passing the whole
work in review and of suggesting such additions as result
from the examination of noteworthy specimens submitted
from time to time to the British Museum, and from a
more detailed examination of the Bodleian collection than
Mr. Smith was able to make in the time at his disposal.
My best thanks are due to Bodley's librarian, Mr. E. B.
Nicholson, and to Dr. Neubauer, who spared no pains to
afford me every facility in examining the coins under their
care. Among private collections which I have seen, that
of Mr. Wilmot Lane has afforded more new varieties than
any other.

Since the publication of Mr. Smith's essay, and of
Mr. Fleet's great work on the Gupta inscriptions (vol. iii. of
the Corpus Imcriptionum Indicamm), our knowledge of
this dynasty has been extended by the discovery of an
inscribed seal of Kuinaru Gupta II., an electrotype of

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS. 49

which has been presented to the British Museum by Dr.
Hoernle. This seal has been published by Mr. Smith
and Dr. Hoernle in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal (vol. Iviii., Part I., No. 2). It affords a genea-
logy of nine members of the family in direct descent from
father to son, beginning with the founder and ending with
a second Kumara Gupta. This list suggests a variety of
problems which cannot yet be fully solved. The genea-
logies previously known gave us seven names in direct
descent, ending with Skanda Gupta, son of Kumara
Gupta. The inscription on the seal omits all mention of
Skanda Gupta, and gives as the son, grandson, and great-
grandson respectively of Kumara Gupta I., Pura Gupta,
Narasimha Gupta, and Kumara Gupta II. Dr. Hoernle',
after a thorough discussion of the question, comes to the
conclusion that, in all probability, Skanda Gupta, dying
without issue, was succeeded by his brother, Pura Gupta.
It is well known that records of the kind are genealogical
tables rather than dynastic lists, and that rulers who are
not in direct descent are often passed over without men-
tion. Instances of this may be quoted from the tables of
the Western Kshatrapas, e.g. the inscription of Eudra-
simha, son of Rudradaman (published by Dr. Biihler in
the Indian Antiquary, vol. x. p. 157), in which no mention
is made of Damazada and Jivadaman, the brother and
nephew of Rudrasimha, who are known, from the dates
on their coins, to have been his predecessors. Bearing
this fact in mind, we may find a possible explanation of
the mysterious " Kacha " coins, which were formerly
attributed to Ghatotkacha, and which Mr. Smith now
doubtfully assigns to Samudra Gupta. Mr. Fleet has
proved beyond doubt that the coins bearing this name
were certainly not struck by Ghatotkacha ; but there are,

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. H

50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

on the other hand, difficulties in the way of the suggested
identification of him with Samudra Gupta. It is at least
a plausible conjecture that he was the brother and prede-
cessor of Samudra Gupta. The reverse type of his coins
— the standing goddess — connects them with those which
Mr. Smith has with good reason supposed to be the earliest
struck by Samudra Gupta — the "Tiger" and "A9\Ta-
medha " types (see Smith, p. 65). Tn Indian families the
grandson was very commonly named after the grand-
father, and the name Kacha, although a well-known
Indian name, might also have been suggested by a remi-
niscence of Ghatotkacha, which seems to be a vox nihili,
and which was probably some foreign, perhaps Indo-
Scythic, name Sanskritised. In any case, if Kacha was
one of the Gupta sovereigns and distinct from Samudra
Gupta, his reign must have been very short. The coins
bearing the name are all of one type, and the non-occur-
rence of the name on inscriptions could scarcely be other-
wise explained.

Further inferences drawn by Dr. Hoernle from the
evidence of the inscribed seal refer to the heavy coins of
rude fabric and impure gold, the attribution of which has
never been satisfactorily determined. Nara " Baladitya"
(Smith, p. 117) is probably identical with Narasimha
Gupta. The heavy coins bearing the name Kumara and
the title Kramaditya (Archer type, class /?, see Smith,
p. 97), supposed by Sir A. Cunningham and Mr. Smith
to have been struck by Kumara Gupta, of Magadha, are
more fittingly attributed to Kumara Gupta II., while the
king, whose name has not yet been read on the coins, but
who bears the title Prakii^aditya, may perhaps be the
I 'ura Gupta of the seal. Other names occurring on these
heavy coin* cannot yet be attributed with any probability,

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS. 51

but Dr. Hoernle's essay and his useful Synchronistic
Table of the Reigns of the Early Guptas and their Contem-
poraries and Immediate Successors show to what extent the
study of inscriptions and coins has already thrown light
on what a few years ago was, historically, " Darkest
India."

No further clue has been discovered to the meaning of
the " monogrammatic emblems " which occur on the
great majority of Gupta coins. Mr. Smith's conjecture
that they have "a religious or mythological significance "
is probably near the truth. The same may be said of the
emblems occurring on the coins of the Indo-Scythic kings
— Kanishka, Huvishka, and Vasudeva ! — with this differ-
ence, that the variety employed by the Guptas is much
greater, and that all the members of the dynasty seem to
have used these emblems indiscriminately. In describing
these monogrammatic emblems in the following pages,
reference is made to Mr. Smith's classification (see his
PI .V.).

The decipherment of the coin legends is still, in many
instances, unsatisfactory and incomplete, although a know-
ledge of the regular formulae found on the stone inscrip-
tions has greatly aided in the restoration of fragmentary
coin legends. It is doubtful if much more can be gained
from the further examination of specimens already known,
and, unfortunately, new specimens, in nine cases out of
ten, contribute little or nothing fresh. Coins of the same

1 It is high time that a protest were made against the con-
tinued use of the monstrous appellations " Kanerkes," " Hooer-
kes," and " Bazodeo." The proper Indian names of these
monarchs are perfectly well known, and there is no excuse for
the use of the barbarous Graecised forms, which are due to the
consonantal poverty of the Greek alphabet.

52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

type present, as a rule, similar defects, and it is usually
only the exceptional specimen which adds to our know-
ledge.

CHANDRA GUPTA I.
KING AND QUEEN TYPE (Smith, p. 63, PI. I. 1).

This type, with its two varieties (a) rev. lion to r., (/3)
rev. lion to l.\ still remains the only one which can with
certainty be attributed to Chandra Gupta I. The Bod-
leian coin (see PI. II. 1), which belongs to variety (/?),
is noteworthy as distinctly giving the object, apparently
a flower, held in the king's upraised hand, and a cluster
of three dots between the feet of the king and queen. At
the date of Mr. Smith's article this variety was unrepre-
sented in the British Museum collection. A specimen
(wt. 118* grs., mon. SA) has since been acquired from
the Da Cunha Sale. In the description of this type it
should be noted that the inscription behind the queen on
the obv. appears both as ^TOT^^t "sft: and

The latter is probably the more common form in both
varieties. Another instance of the use of ^ as a suffix
may perhaps be that found on the unique coin of the
" Retreating Lion " type assigned to Chandra Gupta II.
(Smith, p. 89, PL II. 6) in the legend

It is more probable, however, from the absence of the m-
sarya and from the analogy of similar legends, that, in this
case, the name of the monarch which followed has been
lost. It would seem, from a common formation of Indian
names in the period preceding the Guptas, that the post-
position of Tsft is earlier than its use as an " honorific "
prefix.

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS. 53

KIcHA (Smith, p. 74, PI. I. 8).

The two Bodleian coins do not call for any special
description. There was also one specimen in the Da
Cunha Collection (wt. 108'5, mon. 2A).

SAMUDRA GUPTA.
TIGEB TYPE (Smith, p. 64, PI. I. 2).

The specimen in the British Museum can no longer
claim to be unique. Mr. Wilmot Lane possesses a speci-
men (wt. 112't), but it is in a poor state of preservation.

A9VAMEDHA TYPE (Smith, p. 65, PI. I. 4).

The Bodleian possesses two specimens of variety a, and
one of p. The last is represented in the Plate (Fig. 2).
No. 694 (variety «) is noteworthy as bearing an excellent
obverse legend. The f^f occurring on this and on the
" Lyrist " Type is still unexplained. Isolated letters or
syllables of the kind occur on other Gupta coins, e.g., 3f[
on the heavy coins assigned to Chandra Gupta II. (Smith,
p. 82, PL II. 2), and are very common on the gold coins
of the later Indo- Scythians.

JAVELIN TYPE (Smith, p. 69).

Mr. Smith's account of the marginal legend on the
obverse is unsatisfactory. From a careful examination of
the ten Bodleian coins, I have come to the conclusion that
the following varieties may most probably be distin-
guished :— 1. (a) OTTOHfofflfttrat (cf. No. 686) ; (ft)
t (two words certainly in No. 690 : per-

54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

haps one compound 0f^5nElfo|rnf\: in No. 687). 2.
(No. 689. This legend seems

complete ; there is no room for more). 3. Similar to 2,
but with the addition of *f*|<ft ^t 5RrfH (No. 689A and
691). If these restorations be correct, we can here trace
a growth of the legend from the simplest form in IA —
" Victorious in a hundred mighty battles " — to the full form
of 3 — " Victorious in a hundred mighty battles, the destroyer
of the cities of his foes, the unconquered Lord doth triumph."
These "Javelin " coins are of two degrees of flatness. It
seems to me that the legends, la and 1/2 occur on the
flattest specimens, while 2 and 3 occur on the others ;
but it is quite probable that the evidence for this opinion
is insufficient. Above the cornucopiae on the reverse of
some specimens, a mark /\ appears. A similar mark is
also found on some of the " Archer " coins of Chandra
Gupta II. There were three coins of the Javelin Type
of Samudra Gupta in the Da Cunha Collection (1.
wt. 121% mon. 3A ; 2. wt. 115'6, mon. 6A ; 3. wt. 115'4,
mon. SA). Mr. Wilmot Lane also possesses four speci-
mens (weights, 114-0, 117-7, 115-2, and 117'9). In some
cases the name of the king is written as ^T^gT, e.g., B.M.
Prinsep, 117'8, and Twisden, 117-4. On the Bodleian
coin, No. 692, the inscription begins at the bottom 1. of
the obverse and ascends. This is also the case with B.M.
Eden 119'2 and Banks 119-3.

CHANDRA GUPTA II.
COUCH TYPE (Smith, p. 76, PI. I. 13).

Mr. Smith failed to see that the obv. marginal legend is
here in the genitive . . . ^ft ^^TT^T Tnis is rare, but

N0TES ON GUPTA COINS. 55

a parallel may be quoted from the Sykes coin, described by
Dr. Hoernle (quoted by Smith, p. 108)

ARCHER TYPE (Smith, p. 80).

The discussion of this, by far the most numerous type of
all the gold Gupta coins, raises an interesting question of
attribution, and more than the usual amount of fresh in-
formation has been contributed by specimens which have
recently come to hand. Mr. Smith's main division of this
type into two great classes, the " Throne " reverse and
the " Lotus-seat " reverse, is the best possible. In the
very great majority of cases, this distinction of reverse is
accompanied by an equally striking distinction of obverse,
and there can be no doubt that coins having the " Throne "
reverse are, as a general rule, older than those bearing the
"Lotus-seat." This criterion seemed to be satisfactory
and to be in accord with other evidence when applied to
the coins of Samudra Gfupta. Indeed, it seemed not
unlikely that, as the " Throne " reverse had given place
to the " Lotus-seat " reverse during the reign of Samudra
Gupta, these " Archer " coins of Class I. should be attri-
buted to the first Chandra Gupta. The king is dressed
exactly as on the " King and Queen " type, which was
undoubtedly struck by Chandra Gupta I., and the style
and fabric of the two sets of coins have much in common.
The former argument is, however, of little weight, as the
king is dressed in armour, and the fashion of armour was
not likely to change much. On the contrary, a strong
reason for the attribution of the *' Throne Reverse " coins
to Chandra Gupta II. was found in the reverse legend
(7ri Vikramab, a title which is borne by Chandra Gupta
II. in inscriptions, but which has never yet been found

56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

in conjunction with the name of Chandra Gupta I. The
attribution of both classes of " Archer " coins to Chandra
Gupta II. is now more certain than ever, since small
varieties have come to light, which, while not strictly
belonging to either of the two chief divisions, seem to
mark stages of transition from the first to the second.
The' Bodleian coin, No. 708 (Pi. II. 4} of Class I., while
bearing a reverse of the normal type, represents the king
dressed more in the style of Samudra Gupta and, except-
ing the close-fitting cap, approaching to that commonly
found on the coins of Class II. A coin belonging to Mr.
"VVilmot Lane (wt. 121*5) gives the king similarly dressed,
but has the " Lotus-seat " reverse, thus combining an
obverse of Class I. with the normal reverse of Class II.
Two other " Lotus Reverse " coins, belonging to the same
gentleman, offer small varieties. On one (wt. 118*2) the
king holds his bow as on the " Lotus " coins proper, but
is dressed as on the " Throne " coins. The British
Museum has acquired a similar specimen (wt. 120*2, mon.
4c) from the Da Cunha Sale. On the other coin (wt.
117'1) the only reminiscence of the archetype seems to be
in the position of the king's right hand which still con-
tinues to be turned down, whereas on the " Lotus " coins
proper it is always turned up.

The obverse inscription on the heavy coins assigned to
Chandra Gupta II. by Mr. Smith, is still doubtful. No
adequate restoration can be attempted from the specimens
as yet known. The reading of the reverse legend as
is certainly not correct for any of the coins

which I have seen, but it is only fair to say that Mr. Smith's
reading is to a great extent based on a coin in the Grant
Collection, which I have not seen. The letters pieced

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS. 57

together from the British Museum specimens read more
like ^ft^T^STTf^BF, which, of course, cannot by itself be
right. With the addition of £^ it would be possible, but
most unlikely as a Gupta title. These coins are altogether
mysterious, and I am sceptical even about the reading of
the name under the king's arm. The first character has
what appear to be vowel marks above it, and the other
seems more like -tya than -ndra.

I am inclined to think that none of the heavy coins can
be assigned to any monarch earlier than Skanda Gupta,
and that during his reign the standard was changed from
the stater (about 135 grains) to the suvarna (about 146
grains). My reasons are as follows : — The heavy coins
attributed to Chandra Gupta II. may, even if the name
Chandra really occurs on them, belong to some later
monarch of that name. Moreover, if degradation of style
and impurity of metal be evidences of a late date, one
would naturally place them after the heavy coins which
bear the name of Skanda. With regard to the heavy
coins of Kumara Gupta, it is probable that, as was men-
tioned above, these belong to Kumara Gupta II. They
bear on the reverse the title Kramaditya, while the title
assumed by Kumara Gupta I. was Mahendra. Mr. Smith
wrongly supposed this reverse legend to be ftrt Kumara
Gupta, and regarded the reading f rl Kramaditya, correctly
given by Sir A. Cunningham, as, exceptional. It is,
however, undoubtedly the reading of every specimen that
I have ever seen. Mr. Smith was probably misled by the
compound -ty which, when badly executed, may easily be
mistaken for -pt.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES.

58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

HOUSEMAN TO RIGHT TYPE (Smith, p. 84, Pi, II. 3).

A specimen acquired by the British Museum from the
Da Cunha Sale (wt. 119-5) may be noticed as reading
Bhagavato, with the final vowel very distinctly marked.

HORSEMAN TO LEFT TYPE (Smith, p. 85).

This type is still unrepresented in the B.M. Collection.
The Bodleian contains two specimens of variety a, and
one, the only specimen known, of variety (3. No. 710
(variety a) and No. 713 (variety ft) are represented in the
Plate (Figs. 5 and 6). Mr. Wilmot Lane possesses two
specimens of variety a (wt. 118*5, mon. SB ; and wt.
119-9, mon. lOc).

LION TBAMPLEB TYPE (Smith, p. 87, PI. II. 4).
The Bodleian specimen (No. 724) of variety y is the
only one known (PI. II. 8). No. 726 of variety 3
(PL II. 9) — Mr. Wilmot Lane has one poorly preserved
coin of this variety (wt. 120).

COMBATANT LION TYPE (Smith, p. 89, PI. II. 5).
A coin of Mr. Wilmot Lane affords a new variety
(wt. 122-5).

Obv. — King facing r. and shooting a lion in the mouth.
Rev. — Goddess seated on a lion which faces r. The
r. leg of the goddess hangs over the lion's flank,
while the 1. leg rests on the lion's back with heel
touching the r. thigh. Her 1. elbow rests on her
knee, and her upraised 1. hand holds a lotus.

KUMARA GUPTA.

ABCHEB TYPE (Smith, p. 95, PI. II. 10).
A good specimen of variety e (wt. 123*7), belonging to
Mr. Wilmot Lane, gives a portion of the marginal legend

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS. 59

The correction of the reading of the reverse legend on
the heavy coins, and the question of their attribution
have been already sufficiently discussed on p. 57.

The notes which I have from time to time jotted down
in my copy of Mr. Smith's article, contain nothing of
importance relating to the gold coinage of Skanda Gupta
and his little-known successors, and the specimens which
I have seen add practically nothing to what was known
before. The coinage of the Guptas, after the time of
Skanda, becomes monotonous. The coins are all struck to
the heavy " suvarna " standard, and the gold becomes so
debased as to be scarcely recognisable. There is no longer
any variety in the types. The " Archer " type of obverse
and the " Lotus-seat " reverse, which became common in
the reign of Chandra Gupta II. were eventually used to
the exclusion of all others.

No new varieties of the silver coinage have been found.
Mr. Smith's article still represents all that is known on
the subject.

A few words remain to be said about the rare copper
coins. In my visits to the Bodleian I have found nearly
twenty additional specimens hidden among the miscel-
laneous coins. Some of these have been in good preserva-
tion, e.g., the coin of Chandra Gupta II. " Umbrella
Type " (PI. II. 14), and one new variety has been found.
This most nearly resembles Mr. Smith's "Chandra Head"
Type (Smith, p. 141), but in place of the head the obverse
is quite occupied with the name ^fj£, having over it a
crescent, while on the reverse appears Garuda with the
inscription ;q*g:

60

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

GUPTA COINS IN THE BODLEIAN COLLECTION.

No.

Weight

GOLD.

Mon.

CHANDRA GUPTA I.

(c. 860— c. 380 A.D.)

King and Queen Type.

683

118-

See Smith, p. 63.

4a

King holds flower in right hand ;

below, a cluster of three dots, • . •

[PL II. 1.

KACHA.

678

118-5

S., p. 74.

1

679

110-5

»

2b

SAMUDRA GUPTA

(c. 380— c. 398 A.D.)

A9vamedha Type.

Variety a.

694

112-5

S., p. 65. Obv. inscr. in good pre-

—

servation.

695

117-

ii

Variety J3.

696

115-

S., p. 66. [PL II. 2.

—

Javelin Type.

Variety a.

686

116-

S., p. 69. Samaragatavitatavijayah.

4d

686a

115-5

ii

4c

687

115-5

, , Samaragatavi [tata] vijaya-

3a

jitdrih.

687a

115-

>»

3a

688

121-5

»

3a

689

118-5

, , Samaraga tavitatavijayajitd -

8a

ripurah. [PL II. 3.

689a

119-

»

8b

690

119-

>» -[vfyayo jitdrih.

4c

691

120-

„ Inscr. compared with 689a

8b

probably S. g, vi. vi. jitd-

ripuro ' jito devo jayati.

692

112-

„ Inscr. begins at bottom

4d

left and runs upwards.

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS.

GUPTA COINS — (continued).

61

No.

Weight,

Archer Type.

Mon.

Variety a.

693

116-

22 b

CHANDRA GUPTA II.

(c. 395— 415 AD.)

Archer Type.

Class I. Variety a.

708

119-5

S., p. 80. King apparently wears

19 d

sword. [PI. II. 4.

Variety ft.

709

120-

S.,p.81.

4c

Class II. Variety a.

697

120-

S.,P. 81.

19 b

698

118-5

,,

9

699

126-

,,

8b

700

123-5

ii

Ba

701

,, A broken coin held toge-

8a

ther by a metal rim.

702

120-5

ii

3a or 8b ?

703

119-5

ii

?

704

120-

10 a

705

108-5

,,

10 a

706

„ The object at king's side

17 c

seems to be a knot and

not a sword.

Horseman to Right Type.

732

109-5

S., p. 84.

19 e

Horseman to Left Type.

Variety a.

710

119-5

S., p. 85. Obv. and rev. legends com-

8b

plete. [PI. II. 5.

711

120-

ii

8b

62

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

GUPTA COINS — (continued).

No.

Weight.

Variety ft.

Mon.

713

140-5

S.,p. 86. Unique. The weight is
remarkable. [PI. II. 6.

7 dots and
a crescent

Lion Trampler Type.

725

120-5

Variety a.
S., p. 87. [PL II. 7.

8a

Variety y.

724

125-5

S., p. 88. The only specimen known.
[PL II. 8.

726

120-5

Variety 8.
S.,p. 88. [PI. II. 9.

Umbrella Type.

680
681

682

Variety a.
S., p. 91.
»
»

8b
No mon.
8b

KUMARA GUPTA (415 — 455 A.D.).

Swordsman Type.

717

124-5

S., p. 94. Legends good.
[PL II. 10.

8b

Archer Type.

Class I. Variety a.

714

715

716

125-5

124-
125-

S., p. 96. Legends good.
[PL II. 11.
»
»

3b

719
735

730

120-5
118-5
115-5

A. Class II.
S.,p. 97.

M

>>

9

8b
8b

NOTES ON GUPTA COINS.

GUPTA COINS — (continued).

63

Weight.

125-5
125-5
125-5
123-5

138-
141-5
131-5
141-5

142-5

146-

144-5

143-

144-5

147-

Horseman to Eight Type.
Variety a.

S., p. 101.

S., p. 102.

Variety (3.

Variety y.

S., p. 102.

Horseman to Left Type.

SKANDA GUPTA (455 — c. 470 A.D.)

Class B.
S., p. 112.

NARA[SIMHA] GUPTA.

S., p. 117.

COPPER COINS REPRESENTED IN
PLATE.

Chandra Gupta II.
Umbrella Type."

PI. II. 13.
. II. 14.

Kumara Gupta.
Standing King." [PI. II. 15.

Mon.

8b

8a

64

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

GOLD GUPTA COINS IN THE COLLECTION OF ME. WILMOT LANE.

No.

Weight.

1

111-5

Chandra Gupta. " King and Queen Type."

Apparently a new monogram — a large circle

with line and four dots above it.

2

112-2

Samudra Gupta. " Tiger Type." A poor spe-

cimen.

3

114-6

„ ,, " AQvamedha." Var. a.

4

117-5

„ ,, "Lyrist." Var. a.

5

114-

„ „ "Javelin." Var. a.

6

117-7

>> »» » >>

7

115-2

» » » >»

8

117-9

» »» » >»

9

121-5

Chandra Gupta II. "Archer Type." A new

variety, combining the

usual obv. of Class I.,

var. a, with the rev. of

Class II.

10

118-2

,, ,, "Archer " (y. sup., p. 55).

11

117-1

„ „ „ (v. sup., p. 55).

12

123-9

,, ,, „ An excellent spe-

cimen.

13

118-5

,, „ " Horseman to Left." Var. a.

14

119-5

>> » >> n

15

120-

„ „ " Lion Trampler." Var. 8.

16

122-5

,, ,, " Combatant Lion." A new

variety (t>. sup., p. 58).

17

123-7

Kumara Gupta. "Archer Type." Var. €.

18

124-5

„ „ " Horseman to Eight."

E. J. RAPSON.

VI.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760.
(See PL III.)

(Continued from vol. x., page 98.)

ADAM, FIRST VISCOUNT DUNCAN, OF CAMPERDOWN,

1731—1804.
ENGAGEMENT OFF CAMPERDOWN, 1797.

1. Obv. — Bust of Duncan to right, in naval uniform, wearing
ribbon of the Bath and medal ; on shoulder,
HANCOCK; below p. K. (Peter Kempson). Leg.
ADAM LORD VISCOUNT DUNCAN ADMIRAL
OF THE WHITE. BOKN JULY 1, 1731.

Bev. — Sailor nailing English flag to mast-head. Leg.
OCTOBER 11, 1797, WITH 24 SHIPS & 1198
GUNS DEFEATED THE DUTCH FLEET
OF 26 SHIPS & 1259 GUNS. 9 SHIPS &
502 GUNS TAKEN. In the exergue, HEROIC
COURAGE PROTECTS THE BRITISH

FLAGS. HANCOCK.

1-9. MB. M. ST. PI. III. 1.

ADAM DUNCAN, Admiral, born at Dundee, entered the
navy in 1746, and served under Keppel in the Mediter-
ranean and on the coast of North America. Having
obtained the rank of Commander in 1759, he took an im-
portant share in the reduction of Belle-Isle in 1761, and
of Havanna in August, 1792. He sat in 1779 as a
member of the court-martial on Keppel, and in the same
year, being attached to the Channel fleet under Sir
Charles Hardy, took part in the action off Cape St.
Vincent. In February, 1795, he was appointed Com-
mander-in- Chief in the North Sea, and in that capacity,
on the llth of October, 1797, won the famous victory
over the Dutch off Camperdown, in which De Winter,

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. K

66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the Dutch Admiral, was taken prisoner. For this great
service Duncan was raised to the peerage under the title
of Viscount Duncan, of Camperdown, and Baron Duncan,
of Lundie, in Perthshire. Duncan continued in command
of the North Sea fleet till 1801. Died August, 1804.

ENGAGEMENT OFF CAMPERDOWN, 1797.

2. Obv. — Bust of Duncan to left, in naval uniform, and

wearing ribbon, star of the Bath and medal ;
below, MUDIE . DIB . WEBB . F. Leg. ADM.
VISC. DUNCAN.

Rev. — The Dutch Admiral De Winter surrendering his
sword to Admiral Duncan. MUDIE. D. Ley.
DUTCH FLEET DEFEATED 9 SHIPS OF
THE LINE CAPTURED 11 OCTB. 1797.
In the exergue, trophy of arms, flags, &c. w.
WYON.

1-6. MB. M.

This is one of Mudie's Series of National Medals.

ENGAGEMENT OFF CAMPERDOWN, 1797.

3. Obv. — Bust of Duncan, similar to the preceding, but nearly

facing. Ley. LORD VIST DUNCAN OF
CAMPERDOWN ADMIRAL OF THE BLUE.

Rev. — Britannia seated to left on rock, head facing, hold-
ing in right hand wreath, and in left the British
flag; her right arm rests on rudder; on left,
the British lion trampling on French and Dutch
flags ; on right, the British shield. Leg. BRI-
TANNIA TRIUMPHANT. In the exergue,
DUTCH FLEET DEFEATED 11 SHIPS
TAKEN OCTE. 11, 1797.
1-5. MB. M.

ENGAGEMENT OFF CAMPERDOWN, 1797.

4. Obv. — Bust facing of Duncan, head to right, in em-

broidered coat. Leg. ADMIRAL DUNCAN.
Rev.— Inscription in twelve lines, STRUCK IN HONOUR
OF ADMIRAL DUNCAN WHO DEFEATED
THE DUTCH FLEET, OCTOBER 11, 1797.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 67

AND IN IMMORTAL REMEMBRANCE OF
THE BRAVE MEN WHO FELL IN THE
ACTION.

1-45. MB, M.

THANKSGIVING FOE VICTORY OFF CAMPERDOWN, 1797.

5. Obv. — Bust of George III. to right, laureate ; on either

side, G. III. Leg. VISITED ST. PAUL'S
DECEMBER 19 1797.

Rev.— Shield, radiate, with arms of the City of London,
resting on sword and mace ; below, IN HONOR
OF LORD DUNCANS VICTORY OVER THE
DUTCH FLEET, OCT. 11 1797.

1-8. MB. M.

On the 19th of December, 1797, a National Thanks-
giving was held for the three great naval victories
achieved under the command of Lord Howe, Earl St.
Vincent, and Lord Duncan ; viz. the victory of the 1st of
June, 1794; the battle off Cape St. Vincent, 14th of
February, 1797; and that off Camperdown in October,
1797. The king, accompanied by the members of the
royal family, attended a special service in St. Paul's
Cathedral.

THANKSGIVING FOR VICTORY OFF CAMPERDOWN, 1797.

6. Obv. — Bust of George III. to right, laureate ; below,

MILTON. Leg. GEORGIVS . Ill . DEI .
GRATIA.

Rev. — The crown, orb, sceptre, and sword placed on
cushion on pedestal, inscribed, HOWE ST.
VINCENT DUNCAN. MILTON. Around the
base of the pedestal lie the French, Dutch, and
Spanish flags. Leg. ROYAL . THANKSGIV-
ING . AT . ST. PAUL'S.' In the exergue,
DEC. 19, 1797.

1-25. MB. M. M.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

ENGAGEMENT OFF CAMPERDOWN COMMEMORATED, 1798.

7. Qbv. — Bust of Duncan facing, in naval uniform, ribbon
and star of the Bath, and medal ; on shoulder,
WYON ; below, P. K. FEC. (Peter Kempson fecit).
Leg. ADML. LD. DUNCAN BORN HERE
1731. DEFEATD THE DUTCH FLEET
1797— DUNDEE PENNY 1798.

Rev. — Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden, the latter is
seated beneath tree on which is the serpent.
Leg. 23,000 INHABITANTS IN DUNDEE.
VID. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT BY R. S.
SMALL. D.D. In the exergue, BE FRUIT-
FULL AND MULTIPLY. GEN. 1. 28. J. w. L.
DRS (J. W. Lang).

1-25. MB. M.

This is the Dundee Penny Token. Viscount Duncan,
being a native of Dundee, was naturally, after his recent
victory, very popular in that city. The type of the re-
verse refers to the prosperous state of the place, which
was rising into importance, and the number of its in-
habitants rapidly increasing.

RICHARD DUPPA, 1770—1831.

MEMORIAL, 1828.

Obv. — Head of Duppa to left ; below, w. WYON s. MINT.
Leg. RICHARDVS DVPPA. LL.B.

Rev. — Within floral wreath, rose, mitre, and crozier on

scrolls inscribed M . ANGET RAFF SVB

[VER]TION OF [T]HE [PA] PAL [GOYER]
NMENT ; below, MDCCCXXVIII.

1-35. MB. M. PI. III. 2.

Richard Duppa, artist and author, studied in Rome in
early life, and showed himself a skilful draughtsman. He
matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1807, became

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 69

a student of the Middle Temple in 1810, graduated LL.B.
at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1814, and wrote largely
on botanical, artistic, and political topics. He died in
Lincoln's Inn in July, 1831.

The above medal refers to a work which Duppa pub-
lished in 1799, entitled, A Journal of the most remarkable
Occurrences that took place in Home upon the Subversion of
the Ecclesiastical Government in 1798. Duppa was in
that year studying at Rome, and his work gives a graphic
description of the conduct of the French after their occu-
pation of the city ; their total destruction of the Villa
Albani, the plunder of the Vatican and other buildings,
the extortion of heavy dues, and the virtual deposition of
the Pope. This conduct roused the indignation of other
European states, and in England Duppa' s work soon
obtained a wide circulation.

WILLIAM DYCE, R.A., 1806—1864.
ART UNION MEDAL, 1867.

Obv.— Head of Dyce to left; below, 1806—1864. C.G.
ADAMS F. Leg. DYCE.

Rev.— Our Saviour bearing lamb. Leg. ART UNION
OF LONDON, 1867. In the exergue, c. G.

ADAMS F.

2-2. E. W. Cochran-Patrick, M.

William Dyce, painter, born at Aberdeen, entered the
Scottish Academy at the age of sixteen, and later that in
London. After visiting Italy on two occasions he settled at
Edinburgh, where he remained eight years practising as
a portrait painter. In 1835 he was elected a member of
the Scottish Academy, appointed Inspector of Provincial
Art Schools in 1842, an Associate of the Royal Academy

70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

in 1844, and a full Academician in 1848. His exhibits at
the Royal Academy were mostly portraits, but he gained
some reputation by his "Descent of Venus" in 1836,
and by his fresco decorations in the Houses of Par-
liament.

DAXIEL ISAAC EATON. Died, 1814.
His TRIAL AND ACQUITTAL, 1795.

Obv. — Bust of Eaton to left in coat with falling collar ;
below, on scroll, FRANGAS NON FLECTES.
Ley. D.I. EATON THREE TIMES AC-
QUITTED OF SEDITION.

Rev. — Within enclosure, pigs feeding at trough ; on the
enclosure stands a cock. Leg. PRINTER TO
THE MAJESTY OF THE PEOPLE . LON-
DON . 1795.

1-15. MB. m.

Daniel Isaac Eaton, bookseller, was indicted in June,
1793, for selling the second part of Paine's Rights of Man,
and again, in July following, for selling Paine's Letters
addressed to the Addressers. On both occasions verdicts
equivalent to acquittal were given. A similar action
brought against him in 1794 met with the same result ;
but in 1796, to escape punishment for a like offence, he
fled the country, was outlawed, and lived in America for
three years. On his return to England he was imprisoned
for fifteen months and his property seized. In 1812 he
was again indicted for issuing Paine's Age of Reason, and,
being found guilty, was sentenced to eighteen months
imprisonment and to stand in the pillory, when, " to the
credit of the populace, instead of saluting him with what
his prosecutors desired, they cheered and even endea-

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 71

voured to convey to him some refreshment." He died in
poverty at Deptford, August 22nd, 1814.

The above medal was struck on Eaton's acquittal in
1795.

GEORGE EDMONDS.
REFOKM BILL AGITATION, &c., 1832.

Olv. — Bust of Edmonds to left, in coat. Lecj. MR.
GEO EDMONDS FOUNDER & CHAIR-
MAN OF THE GREAT NEWHALL HILL
MEETINGS IN 1818 & 19, MEMBER OF
THE BIRMM POLITICAL COUNCEL, 1831,
32.

Eev. — Monument, radiate, inscribed NEW MAGNA
CHARTA ; at the base are three scrolls each
inscribed REFORM BILL ; below and on either
side, rose, shamrock, and thistle, and the date
1832.

1-75, MB. M.

This medal refers to certain political dissensions at
Birrningham in 1818 — 1819, and also to the passing of
the Reform Bill. Edmonds, who was a schoolmaster,
took an active part in both these proceedings.

On July 12th, 1819, a large meeting was held at New
Hall Hill, near Birmingham, at which a resolution was
passed nominating Sir Charles Wolseley Legislatorial
Attorney and Representative of Birmingham, and re-
questing the Speaker of the House of Commons to allow
Wolseley to attend and take his place in Parliament.
The conveners of this meeting were afterwards indicted
for misdemeanour. Edmonds also took part in the
meetings connected with the Reform Bill.

72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

THOMAS HOWARD, THIRD EARL OF EFFINGHAM,
1747—1791.

MEMORIAL, 1791.

Obv. — Head of the Earl of Effingham to left ; below, J.
MILTON F. Left. THO . HOWARD . COM . DE .
EFFINGHAM . REI . MONET . PR^F .1784.

Eev.— Britannia seated to left on globe, holding spear
and resting arm on shield ; at her side cornuco-
pia, from which fall coins and medals, some of
which are inscribed "Milton F." "Tower,"
" London," " 1790." Edge, NATVS . XIII .
JAN . MDCCXLVII . OB . XV . NOV. MDCC-
XCI . MT . XLIV.

1-4. MB. JR. PI. III. 3.

Lord Effingham was Deputy Earl-Marshal of England
in April, 1782, Treasurer of the King's Household, and
Master of the Mint in 1784. He was afterwards ap-
pointed Governor of Jamaica, where he died 15th
November, 1791. This memorial of Lord Effingham,
made by Milton, one of the engravers at the Royal Mint,
while recording his death, specially commemorates his
appointment as chief officer of the Mint.

JOHN EGERTON, M.P., 1766—1825.
His ELECTION FOB CHESTER, 1812.

Olv. — Bust of Egerton to left, in tie-wig, coat, &c. Inner
Leg. JOHN EGERTON OF OULTON, ESQ*. ,
M.P. Outer Leg. ELECTED THE 6 MAY
1807, & RE-ELECTED ON THE 20 OCTOBER
1812— THE FREEMEN'S CHOICE.

Pev.— Inscription in eleven lines, TO COMMEMORATE
THE GLORIOUS 20 OCTOBER, 1812, WHEN
THE &tire#rntt*nt JFrcrmen OF CHESTER
TRIUMPHED OVER THE USURPER OF
THEIR RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES.

1-7. MB. JR.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 73

At the general election in 1812 there was a sharp con-
test at Chester, but Egerton, who had sat for the city
since 1807, was returned with General Grosvenor, who
headed the poll. The unsuccessful candidates were Sir
Richard Brooke and Mr. Townshend. John Egerton,
son of Philip Egerton, of Wilton, succeeded in 1814 to
the baronetcy, on the death of his kinsman Sir Thomas
Grey, who was created Earl of Wilton, and assumed by
royal license the additional surname of Grey. He died
24th May, 1825, without issue.

JOHN SCOTT, EARL OF ELDON, 1751 — 1831.
RESIGNATION OF THE LORD CHANCELLORSHIP, 1827.

1. Obv. — Bust of Lord Eldon to left, in wig and robes : below,
c. VOIGT. F. Leg. JOHN EARL OF ELDON
LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF GREAT
BRITAIN 1827.

Rev. — Inscription in twelve lines, BORN 4 JUNE 1751
CALLED TO THE BAR 1776 SOL . GEN .
1788 . ATTORN . GEN . 1793. BARON EL-
DON . CH. JUST. COM. PL. 1799 LORD
CHANCELLOR 1801 RESIG. THE SEALS
1806. RECALLED 1807 CONTINUED LORD
CHANCELLOR UNTIL THE DEMISE OF
GEORGE HI. 1820 RE-APPOINTED BY
GEORGE IV. ON HIS ACCESSION AND
CREATED VISC. ENCOMBE EARL OF
ELDON.

1-9. MB. M. M. PI. III. 4.

John Scott, Earl of Eldon, Lord Chancellor of Eng-
land, was the third son of William Scott, a coalfitter of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and younger brother of Lord Stowell.
The chief events connected with the career of this
remarkable man are detailed in the inscription on the
reverse of the medal, which was no doubt struck soon

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. L

74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

after he had resigned the Great Seal in 1827, having filled
the office of Lord Chancellor for a period of nearly twenty-
five years, viz., from 1801—1806, and 1807—1827. Sir
Samuel Romilly, in the House of Commons, declared that
" there never presided in the Court of Chancery a man of
more deep and varied learning in his profession than the
Lord Chancellor ; and that Court had never seen, he
would not say his superior, but his equal."

MEMORIAL.

2. Obv. — Bust of Lord Eldon to left, the same as the pre-
ceding.

Rev. — Oak wreath.
1-9. MB. M.

This medal was probably issued about the same time
as the preceding one.

GEORGE AUGUSTUS ELIOTT, LORD HEATHFIELD,
1780—1790.

DEFENCE OP GIBRALTAR, 1782.

1. Obv. — Bust of Eliott to left, in tie-wig, naval uniform,
ribbon, star and badge of the Bath ; below, TERRY
FEC. LONDON. Leg. GEO . AUGUSTUS . ELIOTT
GOVERNOR . OF . GIBRALTAR AN. 1782.

Rev. — View of the harbour, town, and rock of Gibraltar ;
ships burning, &c. In the exergue, VICTRIX
IN FLAMIS VICTRIX IN UNDIS.

1-65. MB. JR. M.

George Augustus Eliott, the son of Sir Gilbert Eliott,
of Stobbs, Roxburghshire, was educated at Leyden, and
attaching himself to an engineer corps was present at
Dettingen. In ] 759 he was appointed to raise the 1st

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 75

regiment of light horse for service on the Continent,
served with great reputation during the Seven Years'
War, and in 1775 was made Commander-in-Chief in Ire-
land, whence he returned shortly after and went to
Gibraltar as Governor. That fortress he defended with
consummate courage and skill when besieged by the
French and Spaniards. The siege began in 1779, was
carried on both by land and sea, and did not terminate
till February, 1783. On his return to England Eliott
was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Heathfield,
Baron Gibraltar.

This and the following medals commemorate the assault
made on the 13th September, 1782, by the battering
ships of the enemy under the command of Admiral Moreno.
Owing to the precision with which the garrison fired the
red-hot shot the assault failed, and not a single vessel of
the enemy escaped, all being burnt to the water's edge.

DEFENCE OF GIBBALTAE, 1782.

2. Obv. — Bust of Eliott to left, in tie-wig, military uniform,
and ribbon and star of the Garter ; below, J. P.
DROZ F. Leg. GEORGE AUGUSTUS ELIOTT
GOVERNOR OF GIBRALTAR.

Eev. — Hercules with apples of the Hesperides and club,
standing, facing; beside him pillar, another
beyond, the sea between ; in the distance, Gib-
raltar. Leg. FORTITER ET RECTE. In the
exergue, XIII. SEPT. MDCOLXXXII. DROZ. F.

2-35. MB. M. PI. III. 5.

The rock of Calpe (Gibraltar) on the Spanish coast,
with the opposite one of Abyla on the African coast,
formed the renowned "Pillars of Hercules," so called
from the myth that he tore asunder the mountain which
closed the Straits.

76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

DEFENCE OF GIBRALTAR, 1782.

3. Qbv. — View of the rock, town, and bay of Gibraltar ;

ships on fire. Leg. PER TOT DISCRIMINA
RERUM. In the exergue, XIII SEPT.
MDCCLXXXIL

Eev.—Wifom laurel wreath, REDEN LAMOTTE SYDOW
ELIOTT. Around, BRUDER-SCHAFT. L.

PINGO. F.

1-95. MB. N. M.

The names on the reverse, with the exception of
Eliott's, are those of the commanders of the Hanoverian
brigade. Major-General de La Motte was most active
during the whole siege, and in the vote of thanks to the
garrison which was passed in the House of Commons,
12th December, 1782, his name was especially mentioned.

SIEGE OF GIBRALTAR RAISED, 1783.

4. Obv.— Bust of Eliott to right, in naval uniform and hat,

and ribbon and badge of the Bath ; on truncation,
REICH. Lea. ELLIOT AN MARTIS SOCIVS ?
NON : IVPITER IPSE EST.

Rev. — View of Gibraltar attacked and attacking. Leg.
VICTRIX IN FLAMIS VICTRIX GIBRALTAR
IN VNDIS. In the exergue, MDCCLXXXIII.
R (J. C. Reich).

1-65. MB. M.

This medal was made in Germany. Reich worked at
that time in the town of Fiirth, in Bavaria.

MOUNTSTUART ELPHINSTONE, 1779 — 1859.

BOMBAY NATIVE EDUCATION SOCIETY FOUNDED, 1833.

Obv. — Head of Elphinstone to right ; on neck, 1833 ;
below, w . WYON . s . MINT. Leg. MOUNT-
STUART ELPHINSTONE FOUNDED.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 77

Rev. — Britannia presenting scroll, inscribed NATIVE EDUCA-
TION, to Indian boy and girl ; at her feet, scroll
and shield. Lerj. NATIVE EDUCATION SO-
CIETY. In the exergue, BOMBAY w. WYONS
MINT 1833.

1-5. MB. M. PI. III. 6.

Mountstuart Elphinstone, fourth son of John, eleventh
Lord Elphinstone, was distinguished alike as a scholar
and a statesman. In 1796 he went to India, and remained
there till 1827, and during that period took part in every
great political event. In 1808 he went as British envoy
to Cabul ; from 1810 to 1818 he filled the office of
Political Resident at Poona ; and, in 1819, he was ap-
pointed to the Governorship of Bombay, which he held
till 1827, when he quitted India, and travelling through
Egypt, Turkey, and Greece, arrived in England, 1829,
having been absent nearly thirty-three years. High and
responsible posts were offered to him, but he declined them
all, and devoted his leisure to his well-known " History
of India." This medal was struck to commemorate the
great interest taken by Elphinstone in the education of the
natives of India during his governorship, and especially
his establishing at Poona a college for the promotion
of native learning, which was at first regarded with some
disfavour by the Government.

SIR HENRY CHARLES ENGLEFIELD, 1752 — 1822.

MEMORIAL, 1817.
1. Obv.— Head of Englefield to left.

Rev.— Monogram of H.C.E. ; above,
below, AHIZ = 1817.

•85. MB. M.

78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Henry Englefield, antiquary and scientific writer, was
the eldest son of Sir Henry Englefield, whom he suc-
ceeded in the baronetcy in 1780. He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society in 1778, and of the Society
of Antiquaries in 1779. Of the latter he was for many
years one of the vice-presidents, and for a short time the
president, and a frequent contributor to the Archceologia.
He also joined the Dilettanti Society, and was for four-
teen years its secretary. This and the following medalet
do not record any particular event.

MEMORIAL, 1819.

2. Qbv. — Head of Englefield to left ; below, H. C. E. in
monogram, 1819, MILLS r.

1-8. MB. M. PI. III. 7.

CHEVALIER D'EoN, 1728—1810.
MEMORIAL, 1777.

Obv. — Bust of D'Eon to right, in tie-wig, and coat with
broad collar. Ley. MADAME D'EON +

Rev. — Inscription in eleven lines, AVOCAT AU PART
PARI DOCTR. EN DT. CAPITN. DE DRAGN.
CHEVALIER DE L. R. ET M. DE. ST. LOS.
MINISTRE DE LA COUR. DE FRANCE EN
ANGLETERRE GENTILHOME D'AMBAS-
SADE EN RUSSIE. 1777. P.

1*(). Al 1 >. - I'j .

This extraordinary character, who is registered in the
parish of St. Pancras, Middlesex, as " Charles Genevieve
Louis Auguste Andre Timothee D'Eon de Beaumont,"
was born at Tonnerre, in Burgundy, received under the
patronage of the Prince de Conti a cornetcy of Dragoons,

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 79

was employed on a mission to St. Petersburg in 1755,
and served in the campaign of 1 762 as aide-de-camp to
Marshal Broglio. In 1763 he came to England as
secretary to the Duke de Nivernois, whom he succeeded
as Minister Plenipotentiary. At this time he was in-
vested with the order of St. Louis. About 1771 doubts
were entertained concerning his sex, and on his returning
to France he actually assumed the female dress, for what
reason has never been explained. In 1785 he came back
to England, where he resided till his death in 1810,
teaching fencing; but, when the Revolution broke out,
he presented a petition to the Assembly as Madame
D'Eon, offering his services in a military capacity. This
offer, however, was disregarded. At his death all doubts
as to his sex were completely removed by professional in-
spection. D'Eon's portrait as man, as woman, or as half
man, half woman, was frequently painted.

THOMAS ERSKINE AND VICARY GIBBS.
TRIAL OF HARDY, TOOKE, AND THELWALL, 1794.

1. Obv. — Heads of Erskine and Gibbs, jugate, to right; below,
i. M. F. (John Milton fecit). Leg. HON. T.
ERSKINE . V . GIBBS . ESQ. ' PATRIOTS
WHO FOR SACRED FREEDOM STOOD.

Rev. — Justice raising aloft her scales and supporting faint-
ing figure of Liberty ; in the background, lion.
Leg. RETURNING JUSTICE LIFTS ALOFT
HER SCALE. In the exergue, MDCCXCIV.

1-75. MB. JR. PI. III. 8.

This medal records the famous trials of Hardy and
others, members of the Society of Friends of the People
for Advocating Parliamentary Reform. The Government
having considered their action treasonable, suspended the

80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Habeas Corpus Act, and found true Bills against twelve
persons. The counsel for the defence were Erskine
(afterwards Lord Chancellor) and Gibbs (afterwards
Solicitor-General). The trials began 25th October, 1794,
Hardy's case being taken first. It lasted several days,
but ended in the acquittal of the accused, and the same
happened to Home Tooke and Thelwall, whose cases fol-
lowed. Erskine's triumph and popularity were at the
highest pitch : bonfires were lit ; the crowd drew his
carriage to Serjeant's Inn ; his portraits and busts were
sold all over the country ; tokens were struck with his
effigy, and he was presented with the freedom of nume-
rous Corporations.

TRIAL OF HARDY, TOOKE, AND THELWALL, 1794.

2. Obv. — Busts of Erskine and Gibbs, jugate, to left. Leg.
T. ERSKINE V. GIBBS COUNSEL. All within
circle formed of a serpent with its tail in its
mouth. Outside the serpent are arranged in three
divisions the names of the jurymen who served
on the trials of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall.

Rev. — Bust, of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, jugate, to
right. Leg. T. HARDY J. H. TOOKE J.
THELWALL.

1-5. MB. ST.

THOMAS ERSKINE, AFTERWARDS LORD CHANCELLOR,
1715—1823.

TRIAL OP HARDY, TOOKE, AND THELWALL, 1794.

Obv. — Bust of Erskine to left, in wig and gown. Leg.
HON. T. ERSKINE.

Rev. — Inscription in four lines, A FRIEND TO FREE-
DOM & RIGHTS OF MAN.
1-15. MB. M.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 81

This medal relates to the same event as the two preced-
ing. Thomas Erskine, son of David, Earl of Buchan, was
educated at Edinburgh High School and St. Andrew's,
and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge. Having
entered at Lincoln's Inn, he was called to the Bar in
1778; was elected M.P. for Portsmouth in 1783; de-
fended Thomas Paine for the second part of his Rights
of Man, and Hardy and others in 1794. In 1802 the
Prince of Wales restored him to his office of Attorney-
General, from which he had been dismissed at the time of
Paine's trial ; and on the death of Pitt in 1806 Erskine
was made Lord Chancellor and raised to the Peerage.
He, however, retired from office on the dissolution of the
Administration in the following year.

WILLIAM EUING. Died, 1874.
EUING LECTURESHIP FOUNDED, 1866.

Obv. — Bust of Euing to left, in frock-coat, &c. On
truncation, D. CUNNINGHAME F. Leg. WILLIAM
EUING F.R.S.E. GLASGOW 1869.

Rev.— Inscription, EUING LECTURESHIP . ANDER-
SON'S UNIVERSITY.

1-5. R. W. Cochran Patrick, M.

In 1866 William Euing, insurance broker, in Glasgow,
settled in trust the sum of £3,000 for the purpose of
securing the delivery of Courses of Popular Lectures in
the Anderson University upon the History and Theory
of Music, and upon the Lives of Eminent Musicians, and
also upon such branches of Acoustics as may be connected
with and illustrate the Science and Practice of Music.

Euing died 12th May, 1874, and by his will bequeathed
his whole musical library to the University, along with
£1,000 for providing accommodation and for paying a

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. M

82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

librarian to take charge of it. He further bequeathed
£150, the interest of which is to be applied in providing
prizes in connection with the Chair of Music instituted
by him. Anderson's University is now styled Anderson's
College. It was founded in 1796.

THE REV. CALEB EVANS. Died, 1791.

MEMORIAL.

Obv. — Bust of Evans to left, in clerical dress ; on shoulder,
w. M. (William Mainwaring). Leg. THE REV.
CALEB EVANS, D.D.

Ew.— Within floral wreath, BLESSED ARE THE DEAD
WHICH DIE IN THE LORD. OBT. AUG.
9, 1791. Mi. 54.

1-45. MB. M.

The Rev. Caleb Williams was a leading Nonconformist,
and for many years president of the Baptist Academy and
pastor of the congregation of Protestant Dissenters in
Brons-mead, Bristol. He died at Downhead, near Bristol.
In a contemporary notice of his death, Evans is described
as a man of a kind, gentle, benevolent, and pious nature,
whose memory would be venerated by all who knew him.

JOHN EVANS, P.S.A.
JUBILEE OP THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1887.

Obv. — Bust of Evans to right ; on truncation, PINCHES . F.
I*g. IOH . EVANS . D.C.L. S.R.S. PRAE-
SIDI.

Rev.— Within laurel wreath, SIC L SIC C. Around,
SOCIETAS NVMISM . LOND . ANNOS
CONST . LI . MDCCCLXXXVII.

2-25. MB. M. PI. III. 9.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 83

In 1887 the Numismatic Society of London completed
its jubilee, and to celebrate the event the Council decided
to strike a medal with the head of Mr. John Evans on the
obverse, and an inscription appropriate to the occasion
on the reverse. Mr. Evans, the well-known antiquary
and president of the Society of Antiquaries, has held the
office of president of the Numismatic Society since 1874,
having previously filled the post of hon. secretary for many
years. In asking Mr. Evans's leave to have his bust placed
on the medal the Council considered it would be some slight
recognition of the very valuable services which he had
rendered to the Society. The inscription and type of
the reverse is adapted from a medallion of the Roman
Emperor Constans. The dies for the medal were executed
by Mr. John Pinches, of Oxendon Street.

EDWARD PELLEW, VISCOUNT EXMOUTH, 1757 — 1833.
ALGIERS BOMBARDED, 1816.

1. Qbv. — Bust of Exmouth to right, in naval uniform ; below,
LOUIS BR. F. (Louis Bruel ?) MUDIE . D. Leg.
ADMIRAL LORD EXMOUTH.

flev — Neptune striking sea-horse with his trident : GERARD .

s. J . MUDIE . D. Leg. ALGIERS AUGUST

1816.
1-6. MB. M. ST.

Edward Pellew, Yiscount Exmouth, Admiral, born at
Dover, entered the navy at the age of thirteen ; served
during the American War, and in 1793 received the
command of the Nymphe, with which he captured the
French frigate Cleopatra. This being the first ship
taken during the war he had the honour of knighthood

81 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

conferred upon him, and in 1796 was advanced to a
baronetcy, for the courage and self-devotion shown in
preserving the life of the crew of the East Indiaman
Dalton. In 1804 he was promoted to the rank of Rear-
Admiral, and appointed Commander-in-Chief in the East
Indies, was Vice- Admiral in 1808, blockaded Flushing in
1810, and shortly afterwards was placed in command of
the Mediterranean Squadron, and in 1814 was created
Baron Exmouth. During this command he concluded
treaties with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli for the abolition
of slavery ; but the Algerians having violated the terms
of their treaty, Exmouth arrived off Algiers, and failing
to obtain a compliance to his demands, without delay
bombarded the city. For his promptitude of action, and
the success which attended it, he was created a Viscount
and received the thanks of Parliament. He died 6th
February, 1833.

ALGIEKS BOMBAEDED, 1816.

2. Obv. — Head of Lord Exmouth to right ; on neck, A.D. in
monogram. Leg. ED. PELLEW EQVES.
VICECOMES EXMOVTH.

^^.—Inscription in nine lines, SOCIETAS AD . PIRA-
TAS . DELENDOS A . MDCCCXIV . INSI-
TVTA OB LIBERATOS A . BARBARORVM .
VINCVLIS . EVROPAEOS ALGERIA . A ,
MDCCCXVI. OPPVGNATA SOCIO . YICE-
COMITI . EXMOVTH VICTORI . ET BENE-
MERITO DECREVIT.

2-15. MB. M. PI. III. 10.

The Society for the Suppression of Piracy and for the
Liberation of Christian Slaves, which caused the medal
to be struck, was formed in Paris in 1814, chiefly by the
exertions of Sir Sidney Smith. Lord Exmouth appears
to have been a member of it.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 85

ROBERT FELLOWES, LL.D., 1771—1847.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CLINICAL MEDICINE MEDAL, FOUNDED
1830.

Obv. — Winged and draped female figure (Science) with
star above her head, flying to right ; in left
hand she holds a scroll, her right is raised to
clouds. Leg. OCULIS MORTALIBUS MUBES
OBDUCTAS DIMOVEBIT SCIENTIA. BENJN.

WYON SO.

Rev. — Within laurel wreath, inscription in four lines,
MERUIT . . . DEBIT ROBERTUS FEL-
LOWES 4>IAAAH9HZ. Below, HAMLET.

1-65. MB. m.

Robert Fellowes, born at Shottisham Hall, Norfolk, in
1771, was educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford ; took orders
in 1795, and wrote many religious publications, but
gradually quitted the doctrines of the Established Church,
and adopted the opinions maintained in his work, entitled
The Religion of the Universe. He was the intimate friend
of Dr. Parr and of Baron Maseres ; the latter gave
substantial proof of his affection by leaving Fellowes
nearly £200,000. Dr. Fellowes was an ardent supporter
of the London University, now the University College,
Gower Street, where he founded the two Fellowes' gold
medals for proficiency in clinical medicine. Died 6th
February, 1847.

SAMUEL FEREDAY.
PEACE OF PARIS, 1814.

1. Obv. — Peace holding olive-branch and cornucopias stand-
ing to left on a globe inscribed EUROPE ; sun
rising in the distance ; on right, H. (J. G. Hancock).
Leg. ON EARTH PEACE, GOOD WILL TO
MEN. In the exergue, SUCCESS TO THE
COAL, LIME, & IRON TRADES.

Ob NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rev. — Within laurel wreath, inscription in eleven lines,
IN COMMEMORATION OF THE DEFINI-
TIVE TREATY OF PEACE AND AMITY
BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE
SIGNED AT PARIS MAY 30 1814. Around,
PRESENTED AT ETTINGSHALL PARK BY
SAML. FEREDAY & PARTNERS JULY 7,
1814.

1-75. MB. &.

Ettingshall Park is situated near Sedgley, in Stafford-
shire. It belonged to the Petit family, but at the time
of the striking of the above medal was occupied by
Samuel Fereday. The estate contained great quantities
of lime-stone and iron-stone, which appears to have been
worked by Fereday and others. On the 7th July, 1814,
Fereday feasted all the miners and workmen in his em-
ploy to celebrate the signing of the Peace of Paris, and
on the occasion a specimen of the above medal was pre-
sented to each person present.

MEMORIAL, 1815.

2. Obv. — Bust of Fereday to left, in coat, &c. ; below, P.
WYON, SCULPT. Ley. SAMUEL FEREDAY.

Rev. — Within oak wreath, inscription in three lines, A
FRIEND TO HIS COUNTRY.

MB. 2. M.

Of Fereday I have not been able to find any further
particulars than those noticed in regard to the previous
medal.

ROBERT FERGUSON. Died, 1840.

(>ln\ — Head of Ferguson to left ; below, BAIN. F.

lice.— Inscription in twelve lines, A TRIBUTE OF
RESPECT TO ROBERT FERGUSON, OF

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 87

RAITH, M.P. F.R.S. F.G.S. &c. PATRON
OF SCIENCE LITERATURE AND ART
1836.

1-95. MB. M.

Robert Ferguson of Raith, the representative of an
ancient family, represented Fifeshire in Parliament in
1806, the Kirkaldy district of Burghs in 1831, and in
1835 was returned for Haddingtonshire. At the general
election of 1837 he was defeated by Lord Ramsay, and
returned by the Kirkaldy division of Burghs. He was a
cordial supporter of the measures of the Whig Govern-
ment. At the time of his death he was Lord-Lieutenant
of the county of Fife. He was also a member of several
learned societies ; but though he does not appear to have
published any scientific memoirs, he was eminent as an
enthusiastic patron of science, and an encourager of know-
ledge of every description. Mineralogy, geology, and the
fine arts were his favourite pursuits.

GENERAL SIR RONALD CRAWFORD FERGUSON,
1773_1841.

MEMORIAL, 1830.
1. Obv. — Head of Ferguson to left ; below, BAIN. F.

Rev.— Inscription in five lines, GENERAL SIR R. C.
FERGUSON K.C.B. M.P. — MDCCCXXX ;
rosette above and below.

•85. MB. M.

Sir Ronald Crawford Ferguson, second son of William
Ferguson, of Raith, entered the army as an ensign at the
age of seventeen, and served his country in almost every
quarter of the globe. He commanded in Flanders in
1793, when he was promoted to a captaincy, led the

88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

flank corps at the taking of the Cape of Good Hope in
1795, and was present at its recapture at the head of the
Highland Brigade. In 1804 he was made Brigadier-
General, with the command of the York district, and
afterwards served in Spain under Wellington with great
distinction, receiving the special thanks of the House of
Commons for his bravery at the battles of Rodica and
Vimiera. He was second in command in Holland in
1814, when he was made a K.C.B., was presented to the
rank of General in 1830, an event commemorated by the
above medal, and sat as M.P. for Fife Burghs from 1806
—1826, and for Nottingham from 1830 till his death. On
the death of his brother Robert in 1840 (see previous
medal) he succeeded to the Raith estates, but died in
the following year.

MEMOKIAL, 1833.
2. Obv. — Head of Ferguson to right ; below, BAIN. F.

Rev. — Within laurel wreath, inscription in seven lines,

TO GENERAL SIR R. C. FERGUSON K.C.B.

M.P. MDCCCXXXIII—w. BAIN.— Around, LET

GRATEFUL ART RECORD THE PATRIOT'S

NAME.
1-9. MB. M. PI. III. 11.

RIGHT HON. ROBERT CUTLAR FERGUSSON, 1768 — 1838.
RELIEF OF POLAND, 1832.

Obv. — Head of Fergusson to left ; below, WL. OLESZCZYN-
SKI. F. Leg. NEC DEERUNT QVI MEMI-
NERINT MEL

Rev. — Within oak wreath joined at base by the shields of
Poland and Russia (?), inscription in ten lines,
ROBERTO CUTLAR FERGUSSON CANDIBO
AC TENACI JURIS GENTIUM PROPUGNA-
TORI VI OPPRESSA GENIO SUPERSTES
POLONIA DICAVIT M.D.CCC.XXXII.

2. MB. M.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 89

Robert Cutlar Fergusson, eldest son of Alexander
Fergusson, of Craigdarrock, Dumfriesshire, was called to
the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1 797, and two years after-
wards was tried, in company with the Earl of Thanet, for
an alleged attempt to assist the escape of O'Connor during
his trial for treason at Maidstone in 1798. For this act
he was confined in the Queen's Bench for twelve months.
Soon after his release Fergusson emigrated to Calcutta,
where he practised as a barrister, and, returning home in
1826, he stood in the Liberal interest for the Stewartry of
Kircudbright, and was successful by a majority of one.
He vigorously supported all Liberal measures, and his
public career was particularly marked by his eloquent
and energetic advocacy of the cause of Poland. In 1834
he was made Judge-Advocate-General, and on July 16th
was sworn a privy councillor. He went out of office and
returned with Lord Melbourne.

In 1832, when the above medal was struck, great
interest was taken throughout the country in the cause of
Poland, which had been so harshly treated by Russia,
and various societies were formed with a view to effect
some relief to the Poles.

ADAM FERRIE AND OTHERS.

RIGHT OF WAY ON THE BANKS OF THE CLYDE VINDICATED,
1829.

Olv. — Britannia, standing in front of a column and near
Justice holding scales, presents a sword to
knight in armour, who holds shield of Glasgow
with left hand and rests his foot on figure of
"Tyranny"; in the foreground, river-god re-
clining on urn ; above head of Britannia flies a
figure of Fame holding scroll inscribed DEFEND
YOUR BIGHTS ; in the background, view of the
Clyde.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. N

90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rev. — Above united branches of thistle and laurel, in-
scription in twelve lines, THE CITIZENS OF
GLASGOW TO ADAM FEKRIE GEO.
ROGERS JAS. DUNCAN IN0 WATSON JUNR
IN0 WHITEHEAD— FOR SUCCESSFULLY
DEFENDING THEIR RIGHT TO A PATH
ON THE BANKS OF THE CLYDE, 1829.
In semicircle above, THE REWARD OF PUB-
LIC SPIRIT.

1-75. MB. M.

This medal was struck to commemorate the successful
vindication to the public right of way on the banks of the
Clyde.

SIR JOHN FIELDING, KNT., d, 1780.
TRIBUTE TO, 1774.

Obv. — Bust of Fielding nearly facing, draped. Leg. IOH-
ANNES . FIELDING . EQVES . 1774.

j?to>.— Inscription in six lines, CAECVS LATENTES
SCRVTATVR . SENEX VIOLENTOS GOER-
CET.

1-4 x 1'25. MB. JE.

John Fielding was half-brother of Henry Fielding, the
novelist, and his associate and successor in the office of
justice for Westminster, in which, though blind from his
youth, he acted with great sagacity and activity for many
years. He was knighted in 1761, and died at Brompton
Place, September 4th, 1780. His published works com-
prise, An Account of the Effects of a Police ; Extracts from
the Penal Laics relating to Peace ; The Universal Mentor,
containing Essays on the most Important Subjects of Life ;
Charges to the Grand Juries, &c.

There is a variety of this medal (MB. M.), with the
bust only on the obverse, and no inscription on the
reverse.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 91

WILLIAM WENT WORTH, FOURTH EARL FITZWILLIAM,

1748—1833.
MEMORIAL, 1819.

Obv. — Bust of Earl Fitzwilliam to left, in coat with fur
collar, &c. Leg. THE RT HON. EARL FITZ-
WILLIAM. WILSON F.

Eev. — Inscription in fourteen lines, HEIR TO THE
VIRTUES AS WELL AS TO THE ESTATES
OF HIS UNCLE CHARLES, MARQUIS OF
ROCKINGHAM, AND NOT MORE NEARLY
ALLIED TO HIM BY PROXIMITY OF
BLOOD THAN BY SIMILARITY OF MAN-
NERS . — HE GOVERNED IRELAND IN
PEACE, A.D. 1795, AND WAS LORD LIEU-
TENANT OF THE WEST -RIDING OF
YORKSHIRE FROM 1798 TO 1819.

2-2. MB. M.

William, fourth Earl Fitzwilliam, was the eldest son of
the third Earl. He was educated at Eton and King's
College, Cambridge. He commenced his Parliamentary
career as a determined opponent to the American war,
and afterwards strongly supported the administration of
his uncle, the Marquess of Rockingham. He was Presi-
dent of the Council in 1794, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
in the following year, but his recall speedily ensued, and
Lord-Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire in
1798, from which he was dismissed in 1819 for having
attended a meeting at York to petition in favour of an
inquiry into the conduct of the Manchester magistrates.
During the brief ascendency of the Whigs in 1806 he
filled the office of President of the Council. He was a
strong supporter of Catholic emancipation. He died
February 8th, 1833.

The above medal was probably struck in 1819, Lord
Fitzwilliam being very popular with all classes on account
of his public spirit and his numerous generous actions.

92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

JOHN FLAXMAN, R.A., 1755—1826.
MEMORIAL, 1826.

Obv.— Head of Flaxman to left ; behind, FLAXMAN ; on
neck, A . j . STOTHARD . P ; below, E . H . BAILEY
R.A.D. All within floral wreath.

Rev. — Female figure resting against column ; on which
rests her hand holding scroll inscribed, TO
GREAT MEN, and in her right hand pen ;

beloW, PUBD. BY S. PARKER LONDON MDCCCXXVI .
T . STOTHARD R.A.D. A . J . STOTHABD F.

2-45. MB. m.

This is one of a series of medallic portraits of eminent
men issued by A. J. Stothard in 1826. Others exist of
Canning, Sir Walter Scott, "Watt, Lord Byron, &c.

John Flaxman, the eminent designer and sculptor,
born at York, the son of a moulder of figures, became a
student of the Royal Academy, and within twelve months
was awarded its silver medal. He first worked for
Wedgwood and others, but in 1787 went to Rome, and
whilst there produced his well-known outlines from
Homer and Dante, engraved by Piroli in 1793. He was
elected an A.R.A. in 1797, a full member in 1808, and
Professor of Sculpture in 1810. Of the numerous statues
which he executed, those of Lord Mansfield in West-
minster Abbey, of Nelson, Howe, Kemble, and Sir Joshua
Reynolds in St. Paul's, are the best known.

GEORGE FORDYCE AND JOHN HUNTER.
LONDON MEDICAL LYCEUM, PRIZE MEDAL, 1785.

Obv. — Heads of Fordyce and Hunter to left ; below, i.
MILTON. F. Leg. GEORGIVS . FORDYCE . ET .
IOANNES . HVNTER . PATRON1.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 93

Eev. — A serpent erect casting its slough. Ley. RENO-
VANDO VIGET. Below, LYCEVM . MEDI-

CVM . I.M.F. TOWER.

1-7. MB. M.

I have not been able to find any particulars of this
Institution, of which Fordyce and Hunter were patrons.
The former (A.D. 1736—1802) was the well-known
physician of St. Thomas's Hospital ; the latter (d. 1809),
the physician extraordinary to the Prince of Wales.
Both were Fellows of the Royal Society, and con-
tributed to medical literature.

JOHN FOTHERGILL, M.D., 1711—1780.
MEDICAL SOCIETY'S PRIZE MEDAL, FOUNDED 1787.

Obv. — Bust of Fothergill to right, in tie- wig and close-but-
toned coat ; on shoulders, L. p. F. (Louis Pingo
fecit). Leg. IOHANNES FOTHERGILL ME-
D1CVS EGREGIVS AMICIS CARVS OM-
NIVM AMICVS.

Rev. — Within laurel wreath, in which are entwined two
serpents, MEDICINE & SCIENTI^E NATV-
RALIS INCREMENTO. Above, DON . SOC .
MED . LOND . AN . SALVT . 1773 . INSTIT.

1-9. MB. N. M. PI. III. 12.

John Fothergill, physician, born at Carr End, York-
shire, was apprenticed to an apothecary at Bradford,
after which he removed to London and studied at St.
Thomas's Hospital. He next went to Edinburgh, and
there took his degree. After visiting Leyden, France,
and Germany, Fothergill settled in London, and soon ac-
quired a most extensive and lucrative practice. He
devoted much of his time to chemistry and botany, and,
having purchased an estate near Stratford, in Essex,

94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

cultivated a garden, which was known all over Europe as
possessing a great numher of the rarest plants. He was
a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of
Antiquaries, and one of the founders of the Medical
Society of London.

The above medal was founded in 1787 in commemora-
tion of Dr. Fothergill. It is awarded annually to the
author of the best dissertation on a subject proposed by
the Society, for which " the learned of all countries were
invited as candidates." The medal is adjudged on the
8th day of March, that being Dr. FothergilPs birthday ;
and the first one was awarded, in 1787, to Dr. William
Falconer, of Bath.

CHARLES JAMES Fox, 1749—1806.
TRIBUTE TO, 1789.

1. Obv. — Bust of Fox nearly facing, in tie-wig, coat, &c.
Leg. THE BIGHT HON. CHA8. JAS. FOX.

Rev.— Inscription in seven lines, THE FREE AND IN-
DEPENDENT ELECTORS OF WESTMIN-
STER 1789.

1-35. MB. ST.

Charles James Fox, statesman, younger son of Henry,
first Lord Holland, was educated at Eton and Hertford
College, Oxford, and at the age of nineteen was returned
to Parliament for Midhurst. He held subordinate offices in
the administration of Lord North, from whom, however, he
soon separated, and, joining the Opposition, harassed the
Ministry throughout the American war. In 1780 he was
elected for Westminster, which city he continued, with
but a slight interruption, to represent till his death. In
the Ministry of Lord Rockingham, in the spring of 1782,

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 95

Fox became Foreign Secretary ; but, resigning on the
death of his chief in the following July, formed, in 1783,
his celebrated coalition with Lord North, resuming his
former office of Foreign Secretary. The failure of the
India Bill was fatal to the Ministry, and, on Pitt as-
suming the reins of Government, Fox remained out of
office for over twenty-two years, consoling himself with
the pursuits of scholarship, and with delivering masterly
speeches against his opponents. After the death of Pitt
in January, 1806, Fox again returned to office, but his
health failing, he expired at Chiswick in the following
year.

It is difficult to assign any special reason for the
striking of the above medal. The only important ques-
tion which rose during the year 1789 was that of the
regency, on account of the serious illness of the king.
Fox asserted " that the Prince of Wales had as clear, as
express a right to assume the reins of Government as
in the case of the king's natural and perfect demise." Fox
thinking he should carry his point against Pitt went so
far as to make out a list of a new Administration ; but
the whole affair fell through, as the king quite un-
expectedly recovered. Early in the year the Bastile fell,
an event which met with Fox's favour, as he wrote to
Fitzpatrick, 30th July, 1789 : " How much the greatest
event it is that ever happened in the world, and how
much the best ! "

TRIBUTE TO, 1789.

2. 01>v. — Bust of Fox, similar to the- preceding, but with
coat buttoned. Leg. In two semicircles, GLORY
BE THINE INTREPID FOX FIRM AS OLD
ALBIONS — BATTER'D ROCKS.

96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rev. — Inscription in seven lines, within wreath of oak
and laurel, RESISTLESS SPEAKER FAITH-
FUL GUIDE THE COURTIERS DREAD
THE PATRIOTS PRIDE. On edge, MANU-
FACTURED BY W. LUTWYCHE BIRMINGHAM.

1-35. MB. M (two varieties).

There are two other varieties of the above medal. One
(MB. JE.) reads BATTERD for BATTER'D ; the other (MB.
ST.) has no inscription on the reverse, and reads ALBIENS
for ALBIONS, and PATRIOT? for PATRIOTS, and has no in-
scription on the edge.

WAR WITH FRANCE, 1794.

3. Obv. — Bust of Fox to right, in tie-wig and coat ; below,

JAMES. Leg. RT. HE. C. J. FOX.

ReVf — Oak-tree, against which rest two shields, one bear-
ing scales and sword ; the other, cap of liberty
on staff and banner within wreath. Leg. A .
FRIEND . TO . PEACE . AND . LIBERTY .

JACOBS.

1-15. MB. M.

In January, 1794, Fox moved an amendment to the
address recommending peace. Throughout the previous
year he had opposed Pitt in his active measures against
France, taking up the position that the war was an un-
justifiable attempt to interfere with the internal affairs of
another nation.

WAR WITH FRANCE, 1794.

4. Obv. — Bust of Fox, similar to the preceding ; below,

WHITLEY. F. Leg. CAROLUS JACOBUS FOX.

Rev. — Envy seated in clouds ; behind which, sun ; above,
hand holding flaming sword. Leg. VIDET IN-
VIDIA ET m GROT AT.

1-2. MB. ST.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 97

On account of the decided opposition of Fox to the war
in this year he was separated from his former allies, be-
came unpopular with a large part of the nation, and
found himself in a hopeless minority in Parliament. Fox
preserved his cheerful nature ; there was nothing small
in his nature, and he felt no envy. The envy inferred
by this medal is intended, therefore, to apply to his
opponents.

Fox AND PITT SATIRIZED, 1795.

5. Obv. — Janiform head with faces of Fox to right and of

Pitt to left. Leg. ODD . FELLOWS . QUIS
HIDES.

Rev. — Heart on open hand within wreath ; above, HON-
OUR ; below, JAMES.

1-1. MB. m.

This medal refers to the strong rivalry which existed
between Fox and Pitt. The type of the reverse is still
more satirical than that of the obverse, the hand and
heart being the sign of the Fleet Marriage.

Fox, PITT, AND GEORGE III. SATIRIZED, 1795.

6. Obv. — Janiform head with faces of Fox and Pitt, &c.,

as on preceding.

Eev. — Janiform head, with face of George III. to left,
and that of an ass to right. Ley. ODD * FEL-
LOWS * A MILLION HOGG, 1795 A GUINEA
PIG.

1-15. MB. JE.

The spirit of revolution, so strong at this time in
France, spread itself into England, and the flame was
fanned by the policy of Fox. Revolutionary societies
were established, many of which were in favour of the
abolition of the Monarchy and the establishment of a

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. O

98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Republic, the former being considered an unnecessary
and expensive institution.

OPPOSITION TO THE UNION WITH IRELAND, 1800.

7. Qbu, — Bust of Fox to right, in tie-wig, and drapery over
shoulders ; on truncation, HANCOCK. Leg.
CHARLES JAMES FOX. BORN JANUARY 13
1749.

Rev, — Within wreath of laurel and oak, inscription in
eleven lines, WITH LEARNING ELOQUENCE
AND ZEAL HE MAINTAINS THE RIGHTS
OF A FREE AND LOYAL PEOPLE 1800.
Below, STK. BY P. K. (Peter Kempson).

2-1. MB. M.

Fox was much opposed to the proposed union with
Ireland brought forward by the Government, declaring
that it was an attempt to establish the principles as well
as the practice of despotism, and that a scheme of fede-
ration would be preferable. He, however, declined to
attend any debates on this question, but attacked it with
his pen, condemning the Irish policy of the Ministers,
disapproving of their proposal to compensate Irish
borough-holders, and warmly vindicated the character of
the Irish people.

DEATH, 1806.

g, Obv. — Bust of Fox draped to left ; on truncation, p w. F.
(Peter Wyon fecit). Inner Ley. CHARLES
JAS. FOX. Outer Ley. -f THIS ILLUSTRI-
OUS PATRIOT, DEPARTED THIS LIFE +
SEPTEMBER 13, A.D. 1806. ^ET. 57 +

Rev.— Inscription in nine lines, INTREPID CHAMPION
OF FREEDOM, ENLIGHTENED ADVOCATE
OF PEACE: NOT BORN FOR HIMSELF,
BUT FOR THE UNIVERSE.

2-05. MB. M. ST.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FKOM 1760. 99

Towards the end of May, 1806, Fox's health became much
impaired. His last important political act was the moving
of the abolition of the slave trade (10th June), when he
declared that after forty years of political life he should
feel that he could retire with contentment if he carried
his motion. The disease from which he was suffering was
found to be dropsy. Acting under advice, he was moved
from London to the Duke of Devonshire's house at Chis-
wick, where he died on the 13th September. He was
buried in Westminster Abbey, close to the grave of his
great rival, Pitt.

DEATH, 1806.
9. Obv.— Head of Fox to left. Leg. CHARLES JAMES

FOX APPOINTED SECRETARY OF STATE FEBY. 11
1806.

palm wreath, BORN JANY. 13, 1749
DIED SEPR. 13, 1806. REVERED FOR
TALENT FORTITUDE & PATRIOTISM.

1-5. MB. M.

DEATH, 1806.

10. Obv. — Bust of Fox to right, in tie-wig and coat. Leg.

CHARLES JAMES FOX.

jfei;. — Within laurel wreath, and surrounded by stars,
DIED 13 SEPTEMBER 1806 AGED 57.

1-55. MB. ST.

DEATH, 1806.

11. Obv. — Bust of Fox to right, draped ; on truncation, WEBB.

Leg. C.I. FOX OB . SEP . XIII MDCCCVI.

Rev. — Angel standing facing on globe and holding wreath
in each outstretched hand.1 Leg. LIBERTATIS
HVMANITATISQVE VINDEX.

2-1. MB. M. PI. III. 13.

100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

DEATH, 1806.

12 Obv. — Bust of Fox to right, draped ; below, THOMASON &
JOKES D. Leg. RT. HONOURABLE CHARLES
JAMES FOX.

Rev. — Angel standing facing on globe, &c., same as the
preceding.

2-1. MB. M.

.

MEMORIAL.

13. Obv. — Bust of Fox to right, in coat, &c. ; below, WOLF. F.
Leg. C. JACOBUS FOX.

Rev.— Inscription in ten lines, NATUS IN ANGLIA
OBIIT LONDINO AN. M.DCCC.VI. SERIES

NUMISMATICA UNIVERSALIS VIRORUM ILLUSTRIUM
M.DCCC. XXIII. DURAND FECIT.

1-65. MB. M.

This is one of the large series of medals of illustrious
men of all countries, issued by Durand, in Paris, between
1820—1846.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1706 — 1790.
DEGREE OF LL.D. CONFERRED AT EDINBURGH, 1757.

1. Obv. — Bust of Franklin to left, in wig and coat. Leg.
BENN. FRANKLIN L . L . D .

Rev. — Plain.
1-45. MB. M.

Benjamin Franklin, philosopher, politician, and philan-
thropist, born at Boston, New England, the son of a
tallow-chandler, worked for some years as a journeyman
printer, and, about 1728, established himself as a book-
seller in Philadelphia. Though actively engaged in
political affairs connected with the State of Pennsylvania,

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 101

he devoted much time to scientific investigations, and
established the identity of lightning and electricity. On
his appearance in England in 1757, as agent for Pennsyl-
vania, he received the degree of Doctor of Laws, at
St. Andrew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford, and, without
solicitation, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society,
having, in 1753, received the Copley medal. He took an
active part in the contest between the mother country
and her colonies ; and, as Commissioner for the United
States, signed the Treaty of Independence at Paris in
1783. He was made Governor of Pennsylvania in 1785,
and died 17th April, 1790, his countrymen marking their
loss by a public mourning for two months.

The above medal was probably struck to commemorate
Franklin's receiving the degree of LL.D. from the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh. Though not signed, it appears to be
an unfinished work of William Mossop, Senr.

INQUIRY OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL, 1774.

2. Obv. — Bust of Franklin facing, head turned to left, wear-
ing cap. Leg. B. FRANKLIN OF PHILA-
DELPHIA L.L.D. & F.R.S.

Rev.— Yew-tree struck by lightning. Leg. NON IRRITA
FULMINA CURAT. In the exergue, 1774 +

1-8. MB. M. PI. III. 14.

This medal was struck during Franklin's visit to Eng-
land, having been appointed in 1764 to resume his agency
at the court of Great Britain. It probably refers to the
inquiry made by the Privy Council relative to some
political papers which had been clandestinely furnished to
him, and which he forwarded to America, where they
were published. He was in consequence dismissed from
his office of Deputy Postmaster- General of Pennsylvania

102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and severely censured. He was now looked upon by the
Government with considerable jealousy, and it was pro-
posed to arrest him upon the charge of fomenting a
rebellion ; but, being apprised of this intention, he con-
trived to leave England secretly in March, 1775.

MEMORIAL, 1786.

3. Obv.— Bust of Franklin to left, hair long. Leg. BENJ.
FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON . XVII JAN.
MDCCVI.

Rev. — Inscription within oak wreath, ERIPUIT CCELO
FULMEN SCEPTRUM QUE TYRANNIS.

Below, SCULPSIT ET DICAVIT AUG. DUPRE ANNO
MDCCLXXXVI.

1-8. MB. m.

This medal, made in Paris, refers to the success which
attended Fr&nklin's exertions to accomplish the emanci-
pation of the United States from the mother country,
culminating in the Treaty of Independence signed in
Paris in 1783 ; and also to his electrical investigations,
especially as regards the identity between lightning and
electricity, which fact he effectually established in 1752.
He had long entertained the bold idea of ascertaining the
truth of this doctrine by actually drawing lightning from
the clouds ; and at length it occurred to him that he might
procure communication between them and the earth by
means of a common kite. With this simple apparatus he
awaited the approach of a thunder-cloud, and the kite was
raised, but no sign of electricity appeared. His suspense
and anxiety were almost insupportable, when suddenly
he observed the loose fibres of the string to move. He
presented his knuckle to the key by which it was held,
and received a strong spark. Repeated sparks were

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 103

drawn from the key, a phial was charged, a shock given,
and the brilliant discovery placed upon an immutable
basis.

AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FRANKS, C.B.

JETON, 1884.

Obv. — Shield, arms of Franks of Woodhill ; vert, on a sal-
tire or, a torteau ; around, arabesques. Leg.
AVG. W. FRANKS, M.A. F.R.S. •'•• 1884 v:

Rev. — Crest, falcon charged with the torteau on the breast
on oak-trunk with brunch. Leg. CONTEMNIT .
VULNERA . VIRTUS.

1-15. MB. tf. (Unique.) PI. III. 15.

This jeton bears the arms, crest, name, and motto of
Mr. Franks, the present Keeper of British and Mediaeval
Antiquities in the British Museum. The dies were made
by Mr. Allan Wyon. It is similar in design to counters
struck by Thomas Sackville Lord Buckhurst, Sir Robert
Cecil, and other officers of state in 1603, a description of
which will be found in the Mcdallic Illustrations, vol. i.,
pp. 188—191, published by the Trustees of the British
Museum.

JOHN FULLER, 1757—1834.
BODIHAM CASTLE, 1828.

1. Obv.— View of Bodiham Castle. Leg. BODIAM CASTLE

SUSSEX.

Rev.— Inscription in eight lines, BODIAM CASTLE
BUILT BY THE DALYNGRIG FAMILY IN
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY NOW IN
THE POSSESSION OF JOHN FULLER
ESQB. OF ROSE HILL MDCCCXXX.

2-05. MB. ffi.

Bodiham Castle is situated at a low spot in the valley
of the Rother, Sussex. It was built by Sir Edwin

104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Dalyngrige, during the reign of Richard II., from the
fruits of marauding expeditions made into France. The
king's license for the erection of the castle is dated
October 20, 1386. During the civil war the castle was
entirely dismantled by the rebels, and nothing was left
except the bare enceinte or external walls and towers. It
passed through various hands, and came into the hands by
purchase of John Fuller in 1828. It has recently again
been sold to Mr. George Cubitt, who carefully preserves
the venerable pile.

DEATH, 1834.

2. Obv. — Bust of Fuller to right, in coat ; on truncation, w.
WYONA.E.A. Leg. JOHN FULLER ESQR. ROSE
HILL SUSSEX.

Rev. — Within oak wreath, DIED, APRIL XI

MDCCCXXXIV, AGED LXXVIII.
1-8. MB. JE.

John Fuller, the grandson of Thomas Fuller, the builder
of Rose Hill, sat in Parliament for Southampton in 1780,
and subsequently for the county of Sussex in 1801, being
returned for this latter district on three subsequent occa-
sions. In 1810 he was reprimanded by the Speaker for
disorderly conduct, and, having refused to obey the chair,
was forcibly ejected from the House of Commons, and
imprisoned for two days. After this memorable scene he
was not returned to another Parliament. Fuller was
distinguished through life by much eccentricity, but it
was mingled with a kind heart that displayed itself in
deeds of princely magnificence. In politics he was a
Whig and supported Fox, and he is said to have indig-
nantly refused the offer of a peerage from Pitt, deeming
it a trial of his integrity, declaring, " I was born Jack
Fuller, and Jack Fuller I will die."

H. A. GKUEBER.

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.

The Revue Numismatique, Vol. viii., 3rd Series, 1890, con-
tains the following articles : —

1. VERCOUTRE (Dr. A.). Aureus, struck by P. Clodius, with
the head of M. Antony.

2. MAXE-WERLY (L.). Merovingian Coins. Hoard of Saint-
Aubin (Meuse).

8. EARLE-FOX (H. B.). Note on some rare or unpublished
Attic Coins.

4. MOWAT (R.)« Piavonius, Family name of the Emperor
Victorinus. Piug, Surname of the Tetrici.

5. DE WITTE (A.). A new Mint of Artois. Coins struck by
Philippe de Saint-Pol at Ruminghem and Elincourt.

6. GUIFFREY (J.). Coins of Constantine and Heraclius,
acquired by Jean Due de Berry in 1402.

7. PROU (M.). Inventory of the Merovingian coins from the
Amecourt Collection, acquired by the Bibliotheque Nationale.

8. VALLENTIN (R.). An Unpublished Coronation denier of
Charles VIII., struck at Marseilles.

9. REINACH (Tn.). On the Chronology and the Number of the
Neocories of Cyzicus. The writer shows that Cyzicus was
only twice neocorate, the first time under Hadrian, and the
second time under Caracalla. The third neocory, usually
assigned to the reign of Gallienus, rests upon a wrong reading
of a coin in tue Hunter collection.

10. PROU (M.). Inventory of the Merovingian coins from
the Amecourt Collection (continued).

11. DROUIN (E.). Note on some bilingual Sassanian coins.

12. HEISS (A.). Note on the portraits of Gonsalva de Cor-
dova, 1443-1515.

13. VERCOUTRE (A.). The Types of the Coins with the Head
of Sol, struck by Manius Aquillius and Publius Clodius,

14. BLANCHET (J. A.). Bronze Medallion of the Emperor
Hadrian.

15. ENGEL (A.). Numismatic Souvenirs of a voyage round
the world. Siam and the Malay Archipelago.

16. BAEELON (E.). Alabanda and Antioch, cities of Caria. An
interesting resume of all that is known of the history of these
cities, the coins of which must be carefully distinguished. As

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. P

106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Alabanda bore for a short time, B.C. 197-189, the name of Antioch
and struck coins, some with AAABANAEHN, others with
ANTIOXEIIN, it is not surprising if some numismatists have
attributed the latter to Antioch on the Maeander, notwithstand-
ing the fact that in some cases the coins bear identical magis-
trates' names. The silver coins of Antioch on the Maeander
are to be distinguished from those of Alabanda under the name
of Antioch, by the presence of the Maeander pattern on the
reverse. The tetradrachm of Antiochia ad Maeandrum — obv.
Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle on fulmen, within circular Maeander
pattern, figured on PL X., No. 9, is a recent and important
acquisition of the Bibliotheque Nationale.

17. KONDOT (N.). The Mint of Vimy, or Neuville, in the
Lyonnais.

18. GABON (E.). Semi-royal coins struck at Puy. A denier
of Chateauvillain, Sire de Bourbon-Lancy.

19. HEISS (A.). Jean de Candida, Medallist and Diplomatist
under Louis XL, Charles VIIL, and Louis XII.

20. BLANCHET (J. A.). Remarks on the Signs engraved on
the Contorniates.

The Zeitschrift fur Numismatih, Band XVII., contains the
following articles :

1. LOBBECKE (A.). Greek Coins from his Collection. Part
IV. The coins usually attributed to Arnae in Macedon are
here assigned to an unknown town in Southern Italy, begin-
ning with the letters NAP .... Among other remarkable
coins are a fine tetradrachm (297 grs.) of Dicaea in Thrace ; a
tetradrachm of Chalcis in Euboea — obv. Flying eagle, holding
serpent — rev. AAH' between the spokes of a wheel in an incuse
triangle ; a gold coin of Sicyon, wt. 47 grs., the obverse of
which, a head of Apollo, is from the same die as the specimen
in the Paris collection, the authenticity of which was doubted
by Prof. Gardner. Silver staters of Elis, Argos, and Phaestus ;
two new gold staters of Lampsacus, with heads of Zeus and
Aktaeon; an archaic electrum stater of Cyzicus, type, cock
to r., symbol in front, the head of a tunny ; the writer
attributes this coin, erroneously, we think, to Dardanus ;
Ilium, a coin of the younger Faustina — rev. Apollo "E/caros,
leaning on his tripod ; also one of Commodus, with Ganymede
standing before an eagle with outstretched wings ; a curious
coin of Baris of Sept. Severus, rev. a two-headed Herakles,
armed with club, bow, and lion's skin ; a coin of the town of
Cestrus, on the coast of Cicilia Tracheia — obv. bust of Faustina,
jun., rev. K€CTPHHCCN Tyche ; no coins of this place were

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 107

previously known ; interesting imperial coins of Colybrassus,
Coracesium, Mopsus, and Selinus, in Cilicia ; a coin of Treb.
Gallus, struck at Cadi, in Phrygia, with the agonistic inscription
C6BACTA OMOBflMIA, prize urn and palm on table;
a coin of Ceretape, with a bust of the youthful Caracalla,
accompanied by his original name Bassianus ; coins of Cibyra,
Fulvia, Hyrgalea, Philomelium, Sebaste, and Hierocharax, under
the name Siocharax ; of Sidon as a Roman colony ; a fine gold
octadrachm of Arsinoe Philopator, and an Alexandrian coin of
Trajan, with a standing Demeter on the reverse of fine style.

2. BUCHENAU (H.). Impressions of Bracteates on Church
Bells at Verden.

3. SEECK (0.). The Currency Regulations of Diocletian and
his Successors. This article is an important contribution to
the history of the coinage of the empire, as reorganized by
Diocletian. Since the publication of Mommsen's History of the
Roman Coinage many new facts have come to light which
necessarily involve considerable modifications of his theories.
Among these are the new fragment of the Edict of Diocletian,
recently published in the Bulletin de Correspondance hellenique
IX., p. 231, Missong's discovery of marks of value on the
gold coins of the Tetrarchy, and Hettner's review of the issues
of the mint of Treves. The questions discussed by the author are
too complicated to be here noticed.

4. ALEXI (S.). The Payment of the Earnest-Money for the
Dutchy of Ehstland in the year 1846 and 1347.

5. BAEDT (F.). On a Find of Brandenburg deniers at
Reichen.

6. LOBBECKE (A.). The Avola Find. Near the town of
Avola, some three miles S.W. of Syracuse, about two years
ago, while digging the foundations of a building the workmen
unearthed, beneath a square stone, two small pots, one of
which is said to have contained 33 gold coins and the other 150
silver coins. According to Herr Lobbecke's information, the
gold coins consisted of 4 darics, 1 stater of Abydus of a hitherto
unpublished type, Artemis riding on a stag — rev. eagle ; 14
Lampsacene stateis comprising as many as five types previously
unknown; and 14 Syracusan fKarovrdXirpa — obv. head of
Arethusa ; rev. Herakles strangling lion, all in fine preservation,
and many of them new varieties. The silver coins consisted,
for the most part, of Pegasus-staters and Corinthian drachms ;
but of these Herr Lobbecke is unfortunately not able to give a
complete list. We congratulate the author upon the number of
specimens in gold, no less than eight, which he has been
fortunate enough to acquire for his own cabinet from this

108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

splendid find. Some of the others have been purchased by
the British Museum and by Canon Greenwell and have already
been published in the Numismatic Chronicle, while others again
have, we understand, passed into the cabinets of M. Waddington
and Mr. Montagu.

7. PICK (B.). On some Greek Imperial Coins. The author
discusses the date of Nero's visit to Greece, and points out that
during his stay at Corinth the only duoviri in office were
P. Memius Cleander and L. Rutilius Piso. The names of C.
Julius Polyaenus, Ti. Claudius Optatus, and F. (or P) Domitius,
cited by Head from Cohen, I., pp. 805-6, cannot belong to the
same year. Dr. Pick also calls attention to a wrongly read coin of
Nicaea, which in place of 06 H T€ A€ C <K> Pfl N I K A 1 6 1 C
bears in reality the legend Eni<I>(a^) TEA EC (</>opov)
NIKAIEIC. A coin of Elaea in Aeolis reading AOYKIOC
KAICAP belongs not to Lucius Caesar, but to Lucius Verus.
A coin of Antioch of Ant. Pius and M. Aurelius, with the reverse
legend AYPHAIOC KAI CEB EYCE YIOC YHA
A HO is for the first time rightly explained as Avpr/Xiog KatWp
Sc/Sao-Toi) EtxreySovs wos vTraros d-Tro^eSety/AeVos, the title " consul
designatus " shows that it was struck in A.D. 139. Cohen's
reading OCTAA (sic) Q. DESIG. on a coin of Augustus
of uncertain mint is corrected to COS OCTAVO DESIG.

8. STUCKELBERG (A.). On the Use of Ancient Coins in
Decorative Art.

9. FRIEDENSBURG (F.). On two finds of Deniers of the Tenth
and Eleventh Centuries : (i.) the Olobok Find, and (ii.) the
Frankenstein Find.

10. FRIEDENSBURG (F.). On the Numismatic History of
Silesia in the Sixteenth Century. — The Silesian Coins of King
Ferdinand struck before the year 1546, with Supplement
(p. 282).

11. V. SALLET (A.). The Acquisitions of the Berlin Royal
Coin Cabinet, 1888-1889. These consist of 32 Greek, 14
Roman, 3 Oriental, and 545 medieval and modern coins.
Among the Greek coins we may here mention a silver stater of
Aeropus, King of Macedon, B.C. 397 — 392, the first which has
been discovered — obv. young male head ; rev. AEPO[fl]O
horse walking: a bronze coin of the Thessalian people called
Petthali, struck in the fourth century B.C. — obv. head of Zeus, rev.
PETOAAflN (retrograde) forepart of horse springing from
rock, the only coin of this people which has come to light ; a
silver stater of Abydus, with the magistrate's name
|TY]AAinnO£ (or Kallippos as Dr. V. Sallet conjectures) ;
a unique stater of Holmi on the coast of Cilicia — obv. Athena

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 109

standing crowned by Nike; rev. OAMITIKON Apollo
standing ; a very rare stater ot the Cyprian kings, Stasioacus and
Timochares (cf. Head, Hist. Num. p. 622). A square copper
coin of Agathocleia, the wife of Strato I., with the head of
Strato on the obverse, not that of Agathocleia, as Professor
Gardner has called it in B.M. Cat., p. 43, Nos. 1, 2.

The acquisitions in the Roman series comprise Aurei of Casca,
with the head of M. Brutus on the obverse, of Didia Clara and of
Uranius Antoninus, all three from the Ponton d'Amecourt col-
lection.

12. ALEXI (S.). On the Mint-Masters of the Guilds of the
Cloth Merchants of the Calimala and of the Bankers in
Florence.

13. NUTZEL (H.). On thePinnowFind of Mohammadan Coins.

14. DRESSEL (H.). Titikazos. This town, which is only
represented by one or two coins of the Imperial period, is con-
jecturally placed by Von Sallet in Pisidia or Phrygia, and by
Lobbecke in Lydia. The writer of the present article, founding
his arguments on various passages of the physician Galen (him-
self a native of Pergamum), is inclined to place the town some-
where on the coast between Pergamum and Smyrna. We
believe that M. Waddington is also disposed to believe that
Titikazos was in Mysia.

15. SCHEUNER (R.). On a Find of " Groschen " in the
Oberlausitz.

16. DANNENBERG (H.). Coins of Pomerania and Mecklenburg.

B. V. HEAD.

J. N. Svoronos, Numismatique de la Crete ancienne. Part I.
(text and plates). Macon, 1890.

A hearty welcome must be accorded to this substantial instal-
ment of M. Svoronos's great work on the numismatics of
ancient Crete. It consists of a complete corpus of the coins,
arranged in chronological order under cities, the section devoted
to each city being prefaced by a notice of its geographical situa-
tion, and of the principal events in its history. An atlas of
thirty-five large plates, giving excellent photographs of one thou-
sand and eighty-eight specimens, most adequately illustrates the
coins. All who have read M. Svoronos's articles on Cretan
Numismatics in the Revue Numismatique, and who have been
aware of his long-continued study of Cretan money in all the
chief coin-cabinets of Europe, will have entertained high expec-
tations of his work on Crete, and they will not now be disap-
pointed with the result of his labours.

110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

We postpone a detailed notice of the work until the publica-
tion of the second and concluding part, which we trust will not
be long delayed through M. Svoronos's new duties as Director
of the Coin Cabinet at Athens. Part II. will consist of a com-
mentary, geographical, historical, and mythological, and should
prove of exceptional interest to archaeologists as well as to
numismatists. It should be added that M. Svoronos has also
described and photographed a few important coins of Crete in
the HpovOrjKai to his Num. de la Crete anc., published in the
for 1889. W. WKOTH.

Ephemeris archaologike, 1890, p. 159. J. N. Svoronos. —

1. Hebrutelmis, King of the Odrysae, B.C. 386-5. The name
of this hitherto unknown ruler occurs in an inscription lately
found on the Acropolis and published by Lolling. This fortunate
discovery has enabled M. Svoronos to attribute for the first time
correctly the uncertain bronze coins assigned by Imhoof to an
unknown Thracian dynast named Eubr . . . (Mon. Gr. p. 461).
There can be no longer any doubt that the coins read EBPY
not EYBP, and that Hebrutelmis was a predecessor (not a suc-
cessor) of Cotys I., dynast of Cypsela.

2. Forged coins of Aermenaos, an imaginary Macedonian King.
In my review of the second volume of the catalogue of Greek
coins in the Berlin Museum, Num. Chron., 1890, p. 278, I
remarked concerning the astonishing coin reading AEP-
MHNAOj lately purchased by the Germans, that in view of
the incongruity of style between the obverse and reverse (the
obverse being in the style of the fourth century B.C., while the
reverse is at least a century earlier), " the cautious enquirer will
abstain from enrolling the name of Aermenaos among the Mace-
donian kings or dynasts." In the present treatise M. Svoronos
adduces absolute proof of the correctness of my anticipations.
The coin of Aermenaos is a barefaced forgery, nor is the
German Coin-cabinet the only one which has been victimised by
the clever Greek (if Greek he be) who has had the audacity to
create an entirely new Macedonian king. The Bibliotheque
Nationale at Paris has unluckily been deceived by the same
shameless scoundrel. The coin which has been acquired by the
authorities at Paris is, indeed, even less skilfully executed than
the Berlin specimen, and most fortunately it is of a different
type, and it enables us to trace step by step the way in which
the forger produced his interesting pieces of handiwork. The

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. Ill

French coin is simply a copy by an ignorant and unskilful hand
of a genuine coin of Sermyle similar to the one figured in Num.
Chron., 1890, Plate I, fig. 7, obv. galloping horseman accom-
panied by the legend XEPMYMAO[N]. This inscription
has evidently been misread by the forger, who thought he saw
AEPMHNAO. The attitude of the horseman, the pellet in
the field, and the position of the legend are all identical on the
French coin and on the original <3oin of Sermyle, as any one
may see who will compare Nos. 21 and 22 on M. Svoronos's
plate. Having thus established a legend AEPMHNAO,
which reminded him in its termination of APXEAAO> the
forger proceeded to copy a coin of Archelaus and to place upon
it his newly invented inscription. This he accomplished not
unskilfully, but he seems to have been blissfully ignorant of the
necessity of providing his piece with a reverse in harmony with
the date of his obverse. Instead of doing this he fell back upon
an archaic coin of Potida3a, the sixth century reverse of which,
an incuse square diagonally divided, he coupled with his fourth
century obverse, thus producing an impossible combination of
types (cf. Svoronos, figs. 25, 26, 27). I have only to add that
the coin purchased at Berlin was offered in the first instance to
the British Museum, where it was rejected as a modern fabri-
cation.

3. Kalchas and his Son on Coins of Calchedon. M. Svoronos
suggests that the bearded and youthful heads on the Attic
drachms and hemidrachmsof Calchedon, struck probably between
B.C. 439 and 416, are those of Kalchas the seer, the founder of
Megara, the mother city of Calchedon, and of his son who
founded Calchedon itself. The wheel on the reverses of these
coins he takes to be the KVK\O<S /UCU/TIKOS, or soothsayer's wheel,
which was placed on the tripod of Apollo.

B. V. HEAD.

The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. By Professor W.
M. Kamsay. London, 1890. John Murray.

Although this is not a numismatic work it is based to so large
an extent upon numismatic evidence that we cannot pass it over
without a word of welcome. It is far and away the most im-
portant contribution to our knowledge of the interior of Asia
Minor in ancient times which has yet appeared, and it will be as
indispensable to the student of the coinage of the Asiatic Greek-
speaking peoples, especially during the period of Roman rule,
as are Kiepert's valuable maps now in course of publication.

112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

There is only one fault to be found with Prof. Ramsay's book,
and this is its entire want of literary form, due in great part no
doubt to the fact that the author most unaccountably lost the
MS. of his work in 1888, and has, consequently, had to rewrite
most of it from memory. However keenly we may regret the
loss of Mr. Ramsay's descriptions of the country and scenery,
which would have given picturesque life to what is now a bare
congeries of topographical facts and evidential data, still the
high intrinsic value of so much new and original matter is none
the less strikingly apparent to the student of the ancient geo-
graphy and history of Asia Minor.

How limited our knowledge is of the interior of that once-
prosperous and well-governed continent can only be appreciated
by those who are familiar with its innumerable municipal cur-
rencies, or who have bestowed some time and study upon the
localisation of its ancient cities. We see towns marked upon
the map and are at first naturally inclined to take for granted
that they are rightly placed, forgetting that the map-maker is
compelled by the very nature of his work to be definite, even
in cases where conflicting evidence or want of exact information
may leave the site of a town practically an open question.
Hence the incalculable value of a work like the present in which
the author details for us his pieces justificative*, drawn not only
from the ordinary available authorities but from obscure Byzan-
tine historians, from the Ada Conciliorwn, the Acta Sanctorum,
the Notitiae Episcopatuum, from the Synecdemos of Hierocles,
and from numerous other ancient sources hitherto insufficiently
utilised for the purpose to which this book is devoted.

Mr. Ramsay's own notes made on the spot from personal
observation during his numerous journeys up the country enable
him to speak with authority, and give even to what are some-
times guesses, a substantial value which the mere hypothesis of
the arm-chair geographer, who works only from books, must
always be lacking in, and which raises them almost to the level of
ascertained facts. Prof. Ramsay's work consists of two parts,
of which the first deals chiefly with the history and development
of the ancient trade routes and later Roman roads, the main
arteries of the country connecting the coast with the interior.
In Part II. the author discusses in detail the sites of the cities
and bishoprics of the various provinces. The book is provided
with numerous tables, in the first column of which will be found
the names of the towns as they occur upon the coins. There
are also six excellent maps on the scale of about twenty-five
miles to the inch, on which all the ancient trade routes and
roads are indicated, together with the fixed sites of the cities

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 113

and villages and the boundaries of the Roman and Byzantine
provinces.

B. V. HEAD.

Catalogue des Monnaies Grecques de la Bibliotheque Nationale.
Les Rois de Syrie, & Armtnie, et de Commagene. By E. Babelon.
Paris : Rollin et Feuardent, 1890, pp. ccxviii and 223, with 32
Plates.

The officials of the Numismatic Cabinet of Paris have fol-
lowed the example of London and Berlin, and begun to publish
a catalogue of their coins. The extraordinary richness of the
French collection, probably the greatest in the world, would
make this catalogue valuable in any case. But the value is in-
creased by the character of the catalogue itself. In the volume
before us M. Babelon has the privilege, not allowed to the
author of the parallel volume of the British Museum series, of
writing a full historical introduction to the coinage of the Greek
Kings of Syria, and inserting engravings of all important coins
not represented in the French Cabinet. The result is that his
work is in a measure a corpus of the Syrian coins. His views
are sometimes disputable, but the work is undeniably good on
the whole, learned and judicious and full. M. Babelon also
observes in the criticism of his predecessors a courtesy which
some of our German contemporaries would do well to imitate.
"Un peu trop prononce " means much the same as " Sicher
irrig," and is decidedly pleasanter reading.

It is impossible to discuss here the attributions of the
numerous coins bearing the name Seleucus or Antiochus, and
no date or distinctive title to determine to which of all the kings
bearing those names they belong. Coming after writers like
Bunbury and Imhoof, M. Babelon has every advantage ; but no
final or conclusive assignment is possible.

In the historical portion of the work M. Babelon has really
made an advance. He has evidently re-read the late and un-
satisfactory writers to whom we have to go for the facts of
Syrian history, and in some cases has upset the views of Frdlichr
Eckhel or Fynes Clinton. Instances will be found in the case
of the supposed captivity of Seleucus II. (p. Ixv) and the date
of Antiochus VI. (p. cxxxv). It is satisfactory to find that his
criticism has spared the most interesting class of money con-
nected with the Kings of Syria, that issued in European Greece
on the occasion of the invasion of Antiochus III. (see Num.
Chron. 1878, p. 94).

P. GARDNER.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. Q

114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Traite de Numismatique du Moyen Age. By MM. Arthur
Engel and Raymond Serrure. Paris. 1891.

The first volume of this new treatise from the facile pen of
M. Engel, assisted by M. C. A. Serrure, forms a somewhat
natural sequel to the Repertoire des Sources imprimees de la
Numismatique franchise lately published by the same authors,
and will, on its completion, constitute a much required con-
tinuation of the labours of Lelewel. These works, combined
with the recent production of M. J. Adrien Blanchet, entitled
Manuel Complet de Numismatique du Moyen Age et Moderne,
afford us such materials and facilities for the study of
mediaeval numismatics as leave little or nothing to be desired
for the future. The present volume is devoted to the examina-
tion of the coinage from the date of the fall of the Roman
Empire in the West to the end of the Carolingian period, and
contains no less than 645 illustrations of more than ordinary
merit. Having regard to the importance that is now rightly
attached to the morphological aspect of numismatic science, the
whole of this exhaustive work demands careful perusal on the part
of students in general ; but English numismatists will probably
take more direct interest in those chapters which relate to our own
country and our own coinage. In the rapid survey of mediaeval
numismatics which serves as an introduction to the work, four
English writers of the eighteenth century are referred to,
viz., Fountaine, Stephen Martin Leake (whom the authors style
St. Martin-Leake), Snelling, and Pegge, and a further refer-
ence is made to Ruding's " standard work " in the following
century, the learned author being incidentally knighted under
the style of Sir Rogers Ruding. The inaccuracies committed
by the authors, which seem almost inevitable when our friends
on the other side of the Channel deal with the names of English
persons and places, are, however, very trifling compared with
the general excellence of their work, in connection with which
they appear to have studied most of our later authorities with
great advantage. Their statement, however, that the conquest
of Canute the Great had any very great influence on the art
exhibited by our coinage is scarcely admissible. The list of
extracts from the Psalms and other biblical sources occurring on
mediaeval coins is interesting, but as "Exaltabitur in Gloria" is
given to Flanders only, it may be well to record that it is also
the universal legend on the reverse of the quarter-noble of
Edward III. and his successors.

Much useful information on the subject of money is supplied,
and a theory is advanced with regard to the Merovingian
series that the so-called moneyers probably held in farm the

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 115

taxes and impositions of their respective districts and deposited
their security or payment with the ruling authorities in the
shape of struck coins bearing their names, which coins were
then put into circulation in the same or any other districts as
current money for the use of the general public. With regard
to this theory one is almost inclined to think that what was true
with regard to the Merovingian series may have been true
with regard to other series and. to our own coinage in Saxon
times, but an English numismatist who would advance such a
theory here would probably have to bear the brunt of a well-
sustained, and in my opinion successful, opposition. Useful
hints and information are also given on the subject of imitations
of coins, reference being made inter alia to the fact that Becker's
silver proofs of his famous Visigoth fabrications are published
by Lelewel as authentic coins, and that the gold triens of Win-
chester described by the late Vicomte de Ponton d'Amecourt
(Annualre de la Societe frangaise de Numism, T. vii., 1883, p.
326) has been ascertained to be a forgery. It is to the chapters
on Anglo-Saxon coins that the English reader will more especially
direct his attention, and the Anglo-Saxon, some of them semi-
Frisian types of Sceattas, are well described and depicted. In
a later section of the work a fairly accurate account is given of
the Anglo-Saxon series of coins issued during the periods
parallel with those of the Carolingian rulers and ending with
the reign of Cnut. It is noteworthy, however, and somewhat
to be regretted, that no reference is made to Hildebrand, and
that so many of the facts and theories are borrowed bodily from
our standard authors with no addition of any novel point or
suggestion. The authors adduce the existence of a gold dinar
bearing the name of Offa, and said to have been found at Rome,
as a proof that Offa instituted a gold coinage. It is in the
highest degree improbable that any such coinage was initiated
by him or any of his immediate successors. On page 173 the
authors wrongly attribute to Mr. Head the compilation of the
catalogue of the Anglo-Saxon series of coins in the British
Museum, and the failure to throw any light on the geographical
determination of our early Saxon Sceattas, &c., although Mr.
Keary's name rightly appears in the heading of the chapter on
that subject as being the real author of the catalogue. There
are naturally other slight inaccuracies of detail contained in the
work, but on the whole the information contained in it is well
condensed and clearly put forth, and our own numismatists
will, in common with those of other- countries, find in it a
valuable addition to their bookshelves.

H. MONTAGU,

116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

MISCELLANEA.

GREEK COINS ACQUIEED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM IN 1889. —
CORRECTIONS. I owe the following corrections in my paper
with this title (Num. Chron., 1890, pp. 311—329) to the favour
of M. J. P. Six and Herr A. Lobbecke :— P. 314, No. 5, Motya.
A similar coin has been published by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer in the
Num. Zeit., 1886, p. 255, No. 6, PL VII. 5. The standing figure
holds in the 1. hand a branch ; her r. hand is raised. — P. 316,
No. 8, Chalcidice. Cp. Friedlaender in Z.F.N., xi. 43 : 'Awocas,
EFI I ANNIKA Tetradrachmn von Chalcidice in der Samm-
lung des Herrn Giiterbock [now (1891) in Herr A. Lobbecke's
cabinet]. — P. 319, No. 16, Carystus. The reverse is enclosed
in an oak -wreath, as may be more clearly seen on the coin with
a different magistrate's name described in Catal. Greau,
No. 1574.-— P. 324, No. 24, Lampsacus. Herr Lobbecke
suggests that the British Museum coin is from the Avola find,
and considers that the obverse is from the same die as the
specimen in his own collection published in Z.F.N., xvi.
PL X. 4.

WARWICK WROTH.

. Vol.XJ. Pi. I.

'

¥ol:Xl.PLJ/.

3e^ir?%. ?2\jU*3&

ffum,. Obm . Ser.///. VokZ/. RUT.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS.

VII.

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM
IN 1890.

(See Plate IV.)

DURING the year 1890 (January to December] the De-
partment of Coins in the British Museum has acquired
177 coins of the Greek class, 5 of which are gold and
electrum, 102 silver, and 70 bronze. All these coins,
with two exceptions, have been acquired by purchase, and
among them are 10 specimens bought at the Photiades
sale,1 and 5 specimens bought at the Sim sale.2 A de-
scription of noteworthy specimens among the acquisitions
is given in the following pages.3

SYRACUSE (SICILY).

1. OJn-.— ^YPAKo^m N Head of Zeus Eleutherios
r., bearded and laureate ; behind, club.

Rev. — Pegasus flying r. ; beneath, ^ fl.

El. Size -5 inch. Weight 33-1 grains. [PI. IV. 1.]

1 Lots 59, 228, 351, 1293, 1295, 1305, 1350, 1351, 1375
and 1,396 in W. Froehner's M<mn«in$ iirecfjups d,> In rollrrtinn
Photiades Pncl>«. (H. Hoffmann, Paris', 1890).

2 Lots 276, 286, 299 and 477 E in the Catnlnfjue of the Col-
lection of Greek and Rmnan Coin* fantinl lit/ the late Geonje
Sim. London: Sotheby's, June 23, &c., 1890.

3 The principal Greek acquisitions ' of the Department of
Coins during 1887, 1888, and 1889 will be found described by
me in the Xum. Chron. for 1888, pp. 1—21 ; 1889, pp. 249—

VOL. XI. THIRD SEKIKS. R

118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Of the period of the restoration of the Democracy by
Timoleon, B.C. 345 — 317. A similar specimen is in the
St. Florian collection (Kenner, Munzsammlung des Stifles
St. Flor., p. 13, PL I. 7), and another, described by Dr.
Imhoof-Blumer (Monnaies grecques, p. 30, No. 59, PL B.
15), has the symbol of a thunderbolt instead of the club.
The head is ascertained to be that of Zeus Eleutherios,
from the inscription that appears on other gold coins of
Syracuse with nearly similar types.4

AENUS (THE ACE).

2. Obv. — Head of Hermes r., wearing close-fitting petasos

ornamented with beads ; hair plaited.

Rev. — AIN I Goat walking r. ; in front, crescent en-
closing star : the whole in incuse square.

M. Size 1. Weight 255 grs. [PL IV. 2.]

A finely preserved example of the early tetradrachms
(circ. B.C. 450) of Aenus, of a hard, dry style, which is
somewhat softened on some other coins of the same type.
With the symbol on the reverse, compare the symbols of
a crescent,5 and a crescent enclosing an ivy- leaf6 on
similar tetradrachms of Aenus.

SPAEADOCUS, KING OF THE ODEYSAE
(Brother of the Sitalces who died B.C. 424).

3. Obv. — Horseman, wearing hat and Thracian7 cloak, riding

267 ; 1890, pp. 311—329 ; cp. 1891, p. 116. I have to thank
Mr. Barclay Head for several suggestions kindly made to me
while preparing this paper.

* Brit. Mus. Cat. Sicily, p. 184, No. 265 =B. V. Head,
Syracuse, PI. VI. 4=Head, Guide to Coins of Ancients, III. C.
35, PL 26, 35.

5 Von Sallet, Beschreibung, i., p. 120, No. 5.

6 Brit. Mus. Cat. Tauric Chersonese, p. 77, No. 2.

7 Cp. Cecil Smith in Journ. Hell, Mudirs, xi. 1890, pp.
344—345.

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 119

1. ; in r. hand, two spears ; behind, helmet ;
border of dots.

Rev.— $ PAPAAOKO Eagle 1. (devouring
serpent ? ) ; incuse square.

M. Size -95. Weight 261 -5 grs. [PI. IV. 7.]

Another specimen of this very rare tetradrachra is in
the Bibliotheque Rationale de France, and was published
with an engraving in the Bulletin de Corr. hellenique
(iii. p. 409 ff.) by M. Muret.

AMADOCUS (II ? ) KING OF THE ODRYSAE.

4. Obv. — AMA [A] OKO Double-axe ; above, cadu-
ceus r. ; border of dots.

#«'.—[£ P I] [A]AE [E]AN APO Vine laden with
grapes within square of dots.

JE. Size -9.

This coin, like those already published with the in-
scription AMAAOKO,8 was struck at Maronea, as the
reverse clearly shows. It bears an unpublished magis-
trate's name.

These bronze coins have been assigned by numismatists
to Amadocus I. (circ. B.C. 405 — 391), and other bronze
coins of similar type and style, but bearing the name of
Teres, have been assigned to Teres II., the contemporary
of Amadocus I.9 I would suggest the attribution of
them to Amadocus II. (circ. B.C. 359 — 351) and to

8 Von Sallet in Zeit.f. Num., v. p. 97; Von Sallet, Beschrei-
bung, i., p. 829, No. 9 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. Taur. Chers., p. 202,
No. 1.

9 Von Sallet, Zeit. /. Num. v., p. 97 ; Head, Hist. Num., p.
240; Brit. Mus. Cat. Tauric Cliers., p. 202; Von Sallet,
Beschreibung, i., p. 329.

120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Teres III. (successor of Amadocus II. ? 10) respectively,
for the following reasons : — (i.) The coins were struck at
Maronea, a town of which neither Amadocus I. nor
Teres II. are known to have held possession : regarding
Teres II., indeed, we know positively that (for a time at
any rate) his rule lay over the " Delta," between Salmy-
dessus and Byzantium.11 Amadocus II., on the other
hand, is known to have ruled over at least a part of the
sea-coast between Maronea and the Chersonese.12 (ii.)
There is good reason for believing that Amadocus I. is
identical with Medocus, king of the Odrysae.13 If this
view is correct, we must look for the money of Ama-
docus I. (or Medocus) in the silver coin inscribed with
the name MHTOKO (Von Sallet, Bcschreibung, i. 329).
As this ruler can hardly have called himself "Metocus"
on his silver coinage and " Amadocus " on his bronze
coinage, it follows that the bronze coins inscribed
AMAAOKO must belong, not to him, but to Ama-
docus II.14 (iii.) Judging from style and types, the
bronze coins with the names of Amadocus and Teres
must be classed with the coins of Maronea issued from
about B.C. 400 till B.C. 340 (Head, Hist. Num., pp. 216,
217) . This date (though also suitable for Amadocus I.
and Teres II.) would be consistent with the issue of the
coins by Amadocus II. and by Teres III., supposing the
latter to have coined during the lifetime of Ama-
docus II. or immediately after his death.

10 A. Hock in the Hermes, xxvi. (1891), p. 110.

11 A. Hock, op. cit., p, 85, note 1 on Xen. Anab., vii. 5, 1.

12 Demosthenes, Cont. Aristocr., p. 183.

13 Hock, op. cit., pp. 85, 86; cp., however, Von Sallet in
Zeit. f. Num., v., p. 96.

14 This has already been pointed out by Hock, op. cit. p. 86.

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 121

LYCCEIUS, KING OF PAEONIA.
B. c. 359— (340?).

5. Obv. — Youthful head r. (Apollo), bare (or wearing taenia?)

hair short ; border of dots.

Eev.— AYKKEIOY Horse r., feeding; 1. fore-leg raised.
JR. Size -55. Weight 30-3 grs. [PI. IV. 3.]

Other specimens of this coin (slightly varied) are in the
Bibliotheque Nationale de France (Eev. Num., 1866,
p. 17, No. 4, PI. I. 5), the St. Florian collection (Kenner,
Munzsammlung, &c., p. 35, PL I. 19), and the Museum of
Modena (Imhoof, Monnaies grecques, p. 57, note 30). The
reverse closely resembles that of fourth-century coins of
the Thessalian Larissa (Gardner, Cat. Thessaly, PL VI. 5,
B.C. 400 — 344), and may have been copied from it.

SCIONE (MACEDONIA).

6. Obv. — Young male head r., wearing taenia.

Rev. — ^ K I O Helmet r. ; the whole in incuse square.

JR. Size '55. Weight 34 -8 grs. (somewhat worn).
[PI. IV. 4.]

This coin appears to be unpublished. It has the same
types as, but is later in style than, the silver coin of which
specimens are published in the British Museum and
Berlin Catalogues.15 It may have been issued shortly
before the taking of Scione by the Athenians in B.C. 421
(cp. Head, Hist. Num., p. 186).

15 Head, Brit. Mus. Cat., Macedonia, p. 102, No. 1. Von
Sallet, Beschreibung, ii., p. 124, No. 1. . It is doubtful whether
the coin with obv. half-lion, rev. incuse square, in Brit. Mus. Cat.
p. 102, No. 2, is rightly attributed to Scione : cp. Imhoof,
Mon. Or. p. 73.

122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

PAUSANIAS, KING OF MACEDON.
B.C. 390—389.

7. Oln\ — Horse prancing r.

Jfot?.— PAY* ANIA Forepart of lion r.

JE plated. Size '55. Weight 47-9 grs. [PI. IV. 5.]

This rare coin (purchased from a foreign coin-dealer)
corresponds in description with the specimen published
by H. P. Borrell in the Num. Chron., iii. 141, No. 3.
A horse appears on other silver coins of Pausanias, and the
forepart of a lion on his bronze money. Like many other
coins of this ruler, our specimen is plated.

ALEXANDER THE GKEAT.

8. Obv.— Head of Zeus r., laur. [border].

jfot'.— AAEEAN APOY Eagle r. on thunderbolt,
looking 1.; in field r., prow; in field 1., bee:
[border].

M. Size 1. Weight 204 grs. (somewhat worn).

This tetradrachm, procured from a dealer in the
Panjab, India, resembles the unique specimen in the
French collection, but has the symbol of "bee" instead
of " club." Dr. Imhoof-Blumer, in publishing the
French coin (Monnaies grecques, p. 118, No. 19, PI. D. 8 ;
ib., pp. 120, 121 ; cp. B. Y. Head, Hist. Num., p. 198),
well pointed out that it belonged to the earliest coinage
of Alexander the Great, being of the same weight as the
coins of Philip II., and having the Zeus-head of Philip's
money. The bee occurs as a symbol on coins of Philip
attributed by Muller (No. 190 f.) to Melitaea (Thessaly).

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 123

GOMPHI=PHILIPPOPOLIS (THESSALY).

9. Obv. — Head of goddess, three-quarter face r., wearing
Stephanos, earring and necklace ; border of dots.

R*v.— [4>IAI]P[PO]n OAITH[N] Zeus Akraios
wearing himation over lower limbs, seated 1. on
rock ; holds in r., sceptre ; his 1. hand rests on
rock ; in field 1., thunderbolt.

M. Size -9. Weight 183 grs. [PL IV. 8.]

Circ. B.C. 300 (?) Purchased at the Photiades sale
(Froehner's Catal No. 59, PL I., 59). The British
Museum (Gardner, Cat. Thessaly, &c., p. 19, No. 1) pos-
sesses the drachm of corresponding types.

PHEEAE (THESSALY).

10. Obv. — Youth L, naked, restraining bull by band passed
round horns ; petasos slung from his neck ; be-
neath, x A A ? ; border of dots.

Rev. — <|> E Rl Youth, naked, riding 1. on forepart of
horse ; in L, whip : the whole in incuse square.

M. Size -6. Weight 44-6 grs. [PL IV. 6.]

This drachm (circ. B.C. 480 — 450) seems unpublished.
In the inscription on the obverse the small X is clear, but
the other two letters are less distinct. On another coin of
Pherae of the same period, and with the same obverse
type, appear the letters SA1 (Gardner, B. M. Cat.,
Thessaly, p. 46, No. 1) ; or, perhaps, rather, as Dr. Yon
Sallet has suggested (Zeit. f. Num., vi. 10, 11) A AT16

16 Cp. also the obverse inscription atLarissa AH (?), Gardner,
Cat., Thessaly, p. 24, note 5, and the letters A\A on early coins
of Crannon (Imhoof-Blumer, Manuscript Cat. of Thessaly, under
" Krannon " : on the obv. of the coin of Crannon in Gardner,
op. cit.j p. 16, note 1, only the letters AV\ are distinct).

124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

For the present these inscriptions must be left unexplained.
Possibly the name of some early Thessalian dynast17 is
intended to be indicated.

11. Obv. — Youthful male head 1., in petasos ; hair short.

/fe».— AAE5[A] NAPEION Leg and foot of horse r.

M. Size -6. Weight 42-7 grs. (pierced and slightly
rubbed). [PL IV. 9.]

Struck by Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, B.C. 369 — 357,
on whose bronze coins similar types appear (see Num.
Chron. 1890, p. 311, No. 11 ; Head, Hist. Num., p. 261).
The usual inscription on the money of this ruler is AAEZ-
ANAPOY, but it is clear that he wished his coins to be
known as "Alexanders," for there are extant a didrachm
with the legend AAEEANAPEIO^ 18 sc. oraTt'ip, a
drachm with the legend AAEZANAPEIA, sc. ^/>a^ju)/,19
and the present coin, a triobol, AAEEANAPEION, sc.
rpiwfioXov.

The naming of coins after the royal personages who
issued them is not without parallel in antiquity. The
gold stater of Philip II. of Macedon was called (according
to Diodorus Siculus, lib. xvi. cap. 8) a " Philip " : vo/jLiafjia
yap ^pvffovv tfoxjra? TO TtpoaayopevOtv UTT cueivov <&i\L7r-
K. r. X. . (cp. Horace, 2 Ep. I. 233, regale nomisma,

17 Cp. F. Hiller von Gaertringen, " Das Konigtum bei den
Thessalern im sechsten und funften Jahrhundert " in Am der
Anoinia (Berlin 1890), p. 7.

18 Muret in Bulletin Corr. Hell., 1881, p. 298, PI. II. 10
(Cab. de France); Zeit.f. Num. xi. p. 49 (Berlin Mus.).

u Photiades Catal., No. 171, PL I. 171.— The Delian Tem-
ple lists mention a Spa^/Ar/ 'AAe£avSpeta : in this case the drachm
is doubtless of Alexander the Great, not of Alexander of Phera).
/. Corr. Hell., vi. p. 30, 1. 14; p. 132).

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 125

Philippos) ; and tetradrachms of A.ntigonus issued in
B.C. 303 are described, a few years later (B.C. 299 — 292), as
TeVoavaa dvTiyoveta (see J. P. Six in Annuaire de Id Soc.
frang. de Num. 1882, p. 36). In the Delian temple lists
coins of Mausolus, Dynast of Caria, are mentioned under
the name of MavffawXeia Terpa^pa^/da (Bull. Corr. Hell.
1891, p. 129). The same lists make mention of regal tetra-
drachms under the name of YlroXe/jLaLKa, Ava i/ma-^eta,
'Avrivxcia, (Bull. Corr. Hell. vi. p. 132). 20

TRICCA (THESSALY).

12. Obv. — Head of Nymph Tricca r., wearing earring ; hair
rolled ; border of dots.

Rev. — [T]PIK[KA!].QN Asklepios, wearing hiniation
over lower limbs, seated r. on chair, leaning
forward with r. hand on crooked staff ; beneath
chair, serpent erect.

M. Size -85. [PL IV. 14.]

This specimen was struck about B.C. 300 and is a
variety of the bronze coins of Tricca 21 that represent As-

20 The inscription AAEEANAPEION HTOAEMAIOY
on a tetradrachm struck by Ptolemy I. Soter, as governor in
Egypt for Alexander IV., may be translated either " coin
[vo//<ioy/,a, or rerpa^/Aoi/] called an 'Alexander' [after Alexander the
Great] issued by Ptolemy," or " Coin of Alexander (i.e., struck in
Alexander IV.'s name, and under his nominal authority), issued
by Ptolemy as Governor." I am inclined to think that the first
interpretation is here the correct one (see on the coin, R. S.
Poole, Catal. Ptolemies, p. xxi. ; Von Sallet in Zeit. f. Num.
xiii. pp. 63, 64 ; Head, Hist. Num., p. 712). — This view is also
supported by the occurrence of the expression 'AAe^a^peioi/
TtTpax\_/j.ov] in the Delian Temple lists, circ. B.C. 180. (Homolie,
Bull. Corr. Hell.,vi.p. 51, 1. 216; p. 132; cp. P. Gardner,
" Votive Coins in Delian Inscriptions," in Journ. Hell, Studies,
iv. p. 243).

21 See Brit. Mtis. Catal, Thessah/, p. 52, No. 17, PI. XI.
13.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. S

126 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

klepios seated and feeding the serpent with a bird. A
seated Asklepios feeding the serpent occurs also on silver
coins of this place (Leake, Num. Hell., p. 108). The con-
nection of Asklepios with Tricca is well known (see Head,
Hist. Num. p. 263).

AETOLIAN LEAGUE.
Circ. B.C. 279—168.

13. Obv. — Male head r., wearing oak-wreath; border of

dots.

Rev.— AITIMftN (in field r.). Male figure (Aetolus?)
wreathed, standing 1., r. foot placed on rock ;
chlamys wrapped round 1. arm ; causia slung
round neck, and sword round body ; holds in r.
hand, spear: in field 1., helmeted head (Athena)
r., beneath which, A (P ?) I and *£_.

M. Size 1. Weight 159-9 grs. [PI. IV. 10 (obv.)].

Prof. P. Gardner describes the head on coins of this
type as wearing a wreath entwined with the regal diadem,
and has suggested that it represents Antiochus III. (Num.
Chron. 1878, p. 97, and Cat. Seleucidae, p. 29, PL XXVIII.
2, 3 ; cp. Gardner, B. M. Cat. Thcssaly, &c. p. 195, Nos.
9 — 11). This view is accepted by M. Babelon in his
Hois de Syrie, p. Ixxxiii. Mr. Head, however, sees in the
obverse a representation of .ZEtolus (Guide, Period V. B. 17 ;
Hist. Num., p. 284). Perhaps the " diadem " is only the
tie of the wreath, as on the coins of Myrina with the head
of Apollo (Head, Hist. Num. p. 481, Fig. 292).

ATHENS.
(Period of Hadrian and the Antonines).

14. Obv.— Head of Pallas r., helmeted.

Rev.— [A0H] NAIUJN Demeter (on 1.) holding two
torches, standing turned towards Persephone,
who, holding in r. ears of corn, and in 1. sceptre,
stands facing her.

&. Size 1.

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 127

For other types connected with Demeter or Persephone
see Imhoof and Gardner, Numismatic Commentary on
Pausanias, p. 141 ("Athens").

AEGINA (?)

15. Obv. — Tortoise, with shell divided into plates.

Rev. — Bull's head r. ; border of dots.

M. Size -35. Weight 9 -6 grs. [PL IV. 16.]

This coin, which is apparently uninscribed, bears the
distinctive type of Aegina, though the bull's head does
not occur on the silver money of that island. If issued
by Aegina it must belong to the period after B.C. 404
(cp. Head, Cat. Attica, &c., pp. 141, 142). The reverse
has rather the appearance of a Cretan coin.

ELIS.

16. Obv. — Eagle flying 1., devouring lamb; in field 1., murex;

above eagle, countermark.

Rev. — . * Q. Eagle 1., alighting; whole in square

incuse.
M. Size -9. Weight 168 grs.

This didrachm, which belongs to the period of Elian
coinage B.C. 471 — 370, is not described in Prof. Gardner's
Coins of Elis. The obverse is from the same die as the
obverse of a didrachm of Elis acquired by the British
Museum in 1889, and published in the Num. Chron., 1890,
p. 320, No. 17 ; PI. XIX. 10, rev. Thunderbolt. With
obverses of this type are usually joined reverses with the
type of the thunderbolt. But the reverse on the coin here
described has an eagle, and is from the same die as another
didrachm of Elis in the British Museum which has the
obverse type of Zeus seated (see Gardner, Cat. Peloponnesus ,
p. 59, No. 12; PI. X. 11).

128 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

CRETE.

During 1890 the British Museum has made a con-
siderable number of additions to the Cretan series, the
principal of which are as follows : —

17. APTERA. JR. Size 1. Weight 167 grs.

This is the identical specimen described in Svoronos,
TlpoffOtjicat (in Ephemeris arch, for 1889), p. 196, No. 7,
PL XI. 8, where, however, the inscriptions APTA^AI
(on the obverse) and (P TOAI ?) Ol KOZ (on the reverse)
have been acidentally omitted on p. 196, No. 7.

18. ITANUS. M.

Purchased at the Photiades sale, No. 1293 ; PI. VII.
1293.

19. ITANUS. M.

Purchased at the Photiades sale, No. 1295, PI. VII.
1295.

20. LATUS Trpos Kapapa.

Obv. — TAION KAIZAPA TEPMANIKON

ZEBAZTON Head of Caligula 1., laureate.

Rev.— FEPMANIKON KAIZAPA ETTI AY TOY
PEINfl AATI Head of Germanicus r.,
laureate.

M. Size -95. [PI. IV. 12.]

The only money hitherto known of Latus (Svoronos,
Crete, pp. 219, 220) belongs to the last period of the
autonomous coinage of Crete (Wroth, Cat. Crete, p. 54).
The present specimen is interesting as showing that Latus
was still in a position to issue money in early Imperial
times. It bears the name of the Proconsul Augurinus, as
do the similar, or nearly similar, bronze coins issued under

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 129

Caligula at Gortyna,22 Hierapytna 23 and Poly r rhenium.24
As these three towns were places of importance under
the Roman domination,25 it may be gathered that Latus
was also.

21. Lisus.

Obv. — I A Eagle flying r. ; border.
Rev. — (No type or inscription).

M. Size -35. Weight 9-5 grs. [PI. IV. 15 (obv.)].

Not described in M. Svoronos' Crete (cp. p. 223, No. 5).

22. Lisus AND HYRTACINA.

M. Size -44. Weight 11-6 grs.

From the Photiades sale, Lot 1305, where it is wrongly
classed under Lisus, the letters YP on the obverse not
having been noticed. A similar coin is described in
Svoronos, TIpoaGrjicai (Ephemeris arch. 1889), p. 206. No.
40, PL XII. 18.

23. PRAESTTS. M. Size 1. Weight 158'4 grs.

The identical specimen described and photographed in
Svoronos, Upoae-qiecu, p. 210, No. 55, PI. XIIL, No. 4.

24. EHAUCUS. M. Size -7. Weight 77'9 grs.

From the Photiades sale, Lot 1350, PL YIL, No. 1350.

IULIS (CEOS).

25. Obv: — Bearded male head r., laureate (Aristaeus).

Eev.—\OY Bee; in field 1., dog's head 1. and H:
border of dots.

M. Size -8. Weight 121 '7 grs.

22 Svoronos, Crete, p. 182, note 194 ; PL XVII. 3.

23 Svoronos, op. cit., p. 195 ; PI. Xtlll. 6.

24 Svoronos, op. cit., p. 284, note 53 ; PI. XXVI. 31.

25 Svoronos, op. cit., p. 158; p. 187; p. 276.

130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

This coin was purchased at the Photiades sale (Lot
1375, PI. VII. 1375), in the catalogue of which it is de-
scribed as unpublished. A specimen of nearly similar
description in Mr. Head's Historia Numorum (p. 412,
note) is considered by him as of doubtful authenticity — an
opinion in which I quite concur. The present specimen
appears to be undoubtedly genuine. It is of Rhodian
weight, and may have been struck about B.C. 300.26 The
bearded head is probably that of Aristaeus, who was in
Ceos assimilated to Zeus. The bee and dog's head also
refer to Aristaeus.27

BITHYNIAN KINGDOM (NICOMEDES II ? ).
26. Obv. — Head of Nicomedes II. r., diademed : fillet border.

Rev.— BAZIAEQZ Zeus standing 1., clad in
Eni<l>ANOYZ himation, crowning the name
N IKOMHAOZ of the king with wreath held
o inr.; to 1., eagle on thunder-

bolt, gj and T P; in field 1., palm.

M. Size 1-35. Weight 263-9 grs. [PI. IV. 17.]

This curious tetradrachm — which is unpublished —
resembles in type and style the coins of Nicomedes II.,
and was probably struck in his reign. The fillet-border
— probably copied from Seleucid coins — and the symbol of
the palm on the reverse differentiate it, however, from
other tetradrachms of the Bithynian kings. It is
further remarkable for having the blundered legend

26 A plaster cast of the piece described by Head is in the British
Museum. It differs from the Photiades coin in weight and
in several details of style. The original was sent to the
Museum for inspection, together with the two other (false)
coins described in Head, Hist. Num., pp. 411, 412, note.

27 Cp. Wroth, Cat. Crete, &c., p. xlviii.

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 131

NIKOMHAOZ,28 and the impossible date TP. M.
Waddington, to whom I have shown the coin, kindly
informs me that he also possesses a specimen with a
blundered date and the same symbol, the palm. M.
Waddington suggests that TP is blundered for the date
HP, i.e. 180 of the Bithynian era, corresponding to 118
— 117 B.C.

CNIDUS.

27. Obv. — Female head (Aphrodite) 1., wearing earring and
necklace ; hair rolled and tied in bunch behind.

Rev. — Head and forepaw of lion r.

M. Size -9. Weight (before cleaning) 223-4 grs.
[PL IV. 18.]

This coin should be compared with two Cnidian coins,
with corresponding types, published in Dr. Imhoof-
Blumer's Griech. Hunzen, p. 670, PL X., Nos. 4, 5, one
in the collection of Dr. Hermann Weber, the other at
Paris (De Luynes). Of these the Paris coin is latest in
date. Our specimen appears, chiefly on grounds of style,
to be certainly older than Dr. Weber's c: arming coin,
and may have been issued about B.C. 300, or even a few
years earlier.29 Dr. Weber's coin I should be inclined
to assign to the earlier part of the third century B.C.,30
though I do not forget that the high authority of Dr.
Imhoof-Blumer places it as late as the second century
B.C. (Griech. Miinzen, p. 670).

The head on our coin, like other heads believed to

29 Probably intended for NIKOMHAOYZ. The usual
legend on the coins is, however, NIKOMHAOY.

29 Cp. a somewhat similar female he.ad on a coin of Euboea
in the Photiades Catal., No. 452, PL III. fig. 452.

30 Compare the heads of Artemis on coins of Ephesus issued
B.C. 280—258 ; see B. V. Head's Ephesus, PL III. (period viii.).

132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

reproduce the Cnidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles, has the
hair tied in a knot behind.31 The parted lips and some
other characteristics of the Aphrodite 32 are not to be
found in the head on the coin before us, which, however,
in its quiet charm and absence of self-consciousness,
perhaps shows the influence of the great original.

OLBA (CILICIA).
28. Obv.— Club, filleted ; border of dots.

Fortress> turreted ; border of dots.
&. Size -7. [PI. TV. 11.]

Another specimen of this rare coin is in the collection
of H. E. M. Waddington, and was described (though not
figured) by him in his Melanges de Numismatique (2nd
ser., 1867), p. 127. M. Waddington has already re-
marked that his coin is later than the time of Ajax,
dynast of Olba, circ. A.D. 11 — 15. Perhaps it may be as
late as the reign of Hadrian, at which time the ordinary
Greek-Imperial coinage of Olb.i begins (see Imhoof,
Griech. Munzcn, p. 711).

In connection with the types of our coin, it is interest-
ing to find that among the numerous symbols on fortresses
and lintels of Cilicia Tracheia, lately noted by Mr.
Theodore Bent, the club occurs no less than eight times,
and is actually found on the large tower that commands
the ruins of the upper town of the ancient Olba.33

31 Michaelis in Journ. Hell Stud., viii. p. 352.

32 As, for instance, in the beautiful head found at Olympia in
1881, and published by Michaelis, op. cit.

33 Classical Review, iv. (1890) p. 322 : on the identification of
Olba with the modern Oura, see Class. Rev. iv. p. 185; Ramsay,
Hint. CK'OIJ., pp. 21—22; Ramsay and Hogarth in The A the-

GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE HRITISH MUSEUM. 133

ARADUS (PHCENICIA).

29. CM*;.— Head of Melcart, r., laureate.

Rev. — Phoenican letters M A (=Melek Arad) ; galley r.
on waves.

M. Size -9. Weight 160-7 grs. [PI. IV. 18 (obv.)]

This stater is of the ordinary types (see Head, Hist.
Num. p. 666), but the obverse is here photographed on
account of its excellent preservation.

PERSIA.

30. Obv. — Persian king kneeling r., holding in r. spear, in

1. bow; behind, in field, A and symbol (tiara
with band ? ) .

Rev. — Irregular incuse crossed by wavy lines in relief :
a slight groove across centre.

.V. Size -7. Weight 258*3 grs. [PI. IV. 19.]

A variety of the Double Darics hitherto published (cp.
Head, Hist. Num., p. 700). The symbol, which is pos-
sibly a tiara with its band, occurs also on a Double Daric
in the Ivanoff Catalogue, Lot 665. 34

UNCERTAIN.

81. Obv. — Winged goat kneeling 1., looking back ; on its
back, bird ; border of dots.

Rev. — Owl, with wings open, facing ; on each side,
crux ansata ; whole in incuse square.

Si. Size -8. Weight 166-2 grs. [PI. IV. 20.]

naeum quoted in American Jour, of Arch., 1890, pp. 345, 346 ;
and Bent in The Athenaeum quoted in Am. Jour. Arch., 1890,
p. 351 ff.

34 It is found also on a coin in Cat. Hoffman, Feb. 1874,
unless, indeed the Hoffman coin be identical with the Ivanhoff
specimen. Cp. Head, Coinage of Lydia and Persia, p. 27, PI.
I., 24 ; where the symbol on the Hoffman coin is described as
a monogram.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. T

134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Circa B.C. 400? This curious coin resembles in its
types, and is of the same weight and fabric as, a silver
stater in the British Museum (with an Aramaic inscrip-
tion), which M. J. P. Six supposes to have been struck at
Amisus, in Pontus, by some dynast or satrap of the neigh-
bourhood at the beginning of the fourth century B.C.
(Num. Chron., 1885, p. 31; cp. Th. Reinach, in Rev.
Num., 1888, p. 237).

Mr. Head believes that both coins are Cilician, an
attribution suggested by the weight, types, and Aramaic
legends.

WARWICK WROTH.

YIII.

EUPOLEMUS.

THE British Museum and most other collections contain
specimens of bronze coins of the following description : —

Obv. — Three Macedonian shields thrown together so that
each is partially hidden : the central device of
the shields consists of a spear-head : border of
dots.

Rev.— EY P O Sword with strap,
AEMOY.

M. Size about '75 inch (=20 millimetres).

These pieces have been sometimes assigned l to Eupo-
lemus, a supposed king of Paeonia, but it is now generally
agreed 2 that they can only have been struck by Eupo-
lemus, the general of the Macedonian king, Cassander.
Eupolemus is only known to us from two passages in
Diodorus Siculus. In B.C. 314 he was sent by the two
generals commanding Cassander's army in Caria, with a
force of 8,000 foot and 2,000 cavalry, to surprise the
enemy at Kaprima (fnef>l KaTrpifjLa rfjs Kapias) but was
himself surprised and taken prisoner by Ptolemy, then
lieutenant of Antigonus.3 He must, however, have been

1 Mionnet, vi. p. 657, No. 311 = Sup. II. p. 560, No. 6;
Leake, Num. Hell. p. 20.

a Head, Hist. Num., p. 201 ; Imhoof-Blumer, Portratkopfe,
p. 19 ; Von Sallet, Beschreibung, II. p. 7 '; cp. H. P. Borrell
in Num. Chron. III., p. 183.

3 *Acrai/£/oos Se Kal TIpeTreXaos a0^yowro yaev rrj<s VTTO Ka<rcravSpoi;
ets TVJV Kaptav, irvOofjievoi 5c nroAs/Acuov TOV

136 NUMISMATIC CHRON1CI.H.

soon released, for in B.C. 313 he is found in Greece in com-
mand of the forces left there by Cassander.4 Nothing is
known as to the date or cause of his death. With regard to
the coins bearing his name, it is probable, on several grounds,
that they were struck in Caria to pay his troops. So far
as I am able to ascertain, specimens are found not in
Macedonia or Greece proper, but in Asia Minor. Accord-
ing to that careful observer of the find-spots of coins,
Mr. H. P. Borrell, "they are always found in Asia
Minor " (Num. Chron. iii. 133) ; and this statement
seems to be borne out by the experience of Dr. Imhoof-
Blumer (Portrdtkopfe, p. 19). Mr. Borrell further re-
marks5 that "what Millingen (Recueil, p. 63) states, that
they are generally found in Mysia and the Troad, is true,
but they are also found in other parts of Asia Minor."
Among the specimens in the British Museum, one was
purchased, from an Eastern dealer, together with twenty-
five other coins, all (except a single coin of Byzantium) of
Asia Minor; another — formerly in H. P. Borrell's collec-

'Avriyoj'O'u OTTpaTyyov rrjv Bvvafjiw eis Trapa^eiyMacrt'av

KOI OLVTOV do^oXeio-flcu Trept rrjv ra(pfjv TOV Trarpos, EuTroXe/u,ov

aTreVretXav eVeSpeucrai roif TroXe/x/ots Trept KaTrpi/xa TTJJS Kapias *

K.a6'ov $r) xpoi/ov ITroXcjtzatos Trapa Ttv<uv a
Trpoatpeo-iv raiv TroXc/xtW, ^powre /xev ran/ TrXi/o-ioj/
trTpaTWDTtoj/ Tre^ows /xev oKTa/ctcr^tXiovs TptaKO(rtovs, tTTTrets 8' e£a/<o-
crt'ous. 'Aj/€X7ri(rrws 8e ire.pl p,lcra<s vvKTas €7ri/3aXo)v TW ^apa
rail/ IvavTidiv, KCLI KaraXa^8a)v ct^vXaKTOVS KCU jcot/AOJ/xcvovs, avrov
rov EvTroXc/Aov e^oiyp^o-e, Kat rovg crrpaTtcoTas crvi/T/va
7rapa8oi)i/ai <r<^>a5 ai/rovs. Ta JJL\V ovv avp/Savra Trept
aTrocrraXeVras VTTO Kao'crai/Spov orparr^yovs ets TT/I/ 'Acriav Totavr' •ijv.
Diod. xix. 68 (ed. C. Miiller in Didot, Script. Graec. Bibliotheca) .

4 Cassander, KaraXiTrwi' CTTI T^S 'EXXaSos o-rpar^yov EuTrdXe/xov,
ttTr^X^ev ets MaKeSoriai/, ayooi/iaiv Trepi T-^S TOJV TroXe/uW Sia/Jacrews.
Diod. xix. 77.

5 Note in the manuscript Catalogue (now in the British
Museum) of his own collection, p. 33.

EUPOLEMUS. 137

tion 6 — is known to have come from Laodicea in Phrygia.
In the collection of Mr. W. E. Paton there are, as he has
kindly informed me, two specimens which he obtained
(from two different persons) during a short stay at Mylasa
in Caria.

All the coins of Eupolemus have the same type and
inscription,7 but there are two principal varieties : (i)
with a monogram in the field of the reverse ; (ii) with
the symbol of the double-axe in the field of the reverse.
On a specimen of (i) in the British Museum the mono-
gram is j?f.8 Mionnet9 publishes one with fvT, and
Dr. Yon Sallet10 describes a specimen in the Berlin
Museum (from the Fox Collection) as bearing the mono-
gram "frf, or perhaps M- It is possible that on these
three coins the monogram is in reality the same. Speci-
mens of (ii) with the double-axe are common. The two
coins obtained by Mr. Paton have this symbol, and there
are others in the British Museum and Berlin Museum.11
Another specimen with the double-axe, originally described
and engraved in Haym's Tesoro britannico (1720), ii. p.
64, passed through the Devonshire and Leake Collec-
tions 12 into the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge.13

6 Borrell's MS. Catal. p. 34, No. 1.

7 The specimen published in Millingen, Becueil, PI. III. 18,

p. 63, has the legend engraved as QA CMQY an^ *s rePre"
sented as without symbol or monogram on the reverse.

8 The coin in the British Museum from Laodicea has a
monogram, probably the same.

9 vi. p. 657, No. 311 = Sup. II. p. 560, No. 6.

10 Beschreibung, II. p. 8, No. 2.

11 Beschreibung, II. p. 8, No. 5.

12 Leake, Num. Hell, p. 20.

13 Another specimen with the double-axe (wrongly supposed
by Sestini to be a monogram) was in the Chaudoir Collection ;

138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The significance of the monogram on the coins I am
unable to determine ; but it is highly probable that the
double-axe (\af3pvs), the well-known attribute of the
Carian Zeus Aappavvfievs, is here the mint-mark of some
town in Caria. The provenance of Mr. Paton's coins
suggests Mylasa as the probable mint, and we find, in
fact, that the double-axe, or the double- axe and trident
combined, are the usual coin-types of Mylasa (Head, Hist.
Num., p. 529), an important seat of the worship of the
Carian Zeus.14 It should be added that Kaprima, the
Carian locality with which, in the account of Diodorus,
Eupolemus is brought into connection, is quite unknown.
The word " Kaprima " is probably corrupt (Droysen,
Hettenismus, ii. 2, p. 25, note 2), and Professor W. M.
Ramsay, whose valuable opinion I have obtained on the
point, suggests that it is a scribe's error for " Hylarima." 15
Professor Kamsay, in the map of "Asia, Lydia, and
Caria," in his Historical Geography of Asia Minor (p. 104,
cp. p. 423), places Hylarima (or Hyllarima) in the eastern
part of Caria, south of the river Maeander, and west of
the Morsynos. This position was fixed chiefly on the evi-
dence of Hierocles, but he informs me that he is now

see Sestini, Descr. Mus. Chaudoir, p. 49, No. 1 ; cp. Sestini,
Classes Generates, p. 85, where Eupolemus is described as a
general of Cassander, ruling " in Mysia."

14 Mr. Paton also informs me that he procured at Mylasa
— at the time when he acquired the Eupolemus coins — the
following specimen, attributable to Demetrius Poliorcetes :
Obv. Bearded male head r. wreathed (Poseidon ?). Rev. B A
on 1. and r. respectively of the prongs of a trident ; to the 1. of
the handle of trident, /? ; to the r., double-axe. JE. Size 13
millimetres.

is « y^ has been altered into KA under the influence of the
following KAPIAZ, and KAAPIMA has naturally been ' cor-
rected'to KAF1PIMA."

EUPOLEMU6. 139

inclined to look for Hylarima, in Western Caria, between
Mylasa and Mughla (Mobolla), a little south-west or west
of Stratoniceia.16 According to these corrections, there-
fore, the Kapriraa (leg. Hylarima) of Diodorus was near
Mylasa, the town now suggested as the mint-place of the
coins of Eupolemus.

WARWICK WROTH.

16 Prof. Bamsay has briefly discussed the site of Hylarima in
his Antiquities of Southern Phrygia, published in the American-.
Journ. of Arch., vol. iii. He would now propose to modify the"
passage as follows : — " Hyllarima is to be looked for virepOc
^rparoviKetas (Steph. Byz.). Under the Empire it struck coins
whose style suggests the Phrygian rather than the Ionian side
of Karia, and it is mentioned in the Byzantine lists : Hierokles
has Harpasa — Neapolis — Hylarema — Antiokheia — Aphrodisias,
which might suggest that Hyllarima is to be looked for south of
the Maeander and west of the Morsynos. But Stephanus is
supported by the order of the Notitiae, and I should place
Hyllarima between Mylasa and Mughla (Mobolla) a little south-
west or west of Stratoniceia, on the higher ground. In Diod.
Sic. xix. 68, read ('YAa)pi//,a."

IX.

NOTES ON COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS.

(See Plate V.)

I HOPE to be excused for venturing to put forward a few
remarks upon the coins of Cyprus. There is really so
little known, at present, concerning the different rulers of
the various divisions of ancient Cyprus, that every point
which can be added to that knowledge must necessarily
prove of assistance in building up the history of the past.

I have, during a twelve years' residence in Cyprus,
collected, so far as my means would allow, such coins as
appeared to me to belong to the island, or which, by the
numbers in which they were found, would appear to have
been in use there in olden times ; this must be my excuse
for asking the attention of numismatists to the following
short remarks.

I notice that M. Six has, in the Num. Chron. 3rd Ser.
vol. x., 1890, given to Salmacis in Caria, the coins figured
in PI. XVII., Nos. 14 and 15, principally, if not entirely,
on account of the conclusions arrived at by a study of the
monogram found on one of this class of coins. It is
almost presumptuous of me to ask M. Six to give a recon-
sideration to this decision, but as the coins alluded to are
comparatively frequent in Cyprus, I would venture to ask
him to recur to this matter again. If we turn to M. Six's
, pp. '2\Y2 and 293, it will be noted that

NOTES ON COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS. 141

in "No. 36 (a coin allied to those which he now assigns to
Salmacis), figured in PL VI., No. 15, we find between the
rays of the star the Cypriote letter % . Does M. Six pro-
pose to separate these allied coins, leaving one to Cyprus
and removing one to Salmacis ? I do not know if the
coin with the following description is one commonly found
in Caria, but I can assure M. Six that it is one of the
most common coins found in Cyprus.

Obv. — Head of Pallas, to the left, with collar and earrings,
in an Athenian helmet.

Eev. — Forepart of a bull swimming, to the left.

M. -55. [Vide Num. Chron., 3rd Series, vol. x.
Plate XVII., Fig. 15.]

Before reading M. Six's article referred to, I had ven-
tured to add to this series the following coins as being of
Cypriote origin, being led to this conclusion by the number
brought to me in Cyprus.

Obv. — Head of Hercules in lion skin to right, within a
beaded border.

Rev. — AAEHANAPoY. Bow and quiver above Z A.

M. '65. [See PL V., Fig. 1.]
The Z A stands for Salamis, the mint of issue.

Obv. — As above.

Bev. — As above. Z only above bow and quiver.

M. -45.

Obv. — As above.
Rev. — As above (and below the letter N).

JE. -4. [See Plate V., Fig. 2.]

The following coins are, I believe, unedited. I should
have been disposed to give the first to Moagetas of Paphos
(B.C. 420), were it not of a type so altogether different from
that ascribed to this king by M. Six (vide Series Cypriotes,
p. 357, No. 23 to 27). The letter 0, " Mo," within the

VOL. XI. THIRD SEKIES. U

142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

handled cross, is clear and distinct, and is placed where
the initial letter of a king's name is invariably to be
found.

Obv. — Head of Aphrodite diademed, to the left.

Rev. — Within an incuse square, containing a beaded border,
a single-handled cross with letter 0 " Mo."
M. -55. Wt. 49 grs. [Plate V., Fig. 3.]

The same letter is to be found on two bronze coins of a
later date.

Obv. — Head of Aphrodite (?) to right, within a beaded border.

ReV. — Within a laurel-wreath a single-handled cross, the
handle forming the letter 0 " Mo."
JE. -5. [Plate V., Fig. 4.]

On the next small coin we find a letter which is, as far
as I can trace, new to the Cypriote syllabary, and it would
appear to designate one of the kings of Paphos.

Obv. — Head of bull, facing, within a beaded border.

Rev. — Within an incuse square, an eagle standing to the left ;
in front, ^ •$. ; on right top corner, two leaves with
a berry between.

M. -3. Wt. 5-4 grs. [Plate V., Fig. 5.]

The following coin is very similar in style to, but yet
differs from, those described by M. Six at pp. 295 and 296,
and may, I think, be safely ascribed to Pnytagoras.

Obv. — Wreathed head of Aphrodite to right; flowing hair
behind.

Rev. — Head of Pallas to right, in Athenian helmet.
JE. -5. [Plate V., Fig. 6.]

The next two coins belong doubtless to the mint of
Citium.

NOTES ON COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS. 143

Obv. — Hercules, covered with a lion skin, advancing fighting,

to right.
Rev. — In an incuse square, and within a beaded border, a lion

seated to the right.

M. -6. Wt. 42-8 grs. [Plate V., Fig. 7.]

Obv. — Head of youthful Hercules to right, with club on
shoulder.

Rev. — Forepart of lion to right.

m. '55. [Plate V., Fig. 8.]

I do not feel sure of the attribution of the following.

Obv. — Head of Aphrodite (?) to right, hair in bands ; behind,

A.
Rev.— Head of Aphrodite (?) to right, letters behind (?), and

in front, hair in formal curls.

M. -65.

Obv. — Turreted head of Aphrodite to right.
Rev. — Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet to left.

N. -3. Wt. 9-5 grs. [Plate V., Fig. 9.]

The following silver coin of Evagoras differs from that
described by M. Six at p. 281, No. 5, in his Series Cy-
priotes, and also from that figured by the Duke de
Luynes, PI. IV., Fig. 1.

Obv. — Bearded head of Hercules, covered with a lion skin,
to the right.

:

Wnj

Oft
COlli

Rev. — Seated ibex to the right ; above, a grain of barley ; in
front, $ ; above, ^ & ^ .l
M. -85. Wt. 156-5 grs. [PI. V., Fig. 10.]

The Duke de Luynes, in his book, Numismatique et In-
scriptions Cypriotes, gives in PL V., Fig. 5, the drawing of

1 Since writing the above I have seen the very beautiful coin
of this class in the British Museum, from which that in my
collection is also a variant.

144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

a gold coin in which the Cypriote letter is made to appear
as ^. I have a similar coin in my collection, and from
this I read the letter — which is perfectly distinct — to be
•:ac-, a form new to the Cypriote syllabary.

Another correction I would like to make is in the
description of the coin of Praxippus of Kyrinia, see M.
Six's Series Cypriotes, p. 370. M. Six must, I think, have
seen a defaced or imperfect copy of this rare coin. I
cannot believe that it is correct to describe it as, " A
diademed head of Aphrodite crowned with myrtle," &c.
The specimen in my collection is —

0fer.— Wreathed head (I think Apollo), to the left ; behind,
P P.

Rev. — A two-handled crater [with B A].
JE. -6. [PL V., Fig. 11.]

I would desire to draw attention to the very large class
of coins attributed to Carthage, Panormus, and other
Phoenician settlements, which I have met with in Cyprus.
These coins would naturally be placed with those whose
attribution is already denned and settled ; but inasmuch
as Cyprus was a Phoenician colony before those which lie
more to the west, I cannot quite satisfy myself that the
original of these types may not have first come from the
older settlement. I put this idea forward for what it is
worth ; but even if the following coins were not minted
in Cyprus, they must at all events have circulated there
as currency, so many of them having reached me during
my sojourn in the island.

Obv. — Head of Persephone to left.

Rev. — Horse standing to right ; above, a star of eight rays.
M. -65.

NOTES ON COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS. 145

Obv. — As above.

Rev. — As above ; above, a winged globe, all within a beaded
border.

And variants, having on reverse : plain band
border; behind horse, a palm and signs, 5$) $&

o © • *f /. v :•

M. -85.

Obv. — Head of Persephone to right.
Rev. — Head of horse to right.

M. -8.

Obv. — Head of horse to right.
Rev. — Palm-tree with fruit.
JE. -65.

Obv. — Pegasus to left.
Rev. — Same as above.
JE. -6.

Obv. — Head of Persephone to left.

Rev. — Horse standing to right, head turned back.

M. -85.

I was unable to obtain the following gold coin of
Timarkos of Paphos, but the description of it is worthy
of finding a place here.

Obv. — Head of Aphrodite to left, crowned, crown ornamented
thus, ^ o v O ; hair in curls, and fastened up high
behind ; earrings of this shape, °g ; plain necklet,
dress showing.

Rev. — A pigeon standing on a line to the right; above, the
letters >{X X ^ J3, 5 ^n front of pigeon .£ "T^ 5
underneath, "PA ; all within a border of dots.
N. -45. Wt. 42-2 grs 1

Accepting the character 8 as standing for " ko," as
well as for " ro/' which we can do with Mr. Decke as an
authority, we read /\ X V >R as Ti-ma-ra-ko.

146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

IMPERIAL COINS.

Among the Imperial coins which I collected in Cyprus
the following are perhaps worth mentioning : —

AUGUSTUS.
Oiv.— CAESAR AVGVS. Head of Augustus, r., bare.

Rev. — Draped figure of Zeus Salaminios standing half left,
right arm outstretched, and 1. resting on staff.
On the right is the temple of Paphos.

M. -7. [PL V., Fig. 12.]

CLAUDIUS.

Obv.—T\. CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG. P.M. TR.

P. Head of Claudius. L, laur.

Rev.— KYflPlU)N in two lines across field ; around, €111
KOMINIOY nPOKAOY ANOYHATO.

M. 1-05. [PL V., Fig. 13.]

Next in order follow coins of Vespasian [PI. V., Fig.
14] and Trajan [PL V., Fig. 15], similar to Mionnet, iii.,
p. 672, No. 12, and 674, Nos. 29, 30. Between the jeign
of Trajan and the time of Sept. Severus (a period of
nearly eighty years), there seem to be no Imperial coins
attributed by Mionnet to Cyprus. May not this be simply
due to the fact that the coins struck in the island during
this interval did not bear its name ? However this may
be, I can speak for the frequency with which the following
coin of Antoninus Pius and M. Aurelius is met with in
Cyprus at the present time : —

Obv.-AVT. K. T. AIA. AAP. ANTONINOC
C€B. €YC€. Head of Ant. Pius, r., laur.

Rev.— M. AYPHAIOC KAICAP YIOC CGBAC.

Head of M. Aurelius, r., bare.

M. 1-35. [PL V., Fig. 16.]

NOTES ON COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS. 147

The latest Roman coin I met with is one of Geta,
similar to Mionnet, iii. p. 676, Nos. 40, 41.

KINGDOM OF CYPRUS.

In this branch of the numismatics of the island, I was
perhaps more fortunate, as I secured a fairly complete
series, embracing a period from about A.D. 1184 (the
accession of Isaac Comnenus) to the occupation by the
Venetians in A.D. 1553. Amongst this series there are
several of considerable rarity, and a few specimens which,
so far as I can gather, appear to be unpublished. With
Mr. Grueber's assistance I shall describe these in their
chronological order.

The first coin to be noticed is a gold bezant of Isaac
Comnenus, A.D. 1184 — 1191. The type of this coin is as
follows : —

Obv. — ICAAKIOC (in four lines on left). Full-length
figure of the king, facing, in royal robes, holding
in right hand sceptre, and orb in left.

Rev.— \C (XC) O €MMA(NOYHA). Half-length
figure of Christ, seated, facing, holding book.

N. 1-15.

The reverse of the coin is somewhat rubbed. M. Lam-
bros was the first to settle the attribution of these coins.
In his treatise on The Unpublished Coins of the Kingdom
of Cyprus, he also describes silver and copper coins of this
king ; but none of these latter have come into my posses-
sion. Isaac Comnenus was appointed Governor of Ar-
menia, but in 1184 he seized upon the Island of Cyprus,
and caused himself to be proclaimed Emperor. After a
troublous reign of seven years, in which he committed
many atrocities, he was deposed by Richard I. of Eng-
land, and ended his days in the castle of Margat, under
the custody of the Knights Templars.

148 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The next coin which I have to notice is of still greater
importance, as it forms a connecting link in the early part
of the series. It is a bezant blanc of the usual type, and
from the inscription, which unfortunately is only partly
legible, I have little hesitation in attributing it to the
Grand Master, Robert de Sable. The description of the coin
is as follows : —

Obr.— ROB. . . . DG CIPR. Full-length figure, facing,
crowned and wearing royal robes ; his right hand
rests on long sceptre ; his left holds orb.

2fo>. — Full-length figure of Christ, seated, facing, holding
book in left hand ; above, on either side of head,
1C XC.

EL. 1-15. [PI. V., Fig. 17.]

After the defeat and capture of Isaac Comnenus, the
Island of Cyprus was placed by Richard under the pro-
tection of English garrisons, which were engaged for some
time in putting down a revolt in favour of a Greek monk,
a relative of Isaac, of whose name there appears to be no
record. Richard, being desirous of massing his troops at
Acre, determined to withdraw the garrisons from the
island, and in order to relieve himself of all responsibility,
arranged to dispose of Cyprus to the Knights Templars, of
whom Robert de Sable was the Grand Master, for the sum
of 100,000 Bezants (Saracens}. This happened about the
middle of July, 1191. In accordance with this agree-
ment the Knights Templars took charge of Cyprus ; but
as their only aim in accepting the offer of Richard was
the acquisition of profit, a wholesale pillage of the inhabi-
tants quickly followed. Again the inhabitants revolted,
and at first gained the advantage ; but they were ulti-
mately defeated and took refuge in the mountains. The

NOTES ON COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS. 149

occupation, however, having proved less profitable than was
anticipated, the Knights Templars determined to abandon
the island and demanded back from Richard the sum that
had been paid to him for it. When negotiations were in
progress the inhabitants again revolted and proclaimed
Guy de Lusignan (King of Jerusalem) king of the island.
Guy having undertaken to make himself responsible for
the debt to the Knights Templars, his title was confirmed
by Richard, and he thus became the first King of Cyprus.
His proclamation took place in May, 1192.

It is, therefore, to the period from July, 1191, to May,
1192, that Mr. Grueber would attribute the issue of the
above coin, which was struck by the Knights Templars in
the name of the chief of their order. In type it resembles
the bezants of the period ; but it is interesting to note
that Robert de Sable is not styled REX CIPRI, but only
DE CIPRI. It is unfortunate that the whole inscription
is not legible ; but judging from the space occupied by the
first part of it, there appears to be only sufficient room for
the word ROBERT, and the whole inscription would
therefore read ROBERT DE CIPRI. The general fabric
and style of the coin is also in favour of this attribution,
as it resembles in this respect most of the coins of Isaac
Comnenus and Guy de Lusignan, who preceded and fol-
lowed the period of occupation by the Knights.

Of Guy de Lusignan, as King of Cyprus, I did not
obtain any coins, but I succeeded in securing two deniers
which from their type appear to have been struck by him
as King of Jerusalem, although his power in that capacity
was so limited as to earn for himself the title of roi sans
terres. These pieces are duplicates of each other; but
together supply the whole type and inscriptions. They

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES.

150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Obv.— REX GYIDO. Bust facing.
Rev. — EieROSALGSft. Circular building.
M. -7. [PI. V., Fig. 18.]

The building on the reverse is probably intended to
represent the Holy Sepulchre. No coins of this type
appear to have been elsewhere noticed.

Of the successors of Gruy de Lusignan, Hugo I. and
Henry II., I have three bezants of the former and four of
the latter. These do not vary from similar specimens
described by M. Schlumberger, Numismatique de V Orient
Latin, and by M. Lambros, in the work already referred to.
In one instance, viz., a coin of Henry I., the name of
Cyprus is spelt CIPEI and not CYPBI, a variety not
given by the authors referred to.

No coin of John I., 1284 — 1285, was known until M. de
Vogue published, in the Revue Numismatique, 1864, a
bezant blanc bearing that king's name, which being cup-
shaped and of an early fabric, could not be attributed to
John II. A duplicate of the coin, described by M. Vogue,
has come into my possession, and as it is so little known
I venture to again describe it here.

obv.— ion. Rax . iRLm . a . CYPR. Fuii-iength

figure of the king, facing; crowned and wearing
royal robes ; holding sceptre in right hand and
orb in left.

Rev. — Full-length figure of Christ seated, facing, his right
hand raised in benediction ; in left, scroll ; on
either side of head 1C XCl
EL. -95.

In style this coin is less Byzantine in character than
earlier specimens ; the crown of the king is Gallic in form
and the dress of the king is less archaic. M. de Vogue
considered his specimen unique, and M. Schlumberger
does not mention another. John I. was the eldest son of

NOTES ON COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS. 151

Hugo III. He was crowned at Nicosia, May 11, 1284,
and died in the following year on May 20.

Of Henry II. before and after the usurpation of Am-
alric, of the usurper himself, of Hugo IV., Peter I.,
Peter II., James I., Janus, and Louis- of Savoy, I have
numerous gros, half-gros, and deniers, which do not differ
materially in type from the coins described by M. Schlum-
berger and M. Lambros. There are, however, some slight
differences in the inscriptions mainly due to incorrect
spelling ; and on four gros of Amalric the shield on the
reverse is plain, i.e., without arabesques ; and on two gros
of Janus there is an S to left on the field of the obverse.

There remains but one other specimen deserving of
notice on account of its rarity. It is a gros of James II.,
A.D. 1460, whose son, James III., was the last King of
Cyprus. The type of this coin is as follows': —

Obv.— IACC ° BO ° DGCI ° 6R. King on horseback, to right ;
sword in right hand ; horse walking.

Rev.— E. °0 laRV ° CCIPRI °0 S.T °0 ARminiA « Cross of
Jerusalem, with diagonal hatching, and with Latin
cross in each angle.

M. -9.

This specimen differs from any previously published,
in having the name of Armenia in full. Of the gros
of this king there are two types, one with the horse
walking as above, and one with the horse galloping.
There is a specimen of the second type in the British
Museum, which is supposed to be unique.

M. Schlumberger thus writes of the gros of this king
— " Ces magnifiques gros, joyaux de la numismatique
chypriote, presque introuvables aujourd'hui, sont imites
des Cavalotti italiens ; la croix ombree du revers est em-
pruntee aux monnaies de Ferdinand Ier de Naples."

FALKLAND WARREN.

X.

ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN
MEDALLIONS.

(See Plate VI.)

I AM glad of an opportunity of calling attention to a few
Roman medallions in my collection which appear to
be hitherto unpublished. In giving an account of them
I shall not enter into the question that has been discussed
by my friend, Dr. F. Kenner,1 and others, as to how far
these pieces, which by modern numismatists are known
as medallions, were originally intended to be of the nature
of coins, and so to form part of the currency of the day.
I may, however, venture to express an opinion that what-
ever may have been the case in late Imperial times, some
at all events of the earlier pieces, such, for instance, as
the silver-plated medallion of Faustina the Elder, that I
shall presently describe, were really what may properly
be called medals, rather than current coins.

The first piece that I shall mention seems oddly enough
to come under neither of these categories, but to be what
may be termed a proof or trial piece, as it has been struck
on a large and thick flan from dtipondius, or " second-
brass " dies.

1 Num. Zeitschr. 1887, p. 1.

ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN MEDALLIONS. 153

AGEIPPA.

Obv.— M. AGRIPPA L. F. COS. III. Head of Agrippa,
1., with rostral crown, the whole within a beaded
circle.

Rev. — S. C. Neptune standing 1. naked, but with a mantle
over his shoulders ; in his r. a dolphin ; in his 1.
a trident ; the whole within a beaded circle.

M. 1-52 inches. Wt. 907 grs. [PL VI. No. 1.]

These types are precisely those of the common coins of
Agrippa, and commemorate his naval triumphs and his
receipt of the rostral crown in honour of his Sicilian
victory over Sextus Pompeius. The weight, however, is
about five times that of the ordinary coins. In the Fon-
tana sale in 1860 was a coin of this type struck on the
flan of a medallion, but I am unable to say whether the
coin in my cabinet is the identical piece or not.

HADRIAN.

Obv.— IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG.
Laureate and draped bust, r., within a beaded
circle.

Rev.— P.M. TR. P. COS. III. S. C. Minerva standing
left, with her r. dropping incense on a candela-
brum ; in her 1. a spear ; below, a buckler, on
which is a serpent. The whole within a beaded
circle.

M. 1-60 inches. Wt. 628 grs.

This again is a medallion struck from the large brass
or sestertius dies. The types are those of Cohen (2nd ed.),
No. 1066. He mentions a similar piece, which by Mion-
net had been classed as a medallion, and which is in the
Cabinet des Medailles at Paris. Mine was formerly in
the Sabatier collection, and formed Lot 273 in the sale
of his coins ; but it is not among those engraved in his

151 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Iconographie de cinq mille medaittes. The coin has been
considerably tooled, but the original weight can hardly
have been double that of the sestertius of Hadrian, well-
preserved specimens of which weigh about 380 grains.

ANTONINUS Pius.

Obv.— (IMP. CAESAR HADRIAN.) ANTONINVS AVG.
PIVS. Laureate head, 1.

Rev.— TR. POT. COS. II. Victory marching, 1. ; in her
r. a wreath (?) in her 1. a palm.

2&. 1'56 inches. Wt. 728 grs.

This finely executed medallion is unfortunately in such
a poor state of preservation that it is not worth while to
insert it in the plate. I have, however, thought it desir-
able to place the existence of the type on record. It must
have been struck in the year A.D. 139 ; but whether the
type commemorates the British victory over the Brigantes
is somewhat doubtful. Most of the coins of Antoninus
with the type of Victory were struck during his third
consulate.

FAUSTINA I.

Obv.— DIVA AVGVSTA FAVSTINA. Draped bust, r. ;
the hair gathered in a coil at the top of the head ;
the whole within a beaded circle.

Rev. — In a car drawn by two oxen to the r., conducted by
a driver on foot, two seated figures, the one of a
veiled female, the other of a priest (?) holding a
wand ; in the background a domed temple of six
columns.

M plated M. 1-46 inches. Wt. 535 grs. [PL VI.,
No. 2.]

This beautifully executed medallion is described by
Cohen (2nd cd.), No. 310, as in the Wiczay collection.

ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN MEDALLIONS. 155

He cites Caroni as having in the catalogue of the Museum
Heeler varium classed it among the silver medallions,
though from the Latin account there can be no doubt
that it was only plated " argento olim obductum cujus
pelliculae pars adhuc haeret." The fact that the piece is
plated seems to show that it was intended as a medal and
not as a coin. The obverse is the same as that of several
other medallions struck in honour of Faustina after her
death, but the reverse, so far as I know, has never been
figured, though, as I have already shown, it has more
than once been described. The temple in the back-
ground closely resembles that on a medallion of Lucilla,
Cohen (2nd ed.), No. 105, though the number of columns
there shown is only four instead of six, and is probably
that of Vesta. Cohen doubtingly suggests that the female
figure in the car is that of Vesta ; but it is a question
whether it is not rather intended for the empress. In the
temple of Vesta there does not appear to have been any
statue of her, as Ovid says : —

" Esse diu stultus Vestae simulacra putavi
Mox didici curvo milla subesse tholo.
Ignis inextinctus templo celatur in illo,
Effigiem nullam Vesta nee ignis habent." 2

Still, Vesta seated with the empress sacrificing before her,
appears on the reverse of more than one medal of Faustina.
On this I think that she is shown as being conducted in
company with her widowed husband, as Pontifex Max-
imus, in front of the temple of the goddess of the domestic
hearth, and possibly as entering on a new state of exist-
ence of which they are tracing the pomoerium with a
bullock and a heifer attached to the chariot instead of to

. . — . — , — . .

3 Fasti VI. 298.

156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the sacred plough. Luna or Selene is occasionally repre-
sented as drawn in a chariot by two white oxen, but I
do not think that this goddess is here personified.

MARCUS AUBELIUS.

Obv.— AVRELIVS CAES. ANTON. AVG. . . . Draped
youthful bust of Aurelius, r., slightly bearded.

Rev.— TR. POT. XII. COS. II. Nude male figure to 1.,
but looking r., holding in his r. the tail of a
serpent, which is coiled over his shoulders, with
its head resting on his extended left arm ; a
female draped figure looking 1. appears to be
stroking the serpent with her r., her 1. being at
her hip. Behind her is a tree, and between the
two figures an altar or cippus.
M. 1-50 inches. Wt. 788 grs. [PI. VI. No. 3.]

This, again, is an unpublished medallion. The type of
the reverse seems to be a youthful JEsculapius, or possibly
Apollo, with a serpent, which Salus or Hygieia is feeding
or caressing, above an altar. Among the medallions
struck under Lucius Verus, the colleague of Aurelius,
there are several on which the principal figure on the
reverse is that of Salus, either alone or, as in the case
of Cohen (2nd ed.), No. 347, associated with JEsculapius.
On that medal she holds a serpent in her arms, while
-ZEsculapius, as a bearded man in front of her, has a ser-
pent twined round his wand, which rests on the ground.
On one 3 of the medallions of Aurelius himself we find a
female figure beneath a tree feeding a serpent which is
wound round a statue of Salus ; and on another,4 Victory
and Minerva feeding a serpent upon an altar. A youth-
ful figure, with a serpent coiled round his shoulder, occurs
on some bronze coins of Thyatira in Lydia, and has been

3 Cohen, 2nd ed., No. 1049. * Op. cit., No. 871.

ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN MEDALLIONS. 157

regarded as that of Apollo (Mion. Sup. vii. p. 447). The
absence of the usual serpent-twined wand tells against
this figure being regarded as that either of ^sculapius or
of Apollo Salutaris. It may indeed be intended for that
of the youthful emperor himself in the act of propitiating
Hygieia, though this is hardly probable. In a previous
volume 5 of the Chronicle I have made some remarks on a
small medallion of Antoninus Pius, with a youthful figure
upon it of not improbably Apollo Salutaris. Whoever it
may be that is represented on this medallion of Aurelius,
the type may be regarded as referring to the recovery of
the emperor from an attack of some disease, or like that
of the small silver medallion of Gallienus it may have
been adopted in gratitude, OB CONSEKVATIONEM
SALVTIS, in the midst of some plague or epidemic.

MARCUS AURELIUS and COMMODUS.

Obv.—M.. AVREL. ANTONINVS AVG. IMP. L.

AVREL. COMMODVS AVG. Busts face to
face of the bearded Aurelius, r., and the youthful
Commodus, 1., each laureate and wearing the
paludamentum and cuirass ; the whole within a
beaded circle.

Rev.— PONT. MAX. TR. POT. XXXII. COS III. Mars
walking, r., helmeted and wearing chlamys tied
round the waist, the ends floating in the air ; in
his r. hand a spear ; in his 1. a trophy carried on
the shoulder.
2E. 1-50 inches. Wt. 706 grs. [PL VI., No. 4.]

This unpublished medallion has been slightly tooled,
but is, on the whole, in a satisfactory condition. Although
in type it closely resembles the medallion in the British
Museum (Cohen, 2nd ed. No. 5., Cat. 'of MedalL in B.M.,

5 Num. Chron. t N.S., vol. vii., p. 2.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. Y

158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

PI. XXIII. 1), it differs in the legend on the obverse and
in having a legend on the reverse which furnishes a date.
It was struck in A.D. 178, on the silver coins of which year
the figure of Mars also occurs. The type no doubt com-
memorates the second expedition into Germany, under-
taken by Aurelius in company with his son, in order to
quell the disturbances which had arisen among the Ger-
man tribes. We even know that the expedition set out
on the third nones of the month Commodus,6 the name
conferred on the month of August by that wilful emperor.

ALEXANDER SEVERUS.

1. Obv.— IMP. ALEXANDER PIVS AVG. Laureate bust,

r., wearing paludamentum and cuirass, the whole
within a beaded circle.

Rev.— SPES PVBLICA. Hope advancing, 1., with her left
hand holding up the skirt of her tunic, with her
r. presenting a small Victory (?) to the emperor,
who stands before her clad in paludamentum and
cuirass, his r. extended, and in his 1. a sloping
spear ; behind him are two soldiers, the foremost
of whom holds an upright spear, and the other a
purse ; the whole within a beaded circle.

M. 1-44 inches. Wt. 647 grs.

2. Obv. — As No. 1. Half-length bust of the emperor, 1.,

laureate, wearing cuirass and paludamentum, the
regis on his breast ; in his r. a Victory holding a
trophy ; his 1. holding a sword (?) the hilt formed
by an eagle's head ; the whole within a circle.

Rev. — As No. 2, but the surrounding circle is plain.

M. 1-38 inches. Wt. 616 grs. [PL VI., No. 5.]
Of these two medallions the former, especially on the
reverse, has suffered so much from corrosion that it is not
worth while to figure it. A part of the description of the
type has been made up from No. 2. Both seem to be
unpublished, though a small variety of the size of the

Litnii>ridhtx in Coiiiniodo (p. 50, Paris ed. 1620).

ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN MEDALLIONS. 159

dupondius is given by Cohen, No. 552, and is figured in
the Catalogue of Roman Medallions in the British Museum,
PL XXXIX., No. 4.

The obverse of No. 2 presents a bust almost identical
with that on the magnificent gold medallion of Alexander
in the Cabinet des Medailles at Paris (Cohen, 2nd ed.,
No. 406), which is of the same size, and weighs 790 grains.
It seems, therefore, probable that the bronze' medallion
was struck at about the same time or a little later, as it
bears the title of PIVS, which was not assumed until
A.D. 231, whereas the gold medal was struck in A.D. 230.
It seems to have been in 231 that the Yota Vicennalia of
the Emperor were celebrated, and possibly the Spes
Publica type may to some extent be a remembrance of
these Vota, and to a still greater the expression of a devout
hope for victory for the powerful army that Alexander
was about to lead into Mesopotamia in A.D. 232, by means
of which he successfully drove Artaxerxes beyond the
confines of the Roman Empire.

Both these medallions, like many others, are struck on
flans made of two metals, the centre being of copper,
which is surrounded by a ring of bronze or brass. In the
case of the second medallion both metals are equally
covered by a dark green patina, but the line of junction
between the central circle and the outer ring is visible.
PROBUS.

Obv.— IMP. C. PROBVS P. F. AVG. Radiate bust of
the emperor, 1., with his r. holding a bridle
attached to the head of a horse ; on his 1.
shoulder, a buckler ; the whole within a beaded
circle.

Rev.— PROBVS CONS. IT. Probus' holding a branch in
his r., and crowned by a Victory behind him,
both in a four-horse chariot, slightly to the left ;

160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

led by a soldier, another following ; the whole
within a beaded circle.
M. gilt, 1*08 inches. Wt. 164£ grs. [PI. VI., No. 6.]

This small medallion, which has been thickly gilt, is
unfortunately but in poor preservation. The types, how-
ever, are so singular that I have thought it worthy of
being included in the Plate. It affords, I believe, the
earliest example of a Roman emperor being represented
on a medal as leading his horse by the bridle, though
this type is not uncommon under Maximianus, with the
legend V1RTVS MAXIMIANI AVGK The usual device
on the shield of Maximianus is the wolf and twins, but
what it was on this shield carried by Probus cannot now
be seen. A horseman led by Victory or prancing over
his foes is portrayed on the shields on the obverse of some
others of his medallions.

The legend on the reverse is curious, as it seems to end
in CONS. II., instead of the usual formula— COS. II.
This reading, however, occurs on several small brass coins
of Probus. The treatment of the triumphal car bearing
the emperor crowned by Victory is quite different from
what it is on the large medallion with the legend
PROBVS P.F. AYG. COS. IIII. (Cohen, 2nd ed. No.
465). It is more like that of some of the medallions of
Philip and his family, such as Cohen, No. 11. The date
appears to be A.D. 278, in which year Probus is said to
have pacified Illyricum and Thrace.

I have only to repeat that the whole of the medallions
described are in my own cabinet, and that the second
medallion of Alexander and that of Probus were added to
my collection by the late Mr. C. Roach Smith.

JOHN EVANS.

XL

ON A PAX PENNY ATTRIBUTED TO WITNEY.

DURING the Saxon and early Norman period, moneyers
were stationed for a longer or shorter time in many towns
which are now of but little importance. The establish-
ment of several of these mints is attested by contemporary
charters, but of others we have no documentary evidence,
In the latter case, the coins themselves are often a suffi-
cient proof of the existence of a mint, of which we have
no other record : but a few of the suggested attributions
are extremely doubtful. Among such disputed mints, the
claim of Witney seems deserving of consideration, for it
rests on no less an authority than Ruding's Annals of the
Coinage. In the third edition of that work, coins of
Harold II., reading pITNI, and coins of William reading
pITTI, are attributed to the town in question.

Witney, which is situated about eleven miles from
Oxford, in the hundred of Bampton, is a place of great
antiquity. It was one of the manors given by Emma of
Normandy to the church of St. Swithin, Winchester, in
A.D. 1040; and from Domesday Book we learn that
Witney was then the property of the see of Winchester,
Eps Winton ten Witenie. Later, in the reign of Edward
III., Witney became a royal borough,- and returned two
members of Parliament. It would, therefore, seem to
have been a place of considerable importance in early

162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

times, and not an unlikely town to have been selected as
the abode of a resident moneyer. Yet, although it was
of comparatively greater importance at that time than it
is at the present, the currency required by its inhabitants
might easily have been supplied from the neighbouring
mints of Oxford, Wallingford, Cricklade, and Gloucester.
In Hawkins' Silver Coins of England there is no notice of
a mint at Witney ; the pennies of Harold II., reading
J7ITIII (Ruding's J7ITNI) and J7ITTI, being doubtfully
ascribed to Wilton. This attribution appears to be con-
firmed by some coins of Harold II., and some Pax pennies
of William, in the British Museum. The coins of Harold
are by the moneyer Centwine, and read : —

CENTJ7INE ON J7ITI.
CENTJ7INE ON J7I.
CENTJ7INE ON J7ITNI.
CENTJ7INE ON J7ILT.

The Pax pennies are by the moneyer lelfwine, and
read : —

IELFJ7INE ON pITII.
IELFJ7INE ON J7ITV.
IELFJ7INE ON

There is also a penny by the moneyer Sefmroi, read-
ing:—

SEFMROI ON J7ITL

This latter piece can hardly be separated from the coins
by lelfwine and Centwine, so as to attribute it to the mint
of Witney, whilst all the others are assigned to Wilton.
If we were guided entirely by the way in which the
name of the town is spelt on the coins, those reading J?I
or pILT might be given to Wilton, and all in which the L
was omitted from the name might be attributed to Witney.
But this division raises a new difficulty. Under Harold

ON A PAX PENNY ATTRIBUTED TO WITNEY. 163

II. we should have a moneyer named Centwine working
at one of these towns and afterwards removed to the other.
Or we should have two moneyers of this unusual name
working at the same time, one at "Wilton, the other at
Witney. And we should also have a similar coincidence
to account for rather later, with regard to a moneyer, or
moneyers, bearing the name of lelfwine. Had the moneyers
of these pieces borne the more common names of Wulf-
wine and Godwine, the coincidence would have been less
striking ; but it is almost without precedent that, in two
towns so far apart as these, a moneyer bearing such a
name as Centwine should, in each case, have been suc-
ceeded by one with such an unusual name as lelfwine.
It is, therefore, far more probable that all the coins of
these two moneyers were struck at Wilton.

A Pax penny in my collection, reading SEFMROI ON
PITI, differs slightly from those which are published, in
having neither pellets nor annulet on the king's right
shoulder. It was described in the catalogue of a recent
date as of the "Witney mint, but should, apparently, be
ittributed to Wilton. Although in the Murchison and
later catalogues, the pennies struck by the moneyer,
;fmroi, are assigned to Witney, they used formerly to

considered to belong to Wilton, as can be proved by a
reference to the Durrant and Christmas catalogues. In
the case of a deubtful attribution it is safer, temporarily,

ascribe any disputed coin to the commoner mint. It
is, of course, impossible to prove that coins were never
struck at Witney : yet we may venture to assert that
there is but slender evidence for the belief that a mint
was ever established there.

G. F. CROWTHER.

XII.

ON THE DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY
AND HATFIELD.

WE are indebted to our learned President for a very able
and instructive paper on "A Hoard of Silver Coins
found at Neville's Cross, Durham." This appeared in the
Numismatic Chronicle (3rd S., vol. ix., p. 312), and
would have been referred to by me before this, had it
not been that pressure of work in other directions has
hitherto prevented my putting into shape the few notes
that I made at the time when the paper was read. The
chief interest in Dr. Evans's contribution lies in the fact
that he suggests the probability that the Durham pennies
with the crosier to the right on the reverse, heretofore
attributed by most numismatic writers to Bishop Hatfield,
were really struck during the episcopate of Bishop de
Bury, and that the pennies of the former Bishop have
the crosier on the reverse to the left, and not to right.

This is a simple point, though riot of quite so simple a
solution, and I venture to put forth a few considerations
upon which I think that the contrary view may well be
taken, and the old attribution sustained.

In the first place, with regard to the find to which
Dr. Evans's paper owes its origin, I strongly suggest that
the coins of which it was constituted were the property
of, and were deposited by, a Scotchman or a traveller from

DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 165

Scotland. During a period of seventy or eighty years at
least, the coinages of the first three Edwards may be said
to have constituted the main currency of Scotland, and
in stating this fact Mr. Burns, in his Coinage of
Scotland, further adds that in all the more extensive
finds of coins belonging to the latter part of the thirteenth
and the first half of the fourteenth century, the English
coins have outnumbered the contemporary Scotch coins,
Alexanders, Baliols, Robert Bruces and Davids, in the
proportion of about thirty to one. In English hoards
very few Scotch pennies are present, and Scotch groats
are essentially scarce. The comparatively large number
of Edinburgh and Perth groats, therefore, in the Neville's
Cross find tends to confirm my opinion as to the probable
depositor of the hoard, and points to the fact that having
travelled but a short distance from his home or starting-
point, his stock of English coins would naturally consist,
in most part, of York and Durham pennies.

The importance of this point is the greater as, if

sustainable, it would tend to show that in all probability

the English coins contained in the hoard, which was

ipparently deposited between A.D. 1375 and 1380, were

lot accumulated over a long period of time, but were

Ided to the depositor's stock during his temporary visit,

id, therefore, fairly represented at that time the state of

le currency in those parts.
This being so, it would further appear that the type of

e greater number of the Durham pennies which were
the hoard, and which type is distinguished by the
>sier on the reverse being turned to the left, might, as
Dr. Evans has concluded, be more certainly the type
adopted by Bishop Hatfield, who then occupied the See,
than that adopted by Bishop de Bury, who had died more

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 7.

1G6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

than thirty years previously ; but it is difficult and dan-
gerous to make attributions on the strength of a compara-
tively small deposit of coins ; and there may have been
some special cause in the present instance to account for
the inclusion in the find of so many examples of a type
which, hitherto, has been of extreme rarity. My own
opinion is that the coins, both with the crosier to the left
and with the crosier to the right, were^ alike struck by
Bishop Hatfield, and that at present we have no coins
that we can safely attribute to Bishop de Bury. The
worn condition of the pieces contained in the Neville's
Cross hoard may well be accounted for by the fact that
at the date of their deposit Bishop Hatfield had already
occupied the See for at least thirty years. It is clear
that there is no conclusive reason why Bishop De Bury
should not have struck coins during his episcopate, and
I was so impressed with this idea that, long before the
appearance of Dr. Evans's paper, I had tentatively
assigned to that prelate a penny in my own collection
which bore the crosier to the left of the peculiar forma-
tion described in that paper. In a letter addressed to me
on the 22nd October, 1889, Mr. W. M. Maish, of Bristol,
had independently come to the same conclusion, but at
the same time, he enclosed for my perusal some notes
on the subject, written by Mr. W. H. D. Longstaffe, a
shrewd judge and expert in connection with all matters
relating to our Northern mints.

Mr. Longstaife takes (as I do now) an opposite view.
He writes : " There is another coin, unquestionably
Hatfield's, whereon the crook is turned to the left. There
is really nothing in the direction, as I once explained to
Sir G. G. Scott."

Now, before proceeding further with the discussion, it

DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 167

will be well to note plainly the succession and duration of
the episcopacies in question, and secondly the differences
in weights during those periods. The latter are particu-
larly important, as Dr. Evans bases some portion of his
argument upon the lighter weight of what he considers
to be the later pieces.

Bishop Kellow, to whom, as it is on all hands acknow-
ledged, the earlier pieces with the crosier to the left,
struck during the reign of Edward II., must be attributed,
held his office from 1311 to 1316, Bishop Beaumont from
1316 to 1333, Bishop De Bury from 1333 to 1345, and
Bishop Hatfield from 1345 to 1381. As Edward I. ceased
to reign in 1307, Edward II. in 1327, and Edward III. in
1377, it follows that Bishop De Bury's coins could only
have been struck during a period of twelve years in the
reign of Edward III., and those of Bishop Hatfield, during
a period of thirty-two years in the reign of the same
lonarch, and four years in the reign of Richard II.

The weight of the currency was, under the royal ordi-
ices, fixed from 1327 to 1344 at 22^ grains to the

mny, from 1344 to 1346 at 20^ grains to the penny,

)m 1346 to 1351 at 20 grains to the penny, and from
L351 to 1377, and afterwards, at 18 grains to the penny.
[t must be presumed that the episcopal coinages were,

[ually with the regal issues, regulated by these standards
)f weight.

This being so, it is clear that if there be any pennies

)ined by Bishop De Bury they should be of the weight
22|- grains or thereabouts, and Dr. Evans is certainly
'ight in assuming that the lighter coins in a hoard would
more probably be those of Bishop Hatfield than of his
predecessor. But how do the facts stand ?

The whole of the pennies comprised in the Neville's

168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Cross hoard are under the weight of 18 grains. Can,
therefore, any one of them be said to have been coined
during the episcopate of De Bury, whose pennies should
have been of the weight of 22f grains ?

It is true that some or even all of the pieces may
have been more or less worn, but not, I think, to such an
extent as to exhibit so important a deficiency of weight.
On the question of weight, therefore, I am of the same
opinion as was held by Mr. Longstafie, and I am inclined
to think that not only are there none of Bishop De Bury's
coins in the hoard, but that so far as we, at present,
know, he struck no coins at all.

I quite agree with Dr. Evans that, seeing that this
Bishop's predecessors and successor alike issued numerous
pieces, it is very strange that he should not have exercised
his privilege of coining ; but it must be remembered that
he occupied his See for twelve years only, and that
probably the prolific coinage of those who preceded him
may have sufficed during his episcopacy for the require-
ments of his district. It is also not unlikely that being
on such intimate terms with the king, and being a great
statesman and wily diplomatist to boot, he was quite
satisfied and willing to waive his privilege in favour of his
sovereign, and that during his episcopate the pennies
issued from the royal mints of London and other towns
circulated in Durham more largely in proportion with the
local pieces than was the case during the episcopates of the
other bishops.

It would appear also, from the entries relating to
Bishop De Bury, that although he had his patent to coin
in 1344, the delivery of the dies was only authorised in
1345, the last year of his episcopate, which is a still
stronger argument in favour of the contention that if he

DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 169

coined at all, this could only have been for the shortest
possible period and to a very limited extent. It is true
that the original patents are not forthcoming, and that
Noble searched for them in vain, but there seems no valid
reason to doubt the fact of the entries being accurate, and
still less reason to doubt the fact that no previous patent
was granted. None, at all events, has been recorded.

Although the royal occupants of the throne from time
to time granted patents to the Bishops of Durham enabling
them to coin, they must have always regarded with some
slight jealousy these ecclesiastical encroachments upon
their own sovereign rights of coinage, which involved
profit as well as honour. When Richard II. ascended the
throne, Bishop Hatfield appears to have entirely ceased to
coin, and this most probably was due to the fact either
that the king was not applied to or that he refused to
grant a patent for the purpose, and from that period until
the reign of Henry VI. the episcopal coinage seems to
have been suspended, notwithstanding that the actual
right to coin on the part of the bishops seems to have
been, from time to time, preserved.1

The diplomacy of Bishop De Bury did not so much
exhibit itself in his not coining, as it did in his apparently
not applying for a patent enabling him to do so, until, at
events, a very late period of his episcopacy. Having
:gard to the fact that he was successively cofferer,
surer of the wardrobe, keeper of the privy seal, twice

rabassador to Pope John XXII., Dean of Wells, and
finally Bishop of Durham, as before stated, in 1333, by

brce of the King's authority, backed up by the Pope,

1 Ruding (vol. ii. p. 166) states that no episcopal coins of
VI. are known, but we certainly have pennies of Bishops
igley, Nevill, and Booth, of that reign.

170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and in opposition to the wishes of the monks of Durham,
who had ineffectually nominated their sub-prior, Robert
de Graystanes, it is clear that he had sufficient influence
with the king to have, at any time, obtained his patent if
he had wished to do so. As a matter of fact, however,
we have only records of patents having been granted to
him in 1344 and 1345. The latter was the year of his
death, and the patent then received by him arrived,
probably, too late to be acted upon.

The record relating to the first patent appears in the
sixth volume of the manuscript copy of Rymer's Feeder a
in the Cotton Library, but not in the printed volumes, and
runs thus :— " 1344, 18th Edw. III. Syllabus Index 32
pro (Richard Bury) Episcopo Dunolm de Cuneis pro
Sterlingis Number 93." Tanner's Notitia, page 113, says,
"proTribus Cuneis pro Sterlingis monetis Regis fabri-
candis." The second patent is referred to as follows : —
"1345, 19th Edw. 3d Syllabus Index 33 pro (Richard
Bury) Episcopo Dunolm de Cuneis Liberandis. Number
102." Then follows in the same manuscript a significant
entry as follows : —

" 1345 De Cuneis (Electo Thomas Hatfield) Episcopo
Dunelm Liberandis, Number 136," showing clearly that
Bishop Hatfield had his patent immediately on his elec-
tion, and thereby rendering it the more probable that
Bishop De Bury's patents were not acted upon at all.

Another reason why Bishop De Bury did not apply for
or obtain a patent earlier in his episcopate, may have
been that he was so engaged in his other occupations that
he could afford to neglect some of the duties that were
attached to his diocese, although that he was a good
administrator is amply proved by his Chancery Rolls,
which are the earliest preserved in the archives of Dur-

DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 171

ham. He was one of those energetic prelates — more
statesmen than ecclesiastics — who were so numerous in
the Middle Ages, both here and abroad.

In the year following his appointment to his See, he
was made High Chancellor of England, and in 1336 was
appointed Treasurer. In 1335 he resigned his Chancel-
lorship in order that he might serve the king as ambassa-
dor in Paris, Hainault, and Germany. In 1337 he was
employed as a Commissioner for the affairs of Scotland.
In 1342 he was again employed to effect a truce with the
King of Scotland. In addition to all this, he devoted a
great portion of his time to his library, which was larger
than that of all the other bishops put together, and he
had the reputation, which he still enjoys, of having been
among the first bibliophiles of England. His Philobib-
lon, which was written as a sort of handbook to his
library at Durham College, was a standard work for many
years after his time, and one observation in it is pertinent
to the present inquiry. " No one can serve books and
Mammon," he exclaims. May this not be a reason why
he devoted little or no attention to the profitable question
of the coinage ?

If Bishop De Bury had coined any money one might
presume, having regard to his fair descent and to his
high position, that he would have affixed to his coins
either his badge or some reference to his family arms.
This was the case with Bishop Beck, who made use of
the cross-moline, and of Bishop Beaumont, who exhibited
the lion rampant, sometimes accompanied by one or more
fleurs de Us. It is true that the coins of Bishop Kellow
show only the crosier turned to the left on the reverse ;
but, as is pointed out by Mr. Bartlet (Archaol. vol. v. p.
336), that bishop adopted this slight distinction on his

172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

pennies because, being promoted only for his merits, he
had no pretensions to family arms. The same remark
applies to Bishop Hatfield.

Neither Mr. Bartlet nor Archbishop Sharp, whose
manuscript work (since printed) forms the earliest autho-
rity on coins of this period, appears to suggest that Bishop
De Bury ever coined money.

An important point to be further considered is that of
the relative duration of the two successive episcopates.
De Bury, as before stated, was bishop during twelve
years ; Hatfield during thirty-two years in the reign of
Edward III. The continuation of the episcopate of the
latter for the period of four years during the reign of
Richard II. may be excluded from consideration, as,
apparently, no episcopal coins were struck during that
reign.

Now it is perfectly true that in the Neville's Cross
find, as Dr. Evans observes, the coins with the crosier to
the left on the reverse predominated, and that, therefore,
they might fairly be considered as having been issued by
Bishop Hatfield ; but in all other respects and in all
other finds, the pennies with the crosier to the right have
been plentiful, and have enriched all our cabinets to the
exclusion of those of the other tvpe, of which, before the
discovery at Neville's Cross, only three or four examples
can have been known. Surely a bishop who ruled his
diocese for thirty-two years with full rights of coinage
granted to him from the very first year of his appoint-
ment, would have left behind him more coins than would
have been bequeathed to posterity by his predecessor
who, probably, only received an effective patent during
the last year of his episcopate.

On the historical part of the argument I can only

DURHAM PENNIES. OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 173

repeat that I do not think that Bishop De Bury coined at
all, and that the pennies with the crosier to the left on
the reverse merely constitute a variety of the type adopted
by Bishop Hatfield. The only question, in that event,
remaining for solution is, why, unlike every other find of
the kind, the Neville's Cross hoard should have contained
so large a proportion of a very rare variety.

This may have been due to some exceptional cause,
upon which no certain light can at present be thrown. As,
however, these rare pieces, as appears by their coarse and
rough fabric and workmanship, and the form of their
lettering, are clearly later in date than the ordinary pen-
nies with the crosier to the right, may it not be that they
constitute a later issue of a limited extent, though their
worn appearance would suggest that in any event they
must have been struck some years before the decease of
Edward III. That they were the result of a later issue
is further evidenced by the fact that the name of the city

spelt on most of the pieces as DVROLSft instead of

ESma and DVnffLSttia, and their varieties, which
Imost invariably occurred on the Durham coins of the
irlier issues, whilst DVROLSft and its varieties are the

lal spelling in the succeeding reigns. If the reading
)f the four coins with the crosier to the right, which
>r. Evans states to have been DVn&LSIUet, or possibly
)VROLSIlieC, be the former, these would probably be
)ieces struck immediately before the later issue, and may

considered to form a transitional type between the
irlier and later coins struck by Bishop Hatfield.

I am inclined to think that DVnetLmieC will be found
to be the true reading on the four coins in question,
particularly as one of the pennies with the crosier to the
left reads DVRaLfll, and four, DVEGtmeC ; these five pieces
being probably the earliest of that type that were struck.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. A A

174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Of the sixty-one Durham coins of this period contained
in the Montrave hoard not one reads DYROLm or
OLmia ; but all have the earlier reading,

DVKffLsnet, DVEecmec, &c.

The York pennies included in the Neville's Cross hoard,
sixty-nine in number, were also of very inferior fabric
and workmanship, and similar in those respects and in
the form of the lettering to the Durham pennies, and
were evidently struck at the same period. Their average
weight is little more than 16£ grains.

It will be useful now to consider the circumstances
of the Montrave hoard already referred to, which con-
tained (inter alia) nine thousand coins of our Edward, the
largest number that has occurred in any find within
recent times. A full account of this hoard, which was
discovered on the 10th May, 1877, at Montrave, in Fife-
shire, is given by the late Mr. Burns in his Coinage of
Scotland (Edinburgh, 1887), vol. i. p. 187. I do not quite
follow or agree with the author in many of his argu-
ments and conclusions, but on questions of weight and
type, the facts preserved by him are of the utmost value
in connection with the subject of the Durham coinage of
that period.

Mr. Burns, in the account referred to, attributes to
Bishop Hatfield sixty-one specimens of the Durham type
denominated by him, A. 53, all having the upper limb of
the cross bent to the right, like the head of a crosier, save
in one case, where the head of the crosier was connected
with the second limb of the cross. The name of the city
is on these spelt in many ways, and altogether these sixty-
one coins comprised twenty-nine different varieties. The
weight is important, as the average was 17|f grains, the
heaviest weighing 20 grains. These pieces were the latest
in date of the pennies contained in the hoard, and with

DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 175

regard to them, Mr. Burns remarks that their light weights
and their correspondence in the style of bust, and of the
inscriptions on the obverse, with the half-groats of
Edward III., point them out as belonging to the coinages
ordered in 1351 in the proportion of 18 grains to the ster-
ling.2 This naturally necessitates their attribution to
Bishop Hatfield ; and it seems, in addition, scarcely pos-
sible that during the very short time during which Bishop
De Bury was able to coin, so many varieties from so many
dies could have been issued by him. It may be urged
further that the Montrave hoard was deposited, at the
earliest, after 1356, seeing that there were found therein
nineteen examples of the REX SCOTTORVM penny of
David II., which could only have been struck in or after
that year. As Hatfield succeeded to the espiscopate in
1345, any argument contrary to mine would leave no coins
in the hoard to represent at least eleven years of his rule,
notwithstanding that, as before stated, he had the power
of striking coins immediately after his election. This
appears in the highest degree improbable.

1 have now to refer to the important contribution made
by Mr. Arthur J. Evans to our history of the coinage of
this period, and contained in his paper on " A Hoard of
Coins Found at Oxford" (Num. Chron. N. S., vol. xi.).
There were, apparently, only three Durham pennies in
that hoard, with the crosier on the reverse turned to the
right, and none with the crosier turned to the left. Their
average weight was 17f grains only. The hoard, accord-
ing to Mr. Evans, must have been buried or lost shortly
ifter 1344. Clearly it could not have been deposited
before 1345, and if then or shortly afterwards, the reason
why there were so few of Bishop Hatfield' s coins in the

2 The weights indicate, rather, the coinage of 1346, a date
also consistent with their attribution to Hatfield.

176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

hoard is sufficiently explained ; but if Bishop De Bury
exercised his right of coinage at all, how can it reasonably
be explained why there were no pieces struck by him con-
tained in the hoard, seeing that the dates of the pieces
included in it embraced the whole period of his episcopate ?
Certainly, only by assuming that either he struck no coins
at all, or that those issued by him are of extreme rarity.

Some further considerations on the subject of weight
present themselves. During the whole of Bishop De
Bury's episcopate from 1333 to 1345, the standard weight
of the penny was, as before stated, 22f grains. It is true
that in 1345, and thenceforward to 1347, the weight was
reduced to 20|- grains, and, therefore, that he might have
coined, in his last year, pennies of the last-mentioned
weight, but it is clear that no penny of the reign of
Edward III. with a crosier to the right has ever been
found to weigh more than 20|- grains, and equally clear
that no penny of that reign with the crosier to the left
has occurred with any approximation to that weight. The
former pennies are very numerous, and exist in every
collection, therein differing very materially from those
with the crosier to the left. It is a fair experiment to
take the sixty-one specimens found in the Montrave
hoard as a test. From an examination of these it is
manifest that Bishop Hatfield struck heavier pieces
earlier in his episcopate (as, in fact, he was bound to do),
and lighter pieces when, in 1346, the standard weight
was reduced to 20 grains, and in 1351 to 18 grains.

The average weight of the twenty- two pieces of the
rarer type in the Neville's Cross find was 17^- grains,
but the average weight of the eleven examples of the
common type with the crosier to the right was only 17^
grains — not a substantial difference, or one of sufficient
importance upon which to build a theory, but still con-

DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 177

firming, rather than otherwise, the views which I have
ventured to put forward. The coins in my own cabinet,
with the crosier to the right, weigh from 14^ to 17^
grains, although all are in a fair state of preservation. I
may be permitted to make a digression by stating that
one of them, weighing 16f grains, is of an unpublished
type, probably a mule, reading EDWAEDVS EEX
ANGLII, with annulets between the words and m.m.
crown on the obverse, and CIVITAS DVEGCMS, also with
an annulet after each word, on the reverse. My solitary
example of the penny with the crosier to the left weighs
but 16 grains.

Surely these weights indicate that all the coins were
struck by Bishop Hatfield, and that none can be attributed
to his predecessor.

Hawkins (3rd ed. 1887, p. 210) states, with regard to
the pennies of Edward III. generally, that they were all,
>r almost all, apparently struck after 1351, when the
weight was reduced to 18 grains, and that probably those
:uck before this time bore a more abbreviated form of
ie king's name. The author acted prudently in qualify-
ig his statement, as some of the Durham pennies in the
[ontrave hoard, attributed by Mr. Burns and myself to
Jishop Hatfield, weigh as much as 20 grains.
In dealing specifically with the Durham pennies of this
sign, Hawkins refers to two examples having a crosier-
formation to the left, both of which are in the national
Election, and he remarks, in connection with his attri-
)ution of pennies to Bishop Hatfield, that these " gene-
rally have the crosier to the right " ; evidently, therefore,
by inference, including in his attribution the two pennies
with the crosier to the left.

It is noteworthy that in the case of these pieces weigh-
ing 141 and 18 grains respectively, the former has the

178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

peculiar formation of the crosier head before referred to,
but the latter, which is distinguished also by having two
pellets in the centre of the reverse (Hks. 313), has the
ordinary form of the crosier head.

It occurred to me, while I was engaged upon this paper,
that the seals of the bishops might throw some light on
the subject, and I am not sure but that, inferentially,
some argument may not be founded upon them. Upon
the pennies of Bishop Kellow, in the time of Edward II.,
the crosier on the reverse is, as before stated, turned to
the left. Upon reference to his ecclesiastical seal it is
found that upon that also the Bishop is represented with
his crosier turned inwards. Bishop De Bury had two
ecclesiastical seals, and on both of these, and on his seal
also, adcausas, he is represented with his crosier turned out-
wards. Bishop Hatfield, on his ecclesiastical seal, has no
figure of himself, but Bishop St. Cuthbert, who is repre-
sented thereon in company with King Oswald, bears a
crosier turned inwards. On his great seal in Chancery,
Bishop Hatfield is represented with the crosier turned
outwards.

If there be any such analogy between the direction of
the crosier on the seals and that on the coins, as that which
presumptively arises from the fact that in the case of Bishop
Kellow the crosier was turned inwards on both, then it is
clear that any coins struck by Bishop Hatfield might,
having regard to the distinctive features of his two seals,
fairly bear on their reverse the crosier turned to the right
or to the left as occasion or taste might dictate.

In the Middle Ages the types of coins were not infre-
quently copied from designs on seals, as is proved by Sig.
Papadopoli in his paper on " Enrico Dandolo e le sue
mouete " (Ruista Ital. di Numismatica, 1890, p. 511), and
had been previously shown by Mons. C. Piot in his mono-

s

C01

DURHAM PENNIES OF BISHOPS DE BURY AND HATFIELD. 179

graph entitled " Etudes sur les Types," published in the
Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1848.

Summing up my somewhat desultory remarks, and with
great deference to Dr. Evans's arguments, and equally
great trepidation in venturing to differ from his views, I
cannot but think that the pennies with the crosier turned
to the right on the reverse, must be attributed to Bishop
Hatfield. With greater confidence I conclude that those
of Edward III. with the crosier turned to the left were
also struck by the same bishop.

It may be urged in opposition to these views that there
is no reason why the position of the crosier-like limb
should have been changed. It is difficult (beyond what I
have said on the subject of the seals) to argue this point
on general grounds, but it may be sufficient to say that at
this period many varieties of common type present them-
selves, and I may instance, in connection with the coinage
of Bishop Kellow, that I have a penny of Edward II.3
struck by that prelate weighing 21 grains, which has two
of the limbs of the cross on the reverse, terminating in the
head of a crosier, and that the extra crosier is not at all
unlike the form on the Durham pieces of Edward III.
with the crosier to the left, as depicted by Dr. Evans in
his paper on the Neville's Cross hoard (p. 316).

I trust that these few notes will induce some of our

iends to investigate matters further, with the assistance
f such coins as they may have, or of such finds as may
ome to light in future, so that what may now be matters
of surmise only may be, eventually, either confirmed or

ccessfully disputed.

•H. MONTAGU.

3 Formerly in the collection of Mr. G. Wakeford, and referred
in Hawkins, 3rd ed. p. 206.

XIII.

ENGLISH SILVER COINS ISSUED BETWEEN
1461 AND 1483.

(See Plates VII., VIII.)

THERE is some reason, I think, to be dissatisfied with the
arrangement of the coins of Edward IV., as they at pre-
sent stand in the latest edition of Hawkins's Silver Coins
Of England. The coins, indeed, are described accurately
enough so far as marks and legends are concerned, but
no systematic classification of them has been made in
order to show the sequence in which they were issued
from the mint. The probable cause of this confusion is
the great abundance and almost infinite variety of
Edward's coinage. By a careful examination of the
coins, especially of the groats, I think it possible to arrive
at some definite conclusions as to the order in which the
various mint-marks followed each other in point of time.
Before entering upon the actual classification, a word or
so about weight may not be out of place. The weight
of the coins of this period is no doubt an important point,
but, in my opinion, undue importance has often been
attached to it as a factor in arranging not only Edward's
coins, but those of some of his predecessors. It is easy to
trace the origin of the importance of weight, and equally
easy to show the fallacies which have arisen from its undue
consideration. In certain reigns among the Plantagenet
kings a considerable diminution in weight took place, in
some cases only, accompanied by an alteration in type.

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 181

Edward III. reduced his noble from 138 grains to 120
grains, and doubtless one cause of the great rarity of the
heavier gold coins of this king is, that, when the lighter
pieces were issued, tbe heavier ones found their way to the
melting-pot. Henry IV., also, reduced his weights, and
his coins, especially the heavy ones, are extremely rare.

Edward IV., after a short time, made lighter coin than
his predecessors. Of his earlier gold coinage two pieces
only are known, and the silver coins, except the groat,
are of great scarcity. As these kings did not alter the
types of their coins to any considerable extent (leaving
Edward IV.'s second gold coinage out of the question),
the balance has been called into play to decide to which
coinage any special piece should belong. If the accuracy
in point of weight which has characterized our coinage
since the Restoration had always existed, this balance test
would have been unassailable, and the argument, " It's

ire if it's heavy," would have held its ground ; but un-

)rtunately, especially in the silver coinage, an inaccuracy
a few grains per piece seems to have been overlooked by

le authorities of the Mint, as they constantly gave 62 or
grains to be struck into a 60 grain groat, and much the

ime excess occurs in the smaller pieces. I have halfpence
)f Richard II., of the same type and workmanship, weigh-

ig from 6 to 11 grains, and a rosette-mascle halfpenny of

[enry VI. of 8'5 grains, about the weight of Henry IV.'s
ivy halfpence. Many other examples of this sort can
cited. Therefore, in the classification of a coinage by
e and workmanship, and so far as regards England

tis is the only logical one, let weight be considered of
secondary importance, and assign a coin to an early or late
coinage if it presents an early or late type, no matter
what the weight may be.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. B B

182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Edward IV.'s coinage may be arranged by a com-
parison with Henry VI. 's on the one hand, and
Richard III.'s on the other. In the middle of his
reign a comparison with the pieces of Henry VI. 's re-
stored coinage of 1470 is of immense value as helping to
a satisfactory classification. As the groats of this rcigu
are the most abundant coins and present all the mint-
marks, I select them as the basis of this classification.

These coins being arranged in the order of resemblance
to each other, commencing with the groat most like
Henry VI. 's last heavy piece, the mint -marks will be
observed to follow in sequence thus : — 1, cross (patonce or
plain) ; 2, rose ; 3, sun ; 4, crown ; 5, cross fi tehee ; 6, an-
nulet ; 7, cross pierced ; 8, cross and 4 pellets ; 9, annulet
enclosing a pellet ; 10, cross (pierced or not) with 1 pellet ;
11, plain cross; 12, cinquefoil.

I shall take the coins bearing these mint-marks a little
in detail, and endeavour, by tracing certain characteristics
in them and their close connection with each other, to
show that this order is the correct one. During the whole
of Edward's reign the alteration of type was most gradual,
and the extreme resemblance between two coins issued
close together in point of time is only as remarkable as
the immense difference exhibited by the coins at the be-
ginning and end of the series, a difference far greater than
sometimes separates coins of different kings.

a. The heavy coinage, 60 grains to the groat.

The earliest mint-mark is the cross, PL VII. No. 5
(either patonce or plain), and the coin bearing this mark
resembles in all respects except the name Henry's latest
piece. There is a lis on the breast and a pellet each side
of the crown, and an additional one in two quarters of the
reverse. These all are characteristics of Henry's last

!

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 183

coinage also. All denominations of the silver coins are
known down even to the farthing, and there are also two
gold nobles of this first coinage extant.

The only other mint-mark of this coinage is the rose
pierced. This mark is described by Hawkins as a pierced
cinquefoil, which it naturally is, as it bears five leaves,
but the mark is clearly intended for a rose. This is the
first real variation Edward has introduced on his coins,
and seems to show the first symbol of the Yorkist faction.
I do not know whether a difference in form is to be made
between the red rose of Lancaster and the white one of
York, but it would be interesting to ascribe. this form to
York. Of the coins bearing the rose mint-mark there are
several varieties, but the only one that I shall cite is that
which has an annulet on each side of the king's neck. It
bears, moreover, a mascle after CIVITAS. The piece is of
interest as being the connecting link between the heavy
and the light coinage. I have specimens, in the same
state of preservation, differing only in the weight ; 59
nd 57 grains for the heavy coinage, 46 grains for the
ight. Here is a case in which the balance must be
called into play, as the pieces themselves would do very
well for specimens struck from the same dies. (PI. VII.
o. 8.)

b. The light coinage, 48 grains to the groat.
As the rose ends the heavy so it begins the light
inage. With this mint-mark must be classed that curi-
us object consisting of five separate foils. (PI. VII. No. 9.)
is has been called a rose, and really appears to be meant
r one, and it is frequently found connected with the
bverse or reverse of a coin bearing the genuine flower.
ollowing the rose is the sun (PI. VII. No. 10), and here
n there seems to be a natural sequence of events ;

184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Edward becomes distinct from his party as an individual,
and places his own favourite badge, the sun, on his coins.
(The sun as his badge was assumed in 1461 after the
battle of Mortimer's Cross, where he was successful.
Before the battle Edward saw three suns unite into one
blazing one.) This position for the sun mint-mark is
strengthened by its being found on the obverse of a coin
bearing on the reverse the old rose mint-mark. Next to
the sun mint-mark comes the crown (PI. VII. No. 11), and
the use of this symbol seems to indicate that at this
time, at any rate, Edward's authority was paramount.

The crown seems to have followed very closely after the
sun, as the coins bear these marks in conjunction, obverse
or reverse indifferently. Though very many coins were
struck with this mint-mark, it could not have been used for
long, as it is, so far as I know, found combined with the
sun only ; whereas this latter mark is again used in com-
bination with the cross fitchee. (PL VII. No. 12.) This
mark I place next in the series. Its type is more in
resemblance to coins bearing the annulet mint-mark than
are its predecessors, and its being found combined with
the sun warrants its place here.

The gold coins up to this time are in exact accord with
the silver ones, and bear the same mint-marks — rose, sun,
crown, and cross fitchee. They consist of rials, halves and
quarters, and are light coins, as though the weight was
raised from 108 to 120 grains ; the value was also raised
from 6s. 8d. to 10s. These coins usually bear the mint-
mark on one face only, and combinations of two marks on
the same coin are nluch rarer consequently than on the
silver coins. The double marks where they do occur are
in accord with those on the silver. No rial or part is
known with a later mint-mark than the cross fitchee.

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 185

This fact is greatly in favour of placing this mint-mark
where I have assigned it, as thus all the rials and parts
follow one after the other, and are not interrupted by the
later angels and parts as shown in Kenyon's table.

Following the cress fitchee, and closely resembling them,
are those with the annulet mint-mark. (PI. VII., No. 15.)
This is the last mint-mark I would assign to the period
before Henry VI. 's short restoration, arid I believe, on
account of their great resemblance to Henry's coins, that
the coins bearing this mark came very shortly before his,
and are those that he took as his model.

In all these earlier pieces there is a slight but gradual
variation of the head and other characteristics. In the
heavy coinage the king's bust is a long one, the crown
well fills the arches of the tressure above it, and below the
bust is visible down to the curve indicating the point of
the shoulder. The king's hair is bushy and stands well
out into the tressure, and a line joining the lowest curls on
either side is about level with the nose. The fleuring of
the arches consists of a large centre-foil and two large
spreading side leaves. The letters, including the R's and
R's, are well made.

A gradual alteration of each of these features now takes
place. The bust becomes shorter and shorter, leaving
more space above the crown. The point of the shoulder
disappears. The hair is brought closer to the head and is
rather longer, the line joining the lower curls passing
through the mouth. The fleuring of the arches consists
of smaller and smaller leaflets, till these are represented
by pellets only. Lastly, the letters R and R have the
little curve at the end of the second stroke turned towards
rather than from the first stroke, and thus become B and
D respectively. These, then, are the characteristics of the

186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

annulet groat of Edward IV. and of the light groat of
Henry VI. In the same gradual way as the annulet
groat is evolved from the groat of the heavy coinage, so
is the latest Edward IV. groat (PL VIII. No. 1), or that
of Edward V. (PI. VIII. No. 15), or even that of Richard
III. (PI. VIII. No. 11), from this annulet coin. The altera-
tions, however, so far described, do not continue to a
further degree, but show a tendency to revert towards the
earlier pieces. The bust, though still a short one, becomes,
as it were, magnified, and presents a gradually larger head
and crown ; the length of the neck, however, diminishes.
The hair becomes more bushy, though retaining its lower
level. The little pellet tieurs, instead of vanishing, grow
again into well-marked foils, and the R's and n's again
uncurl their little tails from under them and curve them
outwards, thereby becoming again normal letters.

Here, then, so far as can be described in words, the
Edward V. piece very much resembles the early coins of
his father, though the style of workmanship differentiates
these pieces at once. The coin of Edward IV. possessing
these late characteristics in the most marked degree, is
certainly that having for mint-mark the heraldic cinque-
foil (PL VIII. No. 7), and it is quite possible to mistake
this coin for a Richard, or vice versa, supposing that only
the type be taken into consideration. This groat, then,
is to be placed last in the series. The piece to be placed
next before this, and which, as is to be expected, shows
the most marked resemblance to it, bears the cross and
one pellet mint-mark (PL VIII. No. 6). Of this mark
there are several varieties, some in which the cross is
pierced, some in which it is plain. Others, again, have
the pellet in the left lower angle, while those with the
pellet in the right lower angle are not of unfrcquent

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 187

occurrence. The cross also exists without any pellet at
all, and again with four pellets. I do not remember
having seen a cross with a pellet in an upper angle only.

I have one groat with a plain cross patee and no pellet,
which seems to be the latest of the entire group, and has
very strong affinities to the cinquefoil groats. Whether
the varieties of the cross with one pellet, including this
one plain cross, should be considered as distinct mint-
marks or only as trifling varieties, I am at present unable
to say ; but this much is certain, that they all resemble
each other to such a degree in style and in the possession
generally of symbols (roses or suns) between the words of
the obverse or reverse legends, that there are ample
grounds to class the whole group next before the heraldic
cinquefoil.

Between this cross and one pellet group and the pre-
Henry annulet coins there are some groats bearing varie-
ties of these mint-marks, which do not seem to fall into
their natural places in the series, because, while the
mint- mark would connect the coin with one group, the
work would connect it with another. They are, —

1. Annulet and annulet and pellet PI. VIII. , No. 1.

2. Annulet and cross . . . . PL VIII., No. 2.

3. Pierced cross (no pellet) . . PI. VIII., No. 3.

4. Cross and four pellets ... PL VIII., No. 4.

5. Annulet enclosing pellet . . PL VIII. , No. 5.

Of these varieties the last is certainly of the latest
work, and bears a rose on each side of the king's neck.
No. 4 also looks very like the Henry coins. It has no
symbols between the words, and presents pellet fleurs,
together with B-like B/s. On this account I have kept it
distinct from the later pieces, where its mint-mark would
place it, and have classed it with others of the same style

18S NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of work. Nos. 1, 2, and 3 all greatly resemble each other
and the annulet coinage in every point. Nos. 2 and 3
bear the cross used by Henry VI. on his light groats.
These, therefore, should have been coined after Edward's
return, and the annulet and pellet would lead to a similar
conclusion for No. 1. Whether the order in which I
have placed them is correct, and if not, in what order they
should be placed, I must leave to the decision of others
who may possess connecting links which I have not seen,
or who may have documentary evidence to the point.

The evidence to be obtained from the provincial regal
mints is distinctly in favour of the arrangement I seek
to establish. Bristol presents the rose, sun, crown, and
annulet ; in one case this latter mint- mark combined with
the sun. This coin greatly favours the placing of the
annulet mint-mark before Henry VI. 's restoration, as the
sun is an early mint-mark of Edward. The annulet Bristol
coin is like the London ones in workmanship and charac-
teristics. York, Coventry, and Norwich all present early
mint-marks, the rose and sun, and in the case of York the
well-known lis mint-mark ; and they also exhibit the same
early work as the London pieces of the same mint-marks.

Before leaving these larger Edward coins, some con-
sideration of the later gold pieces of this reign is advis-
able, and indeed necessary, as it must be supposed that
the same gold and silver mint-marks were issued con-
currently. As I have said before, the rial coinage pre-
sents mint-marks, rose, sun, crown, and cross fitchee, thus
corresponding with the silver pieces. The angel coinage
takes up the sequence, and adds annulet, plain cross, cross
with 4 pellets, cross with 1 pellet, and cinquefoil. There are
two angels with no mint-mark, and the sun's rays pouring
down on the ship, of different type from any of the ordi-

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 189

nary coinage, which should be placed first in the series.
It seems quite clear, from the absence of the same mint-
mark on the rial and angel coinage, that these two
denominations were not used at the same time, and that
the angels were the later coinage. Henry VI. also
struck angels, and that being the case, the conclusion
follows that these coins must have been in general circu-
lation before his restoration. Now as he must have
copied his angel (as he did not invent it) from one of
Edward's, and as it is not like the two without mint-mark,
and is like those bearing the annulet, here is an ad-
ditional reason, if one be wanted, for the placing of the
annulet mint-mark before Henry's restoration.

In this connection I must refer to the curious coin
described by Kenyon at the end of the reign of Henry VI.
A quarter noble, reading " Henric," and having for mint-
mark a crown ; weight 25 grains. He assigns this coin to
Henry VI. because of the mint-mark, and, referring to its
early type, says, that Henry VI. could not use the type of
Edward's quarter-rial because of the sun and rose reverse,

id therefore he returned to his own old type. Kenyon
ilso states that, as Henry VI. entered into an indenture
with Sir R. Tonstall to coin nobles, this is likely to be
me of this coinage. Finally, he concludes his arguments
by saying, on the strength of this coin, that the mint-mark
crown was in use in 1470. (The weight being 25 grains,
he thinks it might have weighed 30 originally, as its con-
dition now is poor.) He gives a figure of the piece.

With regard to these arguments there seems to be
quite as much to say against the piece, which is in the
National Collection, as for it. Is it not curious, to say the
least of it, that a quarter-noble should be struck by
Henry VI. at the same time that he is striking angels and

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. C C

190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

angelets — that this quarter-noble should bear a crown mint-
mark when every other piece of Henry YI. of this time has
a cross for mint-mark, or no mark at all, excepting the York
coins with a lis mint-mark ? Moreover, is it not almost
wonderful that on this one coin the arms of France, in the
first quarter of the shield, should have one lis above and
two below, thus 4, 4* 4.? a most startling innovation. Then,
as regards the indenture referred to, Ruding only speaks
of angels and halves, but in an earlier passage says that
angels were called angel-nobles. I have not seen the
indenture, but clearly the nobles referred to must have
been angels. If more is wanted with regard to this piece,
I may say that the work is very coarse, and reminds one
of Edward III.'s time, especially with the pellet in the
centre of the reverse. The crown mint-mark, too, the
one feature on which all this superstructure is raised, is
not a bit like that found on all Edward IV.'s coins as a
mint-mark. It reminds me of a crown struck by the side
of the rudder on a heavy noble of Henry IY., which Mr.
Montagu was once kind enough to show me, and which is
in his collection. In the face of all this opposition I
should certainly not call this piece a Henry VI. light
quarter-noble, but assign it with greater probability to
Henry IV., if indeed it be not of foreign origin.

Some conclusions may be drawn from the foregoing
classification with reference to the probable dates of some
of the mint- marks, and as to the time during which the
provincial regal mints were in working. The first cross
mint-mark I would assign to 1461 — 1463, and the rose
mint-mark to 1465 — 1468. The heavy groats bearing
these mint-marks are found in about equal numbers. The
rose mint-mark and annulets at the sides of the neck
must have been issued in 1465 ; the annulet mint-mark

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 191

in 1470. The heraldic cinquefoil ceased about the time of
the king's death in 1483. The earlier mint-marks on
the light coinage followed each other rapidly, as shown
by their combinations. The later ones, especially the
cinquefoil, must have been used for a considerable time,
as the groats bearing these are very common, and the
marks are never, so far as I know, combined. The pro-
vincial mints of Coventry and Norwich existed from 1465,
and ceased before the introduction of angels. Rials and
parts were issued from them, and groats and half-groats
with early mint-marks rose and sun. Bristol and York
continued for a short time longer ; these mints being in
activity during Henry VI.'s restoration, but not after.
Rials and parts and angels, which latter are very rare,
were issued before the restoration at Bristol, also groats
and parts. During Henry's short return to power angels
and groats were both very rare. York can only boast of
the early gold coinage, but the silver pieces were con-
tinued into Henry's reign. As regards the issue of the
angel coinage, this was clearly in use a short time before
Edward's deposition, but long enough for them to get
into general circulation, as otherwise Henry would not
have ordered them.

What has been said about the groats of Edward like-
wise applies to the smaller pieces, so far as we know these
much rarer denominations. Heavy half-groats present
the two heavy mint-marks cross and rose, and agree very
well with the groats in other peculiarities. As regards
the light half-groats, examples of the rose, crown, annulet,
cross pierced and pellet and heraldic cinquefoil mint-
marks are chronicled ; these again • agree with their
corresponding groats ; the annulet coin exhibiting the
same little pellets as fleurs. One half-groat has a cross

192

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

struck over an annulet, showing that the annulet came
first.

The pence, halfpence, and farthings have been very
much mixed up, principally on account of the over-con-
sideration of weight. I may dismiss the last denomina-
tion at once by saying that both the heavy and light
varieties are known, but are of such excessive rarity that
no argument can be founded on them.

With the pence and halfpence, although rare, the case
is different. They are usually well-made little coins (I
speak of the London mint), and generally quite suffi-
ciently well preserved to show their type, and this type
should be allowed to speak for itself without being
hampered by the consideration of weight, the only pos-
sible source of error.

Knowing the early heavy coinage and its extreme re-
semblance to Henry VI. 's, it follows that the small pieces
to be of the heavy type must have for mint-mark a cross or
a rose. Now the cross mint-mark seems always to have
been accompanied by a lis on the neck and the pellets at
the sides of the crown, and in two quarters of the
reverse, and cannot, therefore, be confused with any
later cross ; and, moreover, the coins should resemble
Henry VI. 's last coinage. Such a penny has been said
not to exist, but clearly Hawkins's No. 1 is an example of
it. Of the rose mint-mark, by comparison with other de-
nominations, both a heavy and light penny should have
been struck. With the other mint-marks there can be
no possible confusion, as they were all struck after the
reduction of weight in 1465. Of these there exist pence
bearing the rose, crown, sun, cross fitchee, annulet, cross
pierced, cross and pellet, and cinquefoil mint-marks.

Of the halfpence, the two heavy varieties with mint-

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 193

marks cross and rose are described, and a few others of
heavy weight, which I shall show are light coins in type.
Of the light type mint-marks the rose, crown, cross
fitchee, annulet, cross pierced, and heraldic cinquefoil are
described, and also the mint-mark a star — this, doubtless,
should be a sun, as a star mint- mark is a much later
symbol in English coinage.

Now, if all the pence and halfpence bearing un-
doubtedly light mint-marks be examined, it will be found
that they bear for legend " Edward Di Gra Rex Angl," or
some representative of the first four words. The heavy
coinage, however, will be found to leave out the " Di
Gra," and I believe this to be an invariable rule, and one
by which all the small coins issued after 1465 may be
pointed out. As this appears to be such an important
point it is worth while to trace the earliest appearance of
this legend on the English coinage.

Hawkins describes halfpennies reading " Edwardus. D.
Gr," or " Dei Gra," or " D Gra ft," with a boar or bear's
head in two quarters of the reverse, from the Berwick
mint. These may be of Edward I., II., or III., pro-
bably the last, but they are the first examples bearing
the legend. All groats and some half-groats bear it, but
no other small coins till Henry lY.'s time. There were
then struck two or three pence, which are described in
Hawkins, and which, of course, are of the greatest rarity.
The next reign furnishes, according to Hawkins, a large
variety, which I shall examine seriatim. 1st. The pence
— Hawkins mentions five, and, although he does not seem

tery clear about all of them, yet there is evidence of their
dstence, and as bearing marks appropriated to this
Lonarch. I also have one reading " Henric Di Gra,"
hich I should certainly attribute to the same king from

194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the style of the work. 2ndly. The halfpence. Hawkins
describes three, and figures two. They all read, " Henric
di Gra." According to the description the first has three
pellets on each side of the neck. No weight is stated, and
no mint-mark given, and the coin is assigned to Henry V.
because it resembles a penny of that king having the "Di
Gra " legend and three pellets. The pellets, however,
occur on one side of the crown on the penny. I happen
to have a specimen agreeing with Hawkins's description.
It is quite a small halfpenny, and does not present the
work of Henry V. in the slightest degree. Mine I have
classified as Henry VII. 's first or open crown coinage, and
I believe this to be another example of the same. All the
characteristics of the piece point to this reign ; " Di Gra "
always, and the three pellets commonly, occurring here.
The third halfpenny, which Hawkins describes, I unhesi-
tatingly assign to Henry VII. The figure is quite suffi-
cient to convince any one, and is in its original place
under Henry VII. (369). Why the mint-mark is described
as a cross in the face of such an engraving, I do not know.
I can see nothing where a mint-mark should be. The cross
on each side of the neck, the " Di. Gra." legend, and the
trefoil stop between Di and Gra all fit in much better with
Henry VII. than Henry V.

The second halfpenny (345) is an equally clear misattri-
bution. In the Shepherd Sale Catalogue it is correctly
described as weighing 6 gr., not 10 ; moreover, the name
is "Henriev." Hawkins evidently had doubts where to
put this, but he could not get over the difficulty of the 1 0-
grain weight. Why he selected Henry V. rather than
any other Henry is a puzzle. The piece is plainly a light
halfpenny of Henry VI., issued in 1470, and I have had
it photographed and the two light pence of Henry VI.

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 195

likewise as a means of comparison with Edward IV.'s
small coins of the same time. These three specimens are
in Mr. Montagu's cabinet, and I am greatly indebted to
him for permission to publish them. I have also a speci-
men of this coin from a different die where the Y in
" Henricv " is plainer and quite undoubted. Mr. Neck
thought the V in (345) was a mascle, but then he was
misled by the weight.

There are no more small coins described with the "Di.
Gra," legend in Henry Y.'s reign, all other pence and
halfpence, which are numerous, omitting these words.
Hawkins accounts for no others till the extraordinary
paragraph relating to three York farthings of Henry VI.
The first, said to have C.I. at the sides of the head, is
given on the authority of Ruding and Snelling, and these
initials are supposed to stand for Cancellarius Johannes
Kempe— the legend is H.D.G-.AN. Z. FRASIE REX, a
truly remarkable coin for Henry VI. to have struck. The
specimens of this coin in the British Museum and in my
collection have the cross on the reverse fourchee, and any
one who has seen many of the later halfpence of Henry
VII. and VIII. must have noticed how often the arch of
the crown coalesces with the inner circle, thus giving the
crown an open appearance. Besides this the letters on
either side of the head are 6C. L., clearly the initials of
Edward Lee (Archbishop of York in Henry VIII. 's reign),
but being badly struck they have been misread for C. I.
This, then, is a coin of Henry VIII. The other two far-
things are also to be assigned to a later Henry, when the
York Key was used under the bust. Probably the badly
struck arched crown is the cause of their being placed
here ; but a comparison with the London coins described

190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

just before them should have told the tale. None of the
three pieces are really farthings, but little halfpence.

Now, having cleared the way of all " Di Gra " pieces
after the few early pence of Henry V., this legend appears
on all Edward small coins with light mint-marks, but on
none with the first cross mint-mark, and on some with the
rose, but not on others. (Notably one halfpenny, mint-mark
rose and annulet each side of neck, has not got it, while
another has, of which latter I have an example.) Clearly
the conclusion is that Edward IV. introduced the general
use of the " Di Gra " legend on his small light coins in
1465. By this means then is the heavy coinage of Edward
in the absence of mint-mark to be distinguished from the
light coinage, and in the same way may the heavy pieces
of Henry VI. be differentiated from his extremely rare
light coinage small pieces. Also, it may help a novice
in distinguishing Richard III.'s small pieces from
Richard II. 's. In my collection I have three Durham
pence of Edward IV., all reading "Edward Rex Angli,"
mint-mark a cross. These should be heavy pence. Their
weights are 12 5, 12, 11'75 gr. respectively, all under the
heavy 15 gr., but though clipped, of very full weight for the
light coinage. I brought these forward once as examples
of the heavy pence of Edward, but the weight idea
having taken such firm hold of those who saw them, the
subject dropped. Since then I have thought it would be
interesting to know what the average weight now is of a
penny which was originally struck at the 15 gr. weight,
so I weighed all my Henry V. and VI. pence, of which I
have a considerable number in all states of preservation,
and I found 12'6 gr. to be the average. In the same
way I weighed the light pence of Edward IV. and
Richard III., and their average was 10 gr., so that both

ENGLISH SILVER COINS BETWEEN 1461 AND 1483. 197

by legend and weight these three Durham pence should
be heavy coins.

Some slight description of the two accompanying plates
may perhaps facilitate the understanding of the opinions
expressed in the foregoing paper.

PL VII., Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, are the last heavy coins of
Henry VI.

PL VII., Nos. 5, 6, and 7, the first heavy ones of
Edward IV. for comparison.

Again, PL VII., Nos. 15, 16, 17, and 18, annulet coins
of Edward IV., and compare their immediate successors
of Henry VI. restored, PL VII., 19, 20, 21, 22.

For the third comparison, Edward IV.'s last coinage,
mint-mark cinquefoil, see PL VIII., Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, and
those immediately below them, Richard III.'s, PL VIII.,
Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14.

PL VII., Nos. 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 15, and PL VIII.,
5, 4, 5, 6, and 7, show the sequence of mint-marks.

Compare PL VII., Nos. 13 and 14, which are Nevil's
)e of Edward IV. and Henry VI., the latter unique, from
\lr. Montagu's collection. PL VII., Nos. 21 (unique) and
J2, are both Henry VI. light coins from the same cabinet.
vastly, PL VIII., No. 15, is the groat of Edward V.

In order to obtain sufficient material for the conclusions
put forth in this paper, I have examined all the coins of
the period in the National Collection, and have also looked
over Mr. Crowther's collection and Mr. Montagu's splendid
cabinet. To these gentlemen I am heartily obliged for
their great kindness and for the help they have afforded
me. Messrs. Spink and Lincoln also allowed me to
examine their large stocks of these coins, and I here
return them my thanks.

L. A. LAWRENCE.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 1) I)

MISCELLANEA.

A NEW COIN OP DUBNOVELLAUNUS. — Within the last few
months a coin has been acquired for the local Museum at Col-
chester which is of considerable interest. For the sight of it,
and for some particulars as to its place of finding, I am indebted
to Mr. Frederick Spalding, the zealous curator of the Museum.
The coin was picked up by a labourer while hoeing a field at
Lawford, a small village about a mile and a half west of Man-
ningtree, in Essex, and close to the border of Suffolk. It may
be thus described : —

Obv. — Convex. A triple wreath, the central line plain, the
two outer beaded, ending in ring ornaments, and
divided in the middle by two thin solid crescents
back to back, above and below which are ring
ornaments.

Rev. — Concave. Horse galloping to the left above a curved
branch ; in front a ring ornament, above and
below the head a pellet, above the back a bow-
shaped figure, round the margin a series of small
annulets forming an outer ring.

N. -44— -48 inch. Wt. 20 grains.

Although the coin shows no trace of a legend, there is no
difficulty in assigning it with almost absolute certainty to Dub-
novellaunus, the British prince whose name is mentioned in the
well-known inscription at Ancyra, and to whom coins were first
attributed simultaneously by the late Dr. Samuel Birch and my-
self in 1851.1 The general type of the obverse is identical with
that of the larger Essex coins of Dubnovellaunus (Ancient
British Coins, Plate IV. Nos. 6 to 9), with the exception that
the wreath is narrower and consists of only three bands
instead of five. The horse and branch on the reverse are also
of precisely the same character as those on his larger coins.
When writing in 1864, 2 1 stated that " the small coins of Dubno-
vellaunus have not as yet been discovered." I am glad that
my then unfulfilled anticipations have now been justified.

JOHN EVANS.

. Chron. xiv. pp. 7-1, 79. 2 Ancient British Coins, 203.

MISCELLANEA. 199

A FURTHER DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN SOUTHERN INDIA. —
Quite recently a find of silver Roman coins (denarii] was made
in the village of Vellalore, in the Coimbatore District of the
Madras Presidency, by some natives, when taking out earth for
a wall from some waste land. At the same village an earthen
pot was discovered after a heavy fall of rain in 1842, which
was found to contain 522 denarii, most of which were, as in
the present instance, coins of the reigns of Augustus and
Tiberius.3 The majority of the coins described in the present
note belong to the same types as those which were found at
Vellalore in 1842, and at Cannanore, and comprise issues of
Augustus, Tiberius, Drusus senior, Antonia, Caligula, Claudius,
Nero and Agrippina.

The following is a description of the coins: —

AUGUSTUS.

1. Obv.— AVGVSTVS DIVI F. Laureate head of Augus-

tus r.

Eev.— IMP. XIIII (in the exergue). AParthianor Ger-
man presenting a child to the Emperor seated on
a curule chair.

1 specimen.

2. Obv.— CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F . PATER

PATRIAE. Laureate head of Augustus r.

Eev.— AVGVSTI F . COS . DESIG . PRINC . IVVENT.
Caius and Lucius Caesar standing, each holding
a shield and spear. C. L. CAESARES in the
exergue.

188 specimens.

TIBERIUS.

3. Obv.— TI . CAESAR DIVI AVG . F . AVGVSTVS .

Laureate head of Tiberius r.

Rev.— PONTIF . MAXIM. Livia seated r., holding spear
and branch.

328 specimens.

4. Obv. — Laureate head of Tiberius r.

3 See my Catalogue of Roman, etc. Coins in the Madras Museum. Govt.
3ss, Madras, 1888.

200

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rev.— DIVVS AVG .... Head of Augus-
tus r.

1 specimen.

NERO DRUSUS.

5. 06i;.— [NERO CLAVDIVS GERMANICVS IMP.] Lau-

reate head of Drusus r.

Rev. — Equestrian statue on a triumphal arch between two
trophies. DE GERM, on the frieze of the arch.

2 specimens.

6. Obv.— NERO CLAVDIVS [GERMANTCVS IMP]. Head

of Drusus 1.

Rev.— DE GERMAN [IS]. Trophy of arms.

1 specimen.

ANTONIA.

7. 06i;.— ANTONIA AVGVSTA. Head of Antonia r.

Rev.— [SACERDOS] DIVI AVGVSTI. Two torches
united by garland and bands.

2 specimens.

CALIGULA AND AUGUSTUS.

8. Obv.— C . CAES . AVG . GERM . P . M . TR . P. Head

of Caligula r.

Rev. — Head of Augustus, with radiate crown, r., between
two stars.

3 specimens.

CALIGULA AND AGRIPPINA.

9. Oiv.— C . CAESAR AVG . GERM . P . M . TR . POT.

Laureate head of Caligula r.

Rev.— AGRIPPINAE MAT . CAES . AVG . GERM .
Head of Agrippina r.

4 specimens.

CALIGULA AND GERMANICUS.

10. Oiv.— C . CAESAR [AVG . GERM .] P . M . TR . POT.

Laureate head of Caligula r.

MISCFLLANEA. 201

Rev.— GERMANICVS CAES .P.O. CAESAR . AVG .
[GERM]. Head of Germanicus r.

1 specimen.

CLAUDIUS.

11. Ofo>.— -TI . CLAV [D] CAESAR AVG . P. M. TR.POT.

. . . Laureate head of Claudius r.

Rev. — Equestrian statue on a triumphal arch between
two trophies. DE BRIT ANN. on the frieze of
the arch.

1 specimen.

12. Obv.—Tl . CLAVD . CAESAR AVG . P . M . TR . P.

. . . Laureate head of Claudius r.

Rev.—S . P . Q . R. [P . P.] OB . C . S. within a wreath.
3 specimens.

13. Obv.—Tl . CLAVD . CAESAR AVG Laureate

head of Claudius r.

Rev.— EX S . C. OB CIVES SERVATOS within a
wreath.

1 specimen.

14. Obv.—TI . CLAVD . CAESAR AVG Laureate

head of Claudius r.

Rev.— [PRAETOR.] RECEPT. Claudius giving his right
hand to soldiers holding standard and shield.

1 specimen.

15. Obv.—[TI . CLAVD . CAESAR AVG . P . M . TR . P.]

Laureate head of Claudius r.

J?«v.— CONSTAN[TIAE AVGVSTI .] Female figure
seated in chair.

1 specimen.

16. Obv.— TI . CLAVD . CAESAR AVG Laureate

head of Claudius r.

Rev.—'PA.CI AVGVSTAE. Victory pointing with cadu-
ceus to a serpent.

3 specimens.

202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

17. Obv.— DIVVS CLAVDIVS [AVGVSTVS]. Laureate

head of Claudius 1.

Rev. — [EX S . C.] Carpentum drawn by four horses.
2 specimens.

CLAUDIUS AND AGRIPPINA.

18. Obv.— TI . CLAVD. CAESAR AVG. [GERM. P.M.

TRIE . POT]. Laureate head of Claudius r.

Eev.— [AGRIPP]INAE AVGVSTAE. Head of Agrip-
pina r.

2 specimens.

NERO.

19. Obv.— [NERONI] CLAVDIO DRVSO GERM. [COS .

DESIGN.] Head of young Nero r.

Rev.— EQVESTER ORDO PRINCIPI IWENT . in-
scribed on a shield, behind which is a spear.

NERO AND AGRIPPINA.

20. Obv.— NERO CLAVD . DIVI . . . Heads of Nero and

Agrippina r.

Rev.— AGRIPPINA AVG. DIVI .... NERONIS. Car
drawn by four elephants, in which are seated two
soldiers, one of whom carries his helmet on the
point of his spear. EX S . C. in field.
1 specimen.

EDGAR THURSTON.

TREASURE TROVE, WHAPLODE, LINCOLNSHIRE. — At the begin-
ning of December last, a small hoard of twenty-nine silver English
coins was dug up in a field on the Manor House estate in the
village of Whaplode, near Spalding, Lincolnshire. I have been
unable up to the present to ascertain in what kind of vessel the
coins were enclosed. From their condition it was clear that
they had been little exposed to damp, being very bright and
clean. They had, however, been somewhat worn by circula-
tion before burial.

The following is a list of the various pieces comprised in the
hoard : —

Edward VI.

Shilling : full face, m.m. tun.
Sixpence : full face, m.m. tun.

MISCELLANEA.

203

Mary.

Groat: m.m. double annulet, with pellet in centre of
each. Ley. on rev. VERITAS TEMPORIS FILIA.

Elizabeth.

Shilling : m.m. martlet on obv. and rev.
Sixpences : 1561 (two), m.m. pheon.
1562, milled, m.m. star.
1564 (two), m.m. pheon.
1565, m.m. rose.

1566 (two), m.m. portcullis.

1567 (six), lion (two), m.m. coronet (four).

1568 (five), m.m. coronet.

1569 (two), m.m. coronet.
Groats : (three) m.m. cross crosslet.

H. GRUEBEE.

INEDITED GOLD CROWN OF JAMES V., WITH THE NAME OF JOHN,
DUKE OF ALBANY. — In a French manuscript,1 which was pro-
bably written by a money-changer in the year 1520, amongst
numerous coins collected, I have found a most interesting one,
described and figured by a rubbing made on the coin itself.
Here is the text of the manuscript and the description of the
coin : —

"Escuz forgez de par Jacques roy descosse du poix de deux
derniers seze grains or a vingt et deux Karactz et demy vault
la piece au pris du cours de lor Vc et xx., xl. s.t.

: IACOBVS A
The arms
saltires.

DEI £ GRA A REX A SCOTORYM £
of Scotland, crowned, between two

Itev. — W IOHANNIS A ALBANIE £ DVCIS A
GVBERNA A . The Holy Dove holding a phy-
lactery on which is written §VB VMBRA TVA-
RVM.

1 This manuscript has recently been acquired by the Bibliotheque
Kationale at Paris.

204

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

I think this coin is one of the most curious of the Scottish
series, for it is the only one that bears the name of John,
Duke of Albany, who succeeded Queen Margaret in the
Regency (1515). This coin has therefore been struck after
the year 1515, and before 1520, the last date given by the
manuscript. The information of deux deniers seize grains cor-
responds with the weight of the gold crowns of James V. (52£
and 53 grs.),2 the obverses of which are almost similar to the
one I have described.

The Holy Dove is also seen on two large gold pieces, pre-
served in the " Cabinet des Medailles," in Paris.

The description of these pieces is as follows : —

1. IOANNIS • ALBANIE • DVC • GVBERN. Upon a cross,

a shield crowned, bearing the arms of John, Duke
of Albany, impaled with those of Anne, one of
the heiresses of John de la Cour, Count d'Au-
vergne, whom he married in 1505.

Rev.—SVB oVMBRAo TVARVM°0°- The Holy Dove;
above, a cross ; below, the arms of the Duke of
Albany within the order of St. Michael, 1524.3
Weight, 261 grs.

2. Similar piece, with IOHIS.

Weight, 315 grs.

The complete text is : Sub umbra alarum tuarum protege me
(Psal. xvii. 3). This device is also inscribed on many coins of
Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, on counters
of Louisa of Savoy, &c. The weight of the pieces, different in
both instances, is not a multiple of the gold coins of Scotland,
and there is no doubt they are medals.

J. ADKIEN BLANCHET.

2 Ed. Burns, The Coinage of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1887. PI. LV. vol. ii.
p. 249.

3 Hawkins, Franks, and G-rueber, Medallic Illustrations of Great Britain
and Ireland, 1885, vol. i. p. 28.

. CArvn,. Ser.JTS. Vol. If. Pi-

ACQUISITIONS OFTHE BRITISH MUSEUM IN 1890.

CArvn,. Jer.J/L VoiZI~.Pl. V.

>E 15

EL

16

COINS FOUND IN CYPRUS.

Mem. CAnm,. <Ser. fff. '/ol.I/.Pl. W.

ROMAN M EDA LLIONS .

21

22

ENGLISH SILVER COINS

v-t'^

s

-sfftL -F-. <v

10

ENGLISH SI LV ER COINS

XIY.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR
ENGRAVERS,

IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT FINDS*

PART I.
INTRODUCTION.

THE " medallions " of Syracuse have been the admiration
of the ancient and modern world. From the Seventeenth
Century onwards they have been the subject of frequent
discussion on the part of numismatic writers, and the
historic circumstances connected with the issue of the
earliest of them, the Ddmareteion, whose name records the
wife of Grelon,1 arrested the attention of ancient writers,
who, as a rule, were little prone to afford us information
about numismatic matters.

The view of the earlier numismatists that these fine
coins were " medals " in the modern sense of the word,
and not intended for circulation, has long been abandoned,
and it has been generally recognised that they served, in
fact, as current coins, of the value of fifty Sicilian silver
litras, or ten Attic drachmce. Yet, from their abnormal
dimensions, the extraordinary artistic skill devoted to
their production and, as will be shown in the course of this

* Separate copies of this Monograph with Indices, &c., may
be had of Mr. B. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly, London.
1 For the Ddmareteion see Part VI., p. 325 seqq.

VOL. XI. THIllT) SERIES. E E

206 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

inquiry, the special circumstances under which they were
originally struck, and which place them in a certain
degree outside the category of ordinary coins, it does not
seem inappropriate, even in the present state of our
knowledge, to apply to them the name of " medallions,"
by which they were till lately generally known. " Medal-
lion," in fact, in the etymological sense of the word, means
simply " a large coin," and in this sense Italian numis-
matists often apply the name " medaglioncini" or " small
medallions," to tetradrachms, which have nevertheless
always been regarded as current coins.

The Syracusan " medallions " struck towards the close
of the Fifth Century B.C. have specially arrested attention,
on account of the marvellous art that they display. The
heads that appear upon these coins are of two main types
— that of the Nymph, Arethusa, with her luxuriant tresses
contained in a beaded net ; and an even more beautiful
head of the Maiden Goddess, Persephone, — or, if that
name for her should be preferred, Demeter Chloe, — crowned
with the earless barley spray, green and growing, so appro-
priate to her inner being, as symbolizing the yearly up-
springing of Nature to life and light. Of this head Winck-
elmann remarks that "it transcends all imagining,"2 and
elsewhere he asks : " Might not Raffaelle, who complains
that he could not find in Nature any beauty worthy to
stand for Galatea, have taken her likeness from the best
Syracusan coins, since in his days — with the exception of
the Laocoon — the finest statues were not yet discovered ?
Beyond these coins human comprehension cannot go."3

2 Winckelmann's Werke (1808 — 20), iv., 184. (Kunst-
geschichteV. c. 2, § 26.)

3 Winckelmann (op. cit. 1. 251, Erinnerung ueber die Be-
trachtung der Werke der Kunst). " Hdtte nicht Raphwl, d<>r

STRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 207

A new interest has, since Winckelmann's time, been
added to these splendid coins by the recognition of the
fact that the names of Kimon and Evaonetos that appear
upon them are those of the artists who engraved the dies,
and who worked for other Sicilian cities besides Syracuse.4

sich beklagte zur Galatee keine wilrdige Schonheit in der Natur
zujinden, die Bildung derselben von der besten Syracusanischen
Munzen nehmen konnen, da die schonsten Statuen, ausser dern
Laocoon, zu seiner Zeitnoch nicht entdecket waren? Welter ah
diese Munzen kann der menschliche Begr iff nicht gehen." Payne
Knight (Archceologia, xix. p. 375) says of the Syracusan "medal-
lions," " to the sublime perfection of these coins no work of
man of a similar description has hitherto even approached."

4 The first to point out that the signature <J KIMflN " repre-
sented the name of the engraver was A. von Steinbiichel (in the
Vienna Jahrbiicher der Literatur (1818), B. II. p. 124 ; cf. the
Anzeigeblatt for 1833, p. 60). About the same time the same
conclusion was independently put forth by Payne Knight, in his
essay on The Large Coins of Syracuse (Archceologia, vol. xix.
(1821), p. 369 seqq.), who was followed by Noehden, in his
Sj>ecimens of Ancient Coins of Magna Gratia and Sicily, from
Lord Northwick's cabinet (London, 1826, p. 41 seqq.). Haver-
camp, in his commentary on Paruta's Sicilia Numismatica
(p. 307), had been much puzzled by the name (" Nomen illud
Cimon, seu KIMflN, me multum torquet," p. 307). He
came to the conclusion that it was a magistrate's name. It is
to the Due de Luynes (Annali dell' Institute, &c., 1830, p. 85),
and Kaoul Eochette, in his Lettre a M. le Due de Luynes sur les
Graveurs des Monnaies Grecques (Paris, 1831, p. 19 seqq.),
that the credit belongs of first detecting in the signature
" EYAINE" beneath the head of Persephone on the fellow-
medallions, the name of the engraver, Evsenetos (EYAINE-
TO^), which occurs in a fuller form on tetradrachms of
Syracuse and Katane. These conclusions as to the true
meaning of the signature on these coins have been borne out
by more recent writers : [cf., especially Von Sallet, Die Ki'mst-
hrinschriften auf griechischen Munzen (Berlin, 1871) ; Head,
Coins of Syracuse (1874), p. 19 seqq. ; Poole, Brit. Mus.
Cat., — Sicily ; Gardner, Types of Greek C'oins, and the excellent
work of Dr. Rudolf Weil, Die Kunstlerinschnften der sicilischen
Munzen (Berlin, 1884, p. 10 seqq. ; 19, &c.)]. Brunn,
(Kunstlergeschichte,u. 248) almost alone amongst modern writers,

208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Various efforts have been made in this connexion to
contrast the style of these two artists, but the scale has
generally weighed in EvsBnetos's favour. " If we only
possessed Kimon's piece," observes Lenormant, " it would
justly awaken in us our entire admiration and would be
cited as a type of inimitable perfection. But it pales
beside the work of Evaenetos. The style of Kimon —
superior as it still is to the finest works that the Renais-
sance itself has produced in monetary art — appears smaller
by comparison with the other. . . . Kimon is a great artist :
Evaenetos is the greatest of all in the branch that he has
cultivated. He is the Pheidias of coin -engraving/'5 As

refuses to allow that the signature on Evsenetos' dekadrachms
and gold pieces refers to the engraver, although he accepts
the view that the smaller signature with this name on the
tetradrachms is an engraver's signature. So, too, at Katan£,
he allows that the signature EYAINETO on the tetra-
drachms is an artist's signature ; but the EYAI which
appears more conspicuously on drachms of the same style,
with the head of Amenanos, cannot, he says, be accepted as
such. " Otherwise," he continues, " we lose every criterion for
distinguishing an engraver's name from any other." According
to this view, then, it is more reasonable to believe that there
were two contemporaries named Evametos at Syracuse, both
signing on the coins, one a die-sinker and the other not, and
that the same extraordinary coincidence occurred at Katane !
But, as I have pointed out in my Horsemen of Tarentum
(p. 116 seqq.), the coin-engravers of Sicily and Great Greece
sign in two qualities, both as artists and as responsible mint
officials. Sometimes one character is conspicuous in the sig-
nature and sometimes the other (cf., too, Weil, op. cit. p. 24).
For Kinch's theory, see p. 340.

5 Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1863 (15), p. 338, 339. Mr. Head
in his Historia Numorum (p. 155), says, " Of these two
magnificent dekadrachms (of Kimdn and Evsanetos), one that is
signed by Euainetos is the chef d'ceuvre of the art of coin-
engraving." Mr. Poole, Greek Coins as Illustrating Greek Art
( \iirn. Chron., 1864, p. 244, scqq.), also gives the palm to
Evaenetos. Readmits that "nothing more delicately finished

SYHACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 209

to the actual school to which the works of Kimon and
Evaonetos are to be referred, Lenormant would detect that
of Polykleitos rather than Pheidias ; but there seems, in
truth, to be no good reason for seeking the artistic tradi-
tions here represented beyond the three seas of Sicily.6

Certainly we have not here the bold and simple style
of some of the coins of Greece proper, and the detail and
ornament of these " medallions " has been a stumbling-
block to some who would transfer the canons of high art
in sculpture to the narrow field on which the die-sinker
exercised his craft. But it was precisely because the
great Sicilian engravers took a juster view of the require-
ments of their special branch of art that they attained, at
such a surprisingly early date/ a perfection not to be
found elsewhere in Hellas, and that their masterpieces
surpassed in beauty and interest all but a very few excep-
tional pieces to be found throughout the length and
breadth of the Greek world. The gem-like finish of the
details, the decorative richness, the more human beauty
of the features that they represented, the naturalistic
gleanings from the Sicilian fields around — from air and

has been produced by Greek art " than Evsenetos' Persephone,
and that " the first impression is very pleasing," but complains
that, " you cannot magnify it without becoming aware of a
want of expression," and that the treatment of the hair is
intensely artificial, with shell-like and snake-like curls that are
suggestive of the hot irons and ' artists in hair ' of conventional
life." Lenormant, on the other hand, remarks, " Regardez
pendant quelque temps une monnaie gravee par Evenete et
bientot vous oublierez les dimensions exigues de 1'objet que
vous tenez a la main."

6 Some terra-cotta female heads from Syracuse and the
neighbourhood show much the same artificial arrangement of
the locks of hair as is seen beneath the net on Kim6n's "medal-
lions" (cf. Kekule, Die Tcrracotten von Sicilien, Taf. x.).

7 Cf. Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, p. 131.

210

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

sea — thrown into their designs, were regarded by the
artists of these dies as altogether appropriate to this class
of small relief in metal-work.

It is by this standard of appropriateness, and by no
other, that the masterpieces of Kimon and Evaenetos,
and that of another Artist, of whose work we shall pre-
sently speak, must be judged. To the greater works of
Greek statuary and relief, in ivory or marble, warmth
and variety, and even minute detail, far beyond our
present ken, was supplied by calling in the painter's
and the goldsmith's art. Even in bronze-work mono-
tony was avoided by the inlaying and overlaying with
gold and silver ; diamonds might sparkle in the eyes,
diadems and torques of precious metal might glitter
about head and neck, and the helm or shield of God or
Hero might glow with many-hued enamels. But in the
smooth, glistening surface of a coin there was no opportu-
nity for such adventitious adornments — polychrome, chrys-
elephantine, or the like. Limited in relief, the outlines
yet could not be thrown up by colour contrasts. Hence,
according to the canons of Greek taste, there was the
greater need for luxuriant detail and minutely decorative
treatment of surfaces; for the avoidance of bare back-
grounds8 by a more picturesque treatment of the design
itself, and the insertion of accessory objects of beauty ; for

8 In the case of too many coins of Greece proper this is
effected by the procrustean process of cutting their background
off altogether and covering almost the whole field with the
central design. Nothing, for instance, can be nobler than some
heads of Zeus and Hera on the coins of Elis. But they are
designed for dies half as large again as those actually used.
They remind us of gems torn from their sockets. There is a
clipped air about such coins.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 211

infusing the divine forms portrayed with a greater glow
of liveliness and life to make up for the golden hair, the
flashing eyes and roseate lips, that were beyond the reach
of the die-sinker's art, but which, in the case of the
greater works of sculpture, might serve to reconcile
severer outlines. It was this which the Sicilian engravers
instinctively perceived, and it is this which raises them,
in their own profession, above the level of their fellow-
workers in the greater art centres of the Mother-Country,
who seem too often to have misconceived the true condi-
tions of their craft.

Of what this art of the Sicilian coin-engravers was
capable at its best, a new and splendid illustration has
been now supplied by a recent find brought to light on
the slopes, and from beneath the lava, of Mount Etna.
The piece in question, which is a principal theme of the
present monograph, and which will be of interest not
to numismatists only but to all lovers of art in its widest
sense, is nothing less than a Syracusan " medallion " by
a New Artist. His designs, as shown by this coin, may be
set beside the works of the two rival engravers without
losing by the comparison, while, in some respects, they
strike a higher note than either. The head of Kore,
indeed, that he has here created for us, is a vision of beauty,
transcending any impersonation of the Maiden Goddess
that has been handed down to us from ancient times. It
has, moreover, a special value from the light it throws on
the same portrait on the dekadrachms of Evaenetos, and
as supplying a new and unhoped-for standpoint of com-
parison for surveying the masterpiece of that engraver.
And, as will be shown in detail in the course of this study,9

9 See p. 243 seqq.

212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

there are grounds for believing that the head of Per-
sephone, as she appears on his famous " medallions," is,
in its main outlines, derived from that of the New Artist,
though the more modern genius of Evsenetos has assimi-
lated and transformed it.

The hoard which contained this unique monument of
medallic art has also supplied a new and later version of
the "medallion" types of Evsenetos, presenting, for the first
time, his signature in full. The deposit itself, of which
a summary account will be given in the succeeding section,
was chiefly composed of Syracusan "medallions," by Kimon
and Evsenetos, and this hoard, together with a further
important find of Greek and Siculo-Punic coins, recently
unearthed in Western Sicily,10 has supplied some new and
valuable data for determining the chronology of these
splendid pieces, and for enabling us to solve more than
one problem connected with the Syracusan coin types of
the last quarter of the Fifth, and the first of the Fourth,
Century B.C.

For, great as has been the interest attaching to these
" medallions," many of the most elementary questions re-
garding them remain unsolved. Earlier writers, who judged
a Greek type as they would a Eoman, had no difficulty in
tracing on the panoply on the reverse of these coins a
direct reference to a victory in war gained by the Syra-
cusans, though they might differ as to what triumph it com-
memorated.11 In more recent times the better view has pre-

10 See Appendix A.

11 So, for example, Don Vincenzo Mirabella, in his Dicliiara-
zioni delta Pianta dell' antice Siracuse e d'alcune scclte Medaylie
d'esse (Naples, 1613, Medaglie, p. 29), writes of one of Kimon's
"medallions " : "Varme . . . paste di sotto, significano quelle de
gVinimici vinti, escludono i pensieri di coloro die han creduto

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 213

vailed that the trophies seen beneath the chariot on the
reverse of these coins, coupled, as they are, with the in-
scription AOAA, must, primarily at least, be referred to
an agonistic contest.12 With regard to the date of these
" medallion " issues, again, various views have been put
forward, on the grounds of style and epigraphy. The
Due de Luynes attributed them, to the last years of
Dionysios the Elder, or to the reign of the younger
tyrant of the same name.13 Von Sallet brings down
even the earlier work of the Syracusan artist, Phry-
gillos, to the Fourth Century, " several decennia before
Philip of Macedon."14 Leake considered that the occur-

essere stata intagliata per vittoria sacra 6 di Giouochi Olimpici, o
somiglianti. Restarebbe a vedere ; se per qualche congettura potes-
simo intendere, per qual particular vittoria fosse ella stata ordi-
nata, se contra gli Ateniesi, Cartaginesi o Siciliani, il che certo
sarebbe temerita, voler di certo affermare" In spite of this
caution, he inclines, on account of the great size of the coins,
to the victory over the Athenians. Havercamp, in his com-
mentaries on Paruta's Sicilia Numismatica (Leyden, 1723, p.
306), connects these coins with Timoledn's triumph over the
Carthaginians.

12 Eckhel's position (Doctrina Numorum, i. 243) is some-
what intermediate. " Quoniam numi praesentes eximii sunt
voluminis ac ponderis verisimile est factum aliquo tempore ut
qui virtute panopliam essent promeriti numis his publice dona-
rentur. Erunt qui malent hsec prsBmia ad relatas in ludis vic-
torias referre. At turn horum erit commemorare etiam exempla
victores in ludis panoplia donari fuisse solitos." Noehden,
Specimens of Ancient Coins of Magna Gratia and Sicily, p. 42,
seqq., rightly meets this objection.

13 Numismatique des Satrapies (1846), p. 63. This must be
considered a rectification of his earlier view ( Revue Numisma-
tique, 1840, p. 24), that they belonged to Hiketas' time — a
conclusion based on the fact that Evaenetos' head of Persephone
was imitated on Hiketas' gold coinage.

14 Kiinstlerinschriften auf Griechischen Munzen (1871), p. 40.
" Die Zeit welcher die Silber- und Kupfermiinzen des Phrygillos
angehoren wird durch das kurze O im Stadtnamen, durch die

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. F F

214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

rence of the fl on the dekadrachms showed that they
were later than 403 ;15 on the other hand, from the
signature EYAINETO, on the earlier tetradrachms by
Evaenetos, he places these in the Fifth Century. His con-
clusion with regard to the dekadrachms of both artists is,
that they belong to the time of Dionysios I. It had been
already urged by Payne Knight16 that it was "to the
combination of power, skill, wealth, liberality, and ambi-
tion," represented by the Dionysii, that these " medal-
lions " were owing ; and this view, which has, as we have
seen, met with general favour by numismatists, has
derived powerful support from Mr. Head's careful classi-
fication of the Syracusan coin-types in his special work on
that subject 17 and, again, more recently, in his Historia
Numorum.™

The result of the present inquiry is, in one direction, to
confirm the prevalent view so far as it concerns the reign
of Dionysios I., but in another direction to go beyond it,
and to show that the earliest issues of these " medallions "
must be referred to the moment of exultation and expan-
sion that immediately followed the Athenian overthrow.
This conclusion is based not only on the evidence brought
to light by the recent discoveries but on extensive typo-

aucli bei Eum&nos vorkommende Riickseite mit EYO, und dwell
die Bustrophedon-Legende des Namens ungefdhr bestimmt ; wan
kann die Munzen in das vierte Jahrhundert, mehrere Decent) ten
vor Philipp von Macedonien setzen" Friedlander, Arch. Zcit.
81 (1874), p. 102, places the coinage of these dekadrachms in
the Fourth Century.

15 Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature (2nd series,
1850, p. 361), and cf. Numismata Hellenica, p. 73.

16 Archaoloaia, xix. (1821) p. 374.

17 Coin* <>f HyrtK'iiw, pp. 20, 21. Dr. Weil (KunsUcrin-
schriften, &c., p. 30) takes a similar view, carrying back the
earliest of these dekadrachms to the end of the Fifth Century.

18 P. 154.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 215

logical studies, and, in a principal degree, on data supplied
by the more or less contemporary coinages of Western
Sicily — Greek, Punic, and Elymian. The " medallions " of
Evsenetos and the commoner of Kimon's issues may be
safely brought within the limits of the Dionysian period.
But some earlier specimens of Kimon's handiwork, the
chronological importance of which has been curiously over-
looked, perhaps too the noble piece by the New Artist, can
be shown to go back to a somewhat earlier date. Moreover,
the approximate year to which, by a variety of concordant
indications, this first re-issue of pentekontalitra of the old
Damareteian standard can be traced back corresponds so
exactly with the date of the great victory over the Athe-
nians that we are able, as in the case of the prototype
struck after Gelon's defeat of the Carthaginians, to estab-
lish an occasion at once religious and historical for this
numismatic revival. In other words, the first issue of
these later " medallions/* with the prize trophy beneath
the racing chariot, connects itself in the most natural way
with the New Games instituted at Syracuse to commemo-
rate the " crowning mercy " of the Assinaros.

Apart, however, from this numismatic record of one of
the most tragic episodes in history, which this inquiry
seems to establish, the fresh chronological data brought
out by this comparative study lead to some new conclu-
sions regarding the dates of the Syracusan coin-types in
general, belonging to the best period of art.

These conclusions, to which attention has already been
partly directed in my paper "On some New Artists' Signa-
tures," 19 tend to throw back what may be called the Period
of the Signed Coinage at Syracuse to 'an earlier date than
had hitherto been thought possible. On the other hand,

19 Num. Chron., 1890, p. 296 seqq.

216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

they expose a lacuna in the tetradrachm coinage during
the Dionysian period which suggests some curious numis-
matic problems.

The result to which we are inevitably led by these
typological researches is, that by about 400 B.C., the
tetradrachm issues of Syracuse entirely break off. The
noble pentekontalitra, from the early days of Dionysios'
tyranny onwards struck abundantly by the Syracusan
mint, stand forth as the sole representatives of the large
silver issue during this period, as if any smaller denom-
ination were unworthy of Syracusan magnificence. What
tetradrachms there were in circulation, excepting the
survivals from the abundant issues of earlier date, were
supplied by the "camp-coinage" of the Carthaginian
mercenaries and the autonomous pieces of the half-in-
dependent Punic cities of the Island. The small change
was, however, to a far larger degree provided by the
" Pegasi " or ten-litra staters of the Mother-City, Corinth,
and some sister colonies, till such time as the Syracusans
began to strike them in their own name. This first coin-
age of Syracusan " Pegasi " dates, as will be shown by a
conclusive example, from the time of Dion's expedition.

PART II.

ON A HOARD CHIEFLY CONSISTING OF SYRACUSAN
DEKADRACHMS, FOUND AT SANTA MARIA DI
LICODIA, SICILY.

IN January of last year a peasant digging in his plot of
land at Santa Maria di Licodia, a small town that lies on
one of the Westernmost spurs of Etna, found a pot con-
taining over eighty silver coins, no less than sixty-seven
of which were Syracusan dekadrachms or pentekontalitra.
According to the account given me, the deposit lay
beneath a layer of lava. The coins were at once taken
into Catania, where I saw them a few days afterwards,
and was thus fortunate enough not only to be able to take
down a summary record of the contents of this remarkable
hoard, but to secure at least temporary possession of some
of the most interesting specimens. A portion of the coins,
perhaps owing to the action of the lava, had suffered con-
siderably, large parts of the surface having flaked off on
one or other of their faces. There were, however, among
them about a score of " medallions " in really brilliant
condition, including one which from the unique type
presented both by its obverse and reverse, and from the
marvellous beauty and finish of its design, must take its
place among the greatest masterpieces of Syracusan art
that have come down to our time. The following is a
brief account of thei hoard.

218

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

SYRACUSE.
Dekadrachms by Kimdn. .

in hoard.

1. Obv. — Head of Arethusa, in net, in low relief (Type

I.). Inscr. SYPAKO3IHN. £{ on

band of the sphendone above the forehead.

Rev. — Quadriga, &c., in Kimon's usual style, and
KIM.QN on exergual line of reverse. (PI.
I., fig. 5. As B.M. Cat., Syracuse, No. 100.) 2

[In good condition.]

2. Obv. — Head of Arethusa, in net, in different style

and high relief. (Type II., var.) Kl on band.
(It is uncertain whether an inscription also
existed on the dolphin beneath the head.)

Eev. — As before. Inscription, AOAA, visible be-
neath panoply ...... 1

[Somewhat worn; obverse die shows traces of
fracture.]

3. Obv.— Similar head to No. 2. (Type II., var,) In-

scription, K on baud, which is exceptionally
broad. No inscription on dolphin.

Rev.— Same. (Cf. PL II., fig. I; B.M. Cat. 205, 206.) 2

[Head in one case well preserved, in the other fair.
The reverses of both much worn.]

4. Ofa;.— Head as No. 3 but in finer style. (Type III..

A.) K on band, which is narrower; KIMflN
on dolphin.

Rev. — As before . . . . • . . .2

[Well preserved. Of one of these coins I saw only
the obverse, the original reverse was pro-
bably in bad condition and it had been
accordingly sliced off and replaced by a
reverse of a medallion by Evaenetos, the
head of which had been probably defective.
This ingenious fraud, which came under my
notice some time after the date of the dis-

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 219

No. of coins
in hoard.

co very of the hoard, was so well executed
that it had already deceived one practised
numismatist. It was no doubt executed by
the notorious Catanian coin-forger, Bianchi.)

5. Obv. — Head of similar type to No. 4, but of coarser

workmanship. (Type III., B.) K on band
and KIM.QN on dolphin beneath neck.

Rev.— Similar. (B. M. Cat. 202, 203). . . 1

[Obverse well preserved and freshly struck. The
reverse, however, seems to have been struck
from a die that had become much oxidized.]

Dekadrachms by Ev&netos.

6. Obv. — Head of Persephone to 1., wreathed with

barley leaves. Inscr., ^YPAKO^lJQN
above ; around, four dolphins ; and beneath
the head full signature, EYAINETOY-

Rev. — Quadriga, with horses in high action. Nike
above and panoply below (PI. V.,fig. 14; Cf.
B. M. Cat., Syracuse, 175, &c.) ... 1
[In brilliant preservation.]

7. Obv. — Head of Persephone wreathed with barley

leaves as before. Signature EYAINE
more or less visible beneath the head.

Rev. — Quadriga, with horses in high action, and
arms below. In one instance the inscription
A0AA was visible below. (PI. V., fig. 13 ;
B. M. Cat. 175.) . . . . .15

[In various states of preservation. Some brilliant.
The reverses especially had in some cases
much suffered from sulphurous action ; in
other instances the reverse die showed signs
of wear and oxidization.]

8. Obv.— Similar, but A beneath chin ; EYAINE, as

before, beneath head.

Rev.— Similar. (PI. V., fig. 12; B. M- Cat. No. 173.) 4

[Fair preservation, but in one case the reverse die
had been in a foul (probably oxidized) con-
dition when the coin was struck.]

220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. of coins
in hoard.

9. Obv. — Similar, but no signature or letter in f.

visible.1
Rev. — Similar . . . . . . .15

[Various states of preservation. The reverses es-
pecially had in several instances much suf-
fered from sulphurous action.]

10. Obr. — Similar head, &c. No signature or letter in f.

Globule under chin.

Rev.— Similar. (B. M. Cat. 179.) ... 7
[Mostly badly preserved.]

11. Obv. — Similar head, &c. No signature or letter in f.

Dot or globule beneath chin, and behind
head, cockleshell.

Rev. — Similar 1

[Fair, but reverse die had been considerably worn
before the coin was struck.]

12. Obv. — Similar head, &c. No dot beneath chin, but

cockleshell behind head.

Rev.— Similar. (PI. V. 11 ; B. M. Cat. 186.) . 13

[Various states of preservation, from tine to in-
different.]

18. Obv. — Similar head; no dot; behind head a star of
eight rays.

Rev.— Similar. (B. M. Cat. 185.) . . .1
[Somewhat worn.]

14. Obv. — Similar head. Behind, to r., a head of a

griffin.

Rev.— Similar. (B. M. Cat. 187.) ... 1
[Indifferently preserved.]

Dekadrachm by a New Artist.

15. Obv. — Head of Persephone in a severer style, and

with more flowing hair. Inscription :
£ YPAKO^ IHN, removed to lower cir-
cumference of coin.

1 It is, however, probable that had these coins been better
struck the signature EYAINE would have been found.

No. of coins
in hoard.

Rev. — Quadriga, &c., in new style, passing stand (?);
action of horses less high and more rhyth-
mic ; arms larger and more ornate ; and
inscription, AOAA, in large letters above
shield. In r. hand corner of exergue, signa-
ture |\K or H< (?) in microscopic characters.
PI. IV., and p. 234, fig. 1. (For full descrip-
tion, v. infra, p. 231 seqq.) ....
[Brilliant condition.]

Syracusan Tetradrachms.

16. Obv.— Damareteion type. (B. M. Cat. 64.) .

[Worn.]

17. Obv.— Style of Eumenes

[Somewhat worn.]

18. Olv.— 3YPAKO3IO*. By Eukleidas (?) (As

B. M. Cat. 192.)

Rev.— As B. M. Cat. 194, &c

[Well preserved.]

19. Obv.— [£ YPAKO £ HIM]. Female head to r. in

korymbos. (B. M. Cat. 180.) (Cf. p. 350, fig. 10).
Rev. —Persephone, &c. (B. M. Cat. 224.) .

[In bad condition.]

20. Obv.— [3YP . . . .] By Phrygillos: traces of insc.

<|>PY on band of sphendone. (See Num.
Chron. 1890, PI. XVIII, Qb. Cf. B M. Cat.
158.)

Eev. — Probably by Evarchidas (v. infra, p. 335).
Persephone holding torch, crowned by Nike,
who also holds aplustre. (Cf. B. M. Cat.

224.)

[A good deal oxidized, otherwise fair.]

MESSANA. Tetradrachms.

21. Transitional type : olive-leaf beneath biga (B. M.

Cat. 26.)

[Worn.]

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. G G

222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. of coins
in hoard.

22. Somewhat later Transitional type; dolphin under
hare ; two dolphins beneath biga. (Cf.
B. M. Cat. 88.) ....
[Worn.]

28. Obv.— ME 3 3AAHO/V. Head of Pelorias, beneath
hare, with inscription, HEAQPIA ^ , round
it.

Rev. — Biga of mules galloping. (See Num. Chron.,
1890, PL XVIII., Sa and p. 298, seqq.
for full description, &c.) ....

[Somewhat worn.]

SELINUS. Tetradrachm.

24. Obv.— As B. M. Cat. 30.

Rev. — Apollo and Artemis in slow quadriga, behind
which is an ear of barley ....
[Fair condition.]

MOTYA. Tetradrachm.

25. Obv. — Head copied from the Arethusa on Kimon's

dekadrachm. Type H.

Rev.— Crab. (Cf. PI. II., 8.) ....

[Slightly worn.]

26. ATHENS. Tetradrachms. Archaic Style .

SUMMARY OP HOARD.
SYRACUSE :

Dekadrachms by Kimon .... 8
Dekadrachms by Evametos, signed 20 )
unsigned 38 J

Dekadrachm by New Artist ... 1

Tetradrachms 6

MESSANA, Tetradrachms 8

SELiNtJs, Tetradrachm 1

MOTYA, Tetradrachm 1

ATHENS, Tetradrachms 2

Total . 80

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 223

There were, in addition to the above, a certain number
of " Pegasi," but these had unfortunately been mixed up
by the owner with a quantity of similar coins from
another source.

It may be convenient first to consider the few non-
Syracusan coins discovered in this remarkable deposit.
Of these the tetradrachm of Motya, the obverse of which,
represents a copy by a Siculo-Punic artist of the profile
head of Arethusa in the net, as seen on Kimon's deka-
drachms, is of the greatest rarity. The Selinuntine reverse
type, on which a large barley spike shoots up behind the
chariot, appears to be a new variety.2 The most important
among the non-Syracusan coins found in the Santa Maria
hoard is unquestionably the Messanian tetradrachm already
published in the Numismatic Chronicle?

Of the Syracusan tetradrachms contained in the hoard,
the most remarkable was that with an obverse signed by
the artist Phrygillos, associated with a reverse type by
the newly discovered engraver Evarchidas, about which
enough has also been said in the above-cited paper.

It is, however, with the Syracusan dekadrachms con-
stituting the great bulk — sixty-seven out of eighty — of the
Santa Maria deposit, that we are on the present occasion
specially concerned. Of these, eight were the work of
Kimon, fifty-eight of Evaenetos, and one of a hitherto
unknown artist.

In the case of both of the two former engravers, the
hoard supplies internal evidence that the issue of these
silver fifty -litra pieces must at the time of their deposit

2 This coin has since been acquired for the Museum of
Palermo.

3 Vol. x. 3rd Ser. (1890), p. 285 seqq. New Artists' Signatures
on Sicilian Coins.

224 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

have been already many years in duration. Not only do we
find a considerable variety of types, but the signs of wear
displayed by many of the coins show that they had been
already several years in circulation. Other examples
again afford interesting evidence that the dies themselves
had in some cases suffered considerable damage in the
course of use. Thus the obverse die of No. 2, signed by
Kimon, had sustained a fracture, and, on the other hand,
the reverse dies of several dekadrachms of Evaenetos and
one of Kimon were evidently in a very foul condition at
the time that the coins were struck, the impressions
showing evident traces of the oxidization of the matrices.4
The reverse dies in other cases had been much worn.5

The dekadrachms signed by Kimon, which — for reasons
to be fully stated later on — I have placed first in my list,
afford interesting evidence of artistic evolution. The earliest
of his Arethusa heads, No. 1, is executed in the flat relief
of the preceding Syracusan coinage, and stands, as we
shall see, in an intimate relation to an early tetradrachm
type of Evasnetos. To this succeeds the effigy in bold
relief, of which, however, there is traceable an earlier and
a later class. Of the earlier class, No. 3 is a good ex-
ample ; it approaches the flatter original head in the
broad character of the sphendone band above the fore-
head. Finally, on the third class exemplified by the
obverse of 4 and 5 the band is narrower. These classes
have been distinguished in my list as Types I., II., and III.

The dekadrachms of Eveenetos found in this deposit
consist of nine main types,6 and as in the case of Kimon's

4 Of. especially Nos. 5, 7, and 8.

5 Cf. Nos. 7, 11.

6 Owing to the somewhat summary study of the bulk of
these coins, to which, by the circumstances of the case, I was

SVRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 225

coinages, show greater variety in the obverse than in the
reverse designs. The types represented in the find are
already known, with one remarkable exception, but some
of the specimens are of interest from their brilliant con-
dition and the illustration that they supply of variations
on points of detail. The reverse of a specimen of No. 12
(PI. V. fig. 10) exhibits a very beautiful figure of Nike, with
a waving top-knot on her head, a feature not yet noticed
on these coins. It is remarkable that in only a single
case, the very beautiful coin reproduced on PI. Y. fig. 12,
was the legend A0AA beneath the arms in the exergue
clearly defined. The obverse head of this piece, beneath
which the upper part of the signature EYAINE is visible,
is also of extraordinary merit, and with the fine coin with
A in the field reproduced in PL Y. fig. 11, gives a good
idea of the masterpieces of this artist at his best.

From a comparison of the style of the different types
represented, it results that some of the unsigned deka-
drachms are slightly anterior in date to the earliest of
those on which the signature of Evaenetos appears. These
early characteristics are especially noteworthy on the coins
with a cockle behind the head of Kore (PL IV., fig. 10),
which are conspicuous for their larger and grander ren-
dering of the Goddess's head, as well as for the less
sensational character of the chariot group on the reverse.
Of the signed dekadrachms, the earliest seem to be those
reading " EYAINE," accompanied by the letter A in the
field, which in all probability must be regarded as an
indication of value, and as standing for Aek"d% patois.

obliged to restrict myself, I have not in the case of Evaenetos'
coins attempted to indicate all the varieties of die or of detail in
the arrangement of the civic inscription.

226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Of all the types of Evsenetos represented in this hoard,
the latest is unquestionably No. 6, on which the signature
appears at full length as EYAINETOY.7 This interest-
ing type seems to be altogether unpublished. No coin
with this inscription or of this type exists either in the
National Collection or in any to which I have had access.
A single example of this type occurred in the present
hoard, and a phototype of it is given on PL V. fig. 14.
It will be seen that the head of Kore on this coin is re-
markably small and lacks the grandeur of some of Evae-
netos' earlier works. The hair is less wavy and luxuriant.
The quadriga shows very high action and belongs to the
more sensational reverse types of this artist. The weight
of this dekadrachm is 663 grains (42*9 grammes).

The most remarkable discovery brought to light by the
present hoard is, however, unquestionably the dekadrachm
summarily described under No. 15. It represents the
work of a new and hitherto unknown artist on the Syra-
cusan dies, and though the head of Kore that it exhibits
shows distinct affinities to the type of Evsenetos, both the
obverse and reverse of this truly magnificent piece present
specialities of style, design, and epigraphy which place it
in a category by itself.

Leaving this coin to be fully described and discussed in
the following section, and taking a retrospective survey
of the hoard as a whole, we may obtain a few indications

7 In Historia Numorum, p. 154, the full inscription EYAI-
N ETOY is cited as accompanying the coin referred to as Fig.
100, which is taken from a specimen in the British Museum
(Cat. No. 173) and in which the A appears in the field of the
obverse. Mr. Head, however, informs me that this is due to a
printer's error, and that the last three letters of the signature
should have been in brackets. The full legend EYAINETOY,
as seen on the Santa Maria piece is associated with a much later
head. This coin is now in Mr. H. Montagu's cabinet.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 227

bearing on the date of its deposit. The general character
of tetradrachm types associated with the "medallions,"
is unquestionably somewhat earlier than we should have
otherwise expected. Yet it must be observed that the
same peculiarity was present in an even more marked
degree in the important find of coins recently made in
Western Sicily, described by Professor Salinas, in which
dekadrachms, both of Kimon and Evaenetos, were associ-
ated with Sicilian tetradrachm types, the great bulk of
which belonged to the period when O was still in use in
place of fL

Of the present find the coin of Selinus showed the
older epigraphy, as did two of the Messanian tetra-
drachms, while the third of that city illustrated the
transition from O to .Q, the older form being adhered to
in the civic name, the new appearing in the name of the
Nymph Pelorias. Of the Syracusan tetradrachm s, one
belonged to the older Damareteian type, two were the
work of Eumenes, one, No. 18, probably by Eukleidas,
who uses the form 3YPAKO3IO3, which skilfully
avoids the necessity of pronouncing between the older and
the newer letter-form, and may be regarded as a charac-
teristic product of the time of transition. The obverse
of the coin signed by Phrygillos (No. 20), unfortunately
does not show the termination of the civic inscription, but
this artist employs both forms of orthography. No. 19
alone, though very badly preserved, unquestionably
originally bore the inscription ^ YPAKO^ IflN.

It would, I think, be unsafe to bring down any of these
types beyond 405 B.C., while most of them are certainly
anterior to 410. On the other hand, from the fact that
on the dekadrachms the use of the newer form of £1 is
universal, and that at the time when this hoard was

228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

deposited many of them had evidently been several years
in circulation, it is probable that the more recent, at least,
belong to a distinctly later date than any of the tetra-
drachms with which they were associated.

Santa Maria di Licodia, where the present hoard was
discovered, corresponds, approximately at least, with the
site of the Sikel stronghold of Inessa that lay between
Hadranum and the Galeatic Hybla, on the ledge of lower
hills immediately below Mount Etna to the South- West.8
On the removal hither of the population of Hieron's JEtna
from Katane, in 461, this city succeeded to the name of
.ZEtna, by which it was henceforth known. The successful
operations of the Carthaginians during the first years of
the Fourth Century B.C. against Messana and Katane, in-
duced Dionysios to withdraw to this place the Campanian
mercenaries, hitherto stationed, in the Syracusan interest,9
at the latter city, and henceforth, to Timoleon's time,
^Etna became a stronghold of the Dionysian dynasty.

Considering that the site of the present discovery
lies in the neighbourhood of Katane, with which -/Etna-
Inessa was historically so intimately connected, the
entire absence of Katanaoan coins from this hoard itself
affords strong evidence that it was withdrawn from cir-
culation at a period when the autonomous coinage of
Katane itself had for some time ceased, while, on the
other hand, the fact that seventy-three out of eighty coins
were from Syracusan dies points strongly to the conclu-

8 Strabo, vi., 2, 8, and 23. Freeman, Sicily, vol. i. p. 148.

9 Diodoros, lib. xiv. c. 60. The Campanian mercenaries
seem to have withdrawn to JEtna between the capture of
Messana by Himilkon in 396 B.C., and the capture of Katane
which resulted on the naval victory of Magon. For a moment

became the headquarters of DioDysios himself.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 229

sion that the date of its deposit lies well within the limits
of the Dionysian period.

From the fact, already noticed, that many of the dies
used were cracked and oxidized, and that nearly all the
chief known varieties of " medallions," both by Kimon and
Evsenetos, were represented in the hoard, it is evident
that their issue had gone on for a considerable period of
years before the date of its deposit. In a succeeding section
I hope to show that the earliest Syracusan dekadrachms
were first struck during the years that immediately suc-
ceeded the Athenian siege, those of Evsenetos beginning
about 406 B.C. This artist had already, at an earlier date,
perhaps as early as 425 B.C., engraved tetradrachms in an
earlier " manner " for the Syracusan mint. If we allow
another score of years for the period of his later activity,
which also shows a marked development in style, his latest
"medallion" dies would reach down approximately to
385 B.C. It is, however, by no means impossible that the
dies of both Kimon and Evaenetos may have been used
for some time at least after those artists had ceased their
activity ; and the state to which some of the dies used for
the coins of the present deposit had been reduced may
be held to favour this view.

On the other hand, however, the absence from this
hoard of Siculo-Punic tetradrachms of the later types
imitated from Evaenetos' " medallions," which are other-
wise of constant occurrence in this as well as other parts
of Sicily, is a significant fact. The coins of Herakleia
Minoa (Rash Melkart) struck in the period immediately
succeeding 383 B.C., when Dionysios restored it to the
Carthaginians, show that soon after that date these
Punic copies of Evsenetos' head of Kore and the
accompanying quadriga had become the usual types of

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. H H

230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.'

Carthaginian Sicily. That "Camp coins" with these
types had been struck at Panormos or elsewhere at a
somewhat earlier period than the autonomous issues of
Eash Melkart is undeniable, and there seem to be good
grounds for believing that the introduction of the type
of Evaenetos' Persephone, on the coins struck by Carthage
for her Sicilian mercenaries, was part of the atonement for
the violation of the Syracusan sanctuary of " The God-
desses " by the troops of Himilkon in 395 B.C.10 The
absence of any specimen of this abundant Siculo-Punic
class from the present hoard makes it difficult to bring
down the date of its deposit many years later than
380 B.C.

Hoards of coins may be divided into two main categories
— those, namely, which represent the character of the local
currency at the moment of their burial, and those the
accumulation of which has been more gradual, and which,
therefore, represent selections from the current coinage of
a more or less extended period of years. It is to this
latter class that the present find unquestionably belongs.
Many of the coins found in this deposit, which are, typo-
logically, the earliest, such as, for instance, the " medal-
lions " in Kimon's first style of low relief, are, nevertheless,
among the best preserved. It is evident that in this
hoard we have the savings of some individual put by year
by year, and the comparative state of preservation of the
different types contained in it does not, therefore, supply
us with the same chronological data that would have been
derived from a hoard of the other kind.

10 Cf. L. Miiller, Numismatique tie Vancienne Afriquc, ii.,
pp. 110, 111.

PART III.
A DEKADRACHM BY A NEW ARTIST.

THE great prize of the Santa Maria hoard remains, how-
ever, to be described. This is the dekadrachm (fig. 1,
p. 234) of which a phototype, enlarged to twice the diameter,
appears on Plate IY.

The obverse exhibits the head of Persephone* to the
left, wreathed with barley-leaves, and with four dolphins
playing around as in Evaenetos' well-known design. The
present type, however, differs in important particulars
from all known examples of Evsenetos' handiwork. The
face of the Goddess as here seen, beautiful as it is,
reveals her to us in a new and severer aspect. The
quadriga on the reverse, and the panoply below it, appear
on a grander scale, and upon both sides of the coin the
inscription is differently arranged. A careful analysis of
the design, both on the obverse and reverse of this superb
"medallion," shows divergences of style and execution
that betray a different hand. The microscopic delicacy
of the engraving on the present coin is indeed alone
sufficient to place it in a category apart, and a minute
comparison, which I had the advantage of making in Mr.
Head's company, between this piece and the fine series of
dekadrachms from the hand of Evsenetos in the British
Museum, convinced us both that the newly discovered

232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

" medallion " could not be the work of that artist during
any period of his activity.

The eyes of the Maiden Goddess, as portrayed for us
on the present coin, are longer in proportion to their
height1 and rendered more in accordance with the earlier
tradition. The angle at which the upper and lower eye-
lids meet is less than in the case of Evsenetos' work, the
pupil of the eye is somewhat smaller and, except where
slightly cut by the line of the upper eyelid, visible in its
entirety, in contradistinction to those of the other artist,
which are always more or less in profile.

In these respects the proportions of the eye show a
greater affinity to those observed by the engraver Kimon
in his dekadrachms exhibiting the head of Arethusa in high
relief. The present delineation is, however, of unrivalled
delicacy. Both the pupil and iris are indicated with micro-
scopic fineness, and the upper line of the under eyelid
reveals a peculiarity which at once links it on to the work
of the earlier Syracusan masters, as distinguished from that
of the later school represented by Evaenetos. In the age
preceding the date of the engraver Eumenes2 the under
eyelashes were often fully reproduced. Eumenes himself
at times reduced them to a mere line of dots, and after

1 The length of the upper eyelid is 0'36 mill, as compared
with 0'25 mill., the approximate average on fine signed coins of
Evaenetos. The length of the lower is 0-25 mill, as compared
with 0-20 mill. The height of the eye itself is 0-14 mill, as
compared with about 0-16. On the other hand the proportions
of the eyes on the new " medallion " almost exactly tally with
those of Kimon's Arethusa head on his dekadrachms of high
relief. These Kimonian dimensions may be approximately
given as O35 mill, for the length of the upper eyelid, 0*25 for
that of the lower, and 0'15 for the height of the eye between
the upper and lower lids.

2 For this form of the name sec p. 264.

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 233

his time they disappear from the Syracusan dies. Beneath
the eye of Kore, however, as she is here depicted, the
lashes are still traceable in a series of minute punctuations,
so finely engraved on the upper edge of the lid that they
are only visible to ordinary sight with the aid of a strong
lens.

The nose is more purely " Grecian " and free from the
slight incurving at its spring that characterizes Evsenetos'
profiles, both early and late. It is more delicately
modelled, and shows no trace of that slight heaviness
about the nostrils that always somewhat weights the beau-
tiful face of the Goddess as she appears on the rival dies.
The outline of the neck flows in a softer undulation ; the
bow of the chin is not so full. The lips are more crisply
cut, and a prouder, perchance a sadder, expression hovers
about their corners. It is as if the fatal pomegranate-seed
had passed them and left its taste of immortal bitterness. In
proportion to the module of the coin the maximum relief
is a shade lower,3 but the locks of hair, the ear and corn-
wreath are, nevertheless, more deeply engraved. The
curving spikes and folded sheaths of the barley-spray are
themselves rendered with greater fulness and naturalistic
detail.

But besides these more subtle discrepancies which
reveal themselves on a minute analysis of the type before
us, there are other differences in arrangement and design
that must strike the most casual observer. The inscrip-
tion 3 YPAKO3 IflN, which on all other coins of this
class surrounds the upper part of Persephone's head, is

3 The greatest relief of the head is in this case 0-29 mille-
metre above the flat surface of the coin. In the case of a fine
dekadrachm of Evaonetos in the British Museum (with the in-
scription A) the relief is 0'33 mill.

234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

here with fine artistic instinct transferred to the lower
circumference of the coin, thus occupying the space
reserved by Evsenetos for his signature on some of his
dekadrachms. The field is thus set free for a new and
luxuriant development of " the Maiden's " curling tresses,
which flow upwards and outwards, and seem " to wanton
in Sicilian air," while others twine like bindweed about
the curving spikes of the corn-blades. Beneath and
in front are the usual four dolphins which define the

Fig. 1 . " Medallion ' ' by New Artist.

character of the young Earth Goddess here as Lady of
Ortygia — in a wider sense, perhaps, as Lady of the Isle
of Sicily — but the ampler field around has enabled the
artist in this case to endow them with fuller and more
graceful forms, and thus to introduce minute naturalistic
details such as the double ring round the eye-socket.
They are as nearly as possible one-third larger than the
dolphins on Evaenetos' dies,4 and the lower of the four is
placed in immediate contact with the section of Perse-
phone's neck, so that it seems to bear up her head.

4 The average maximum breadth of the dolphins' bodies on
this coin is 0-28 mill, as compared with an average of about
0-19 mill, on signed dekadrachms of Evaenetos. The average
length is 1-86 mill, as compared with 1'25 mill.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 235

The reverse type of this remarkable "medallion"
stands equally apart from other coins of the same class.
We have here, indeed, as upon the ordinary dekadrachm
dies, the victorious quadriga and the panoply below, but
we see them in a new and grander aspect, and with im-
portant variations in the character of the inscription and
the design.

It cannot be denied that in the disposition of the
horses' hind legs upon the dekadrachms of Evaenetos there
is an element of discord. They intersect one another at
broken intervals, and in every variety of the design an
ungraceful feature is supplied by two hind-legs of the
second horse being placed on the ground together, an
arrangement which is besides an impossible one, since it
involves a prolongation of the horse itself to over half
its natural length, while the foremost horse, on the con-
trary, is unduly shortened. In the action of the team,
moreover, there is perceptible a tendency towards that
sensationalism which is so characteristic of the tetra-
drachm types by the same artist, with their tangled and
trailing reins, broken chariot wheels, and overset goals.

On the newly-discovered piece, on the other hand,
though the distance between the fore and hind-legs of the
foremost horse is still too small, the scheme as a whole
is severely controlled within the limits of sobriety and
harmony. The horses step together in perfect rhythm as
if to the music of some stately psean, and it is less the
straining of the racer that is here portrayed for us than
the crowned victor's measured course. The steeds them-
selves are of full and noble build, and entirely free from
that slight attenuation of body which is the defect of
Evsenetos' more agitated compositions. They impress us
with an overpowering sense of largeness altogether dis-

236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

proportionate to the field that holds them. We seem to
be surveying a reduction of some great work of bronze or
marble, and indeed it would be hard to match the blended
power and beauty of the group before us outside the
Parthenon frieze.

A new feature is supplied in the present design, of which
there is no trace on any known dekadrachm. This is the
appearance beneath the forepart of the second horse of an
angular ridge, the continuation of which may be traced
above its head.5 The effect produced in a perpendicular
direction is identical with that exhibited below horizontally
by the steps on which the arms are set out, and gives the
spectator the appearance of a corner of masonry rather
than of an Ionic column, such as by the analogy of other
Sicilian coins we should expect were this intended to
indicate the goal. It is further to be observed that, as the
horses ran against the sun, the goal would have been on
the left, which is here the nearer side.6 It is possible
therefore that the ridge in the background here represents
the angle of a monument that overlooked the course and
the extremity of which, here represented, marked the
winning-line on the side opposite to that on which stood
the columnar goal. It is from the summit of the erection
thus indicated that Nike flies forward to crown the
charioteer, anol it seems possible that we have here an
indication of a stand on which the judges sat who decided
on the issue of the race, Victory herself, whose statue,
perhaps, crowned the whole, here standing for the more
mortal arbiters of the contest.

5 This continuation of the line above the horse's head shows
that this feature in the design is intentional, and that it cannot
be referred to a mere flaw in the die.

6 As, for instance, on the reverse of a tetradrachm of Katane,
signed by Evaenetos (B. M. Cat. No. 85).

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 237

In this connexion it will be remembered that on more
than one ancient monument — some coins of Elis and Terina
may be taken as numismatic examples — Nike is seen
perched aloft on a base or cippus, and the explanation of
this may probably be seen in a design on a beautiful red-
figured vase found at Chiusi, the main subject of which is
a wrestling match between two youths.7 Here Victory is
seen seated above on a high basis or " stand " watching the
match below, and evidently in the position of the umpire.

Another feature in which the present design differs
from that of all other known dekadrachms is to be seen in
the perfectly horizontal position of the goad held by the
charioteer, the further end of which is hidden behind the
horses' heads. In every other case the goad is held aslant,
its upper portion visible above the horses' heads. Its
level aim on the coin before us harmonizes well with the
even action of the team itself, and seems to regulate their
perfect time.

The arrangement of the reins again essentially differs
from that adopted by Evaenetos, and presents a much
closer agreement with that of Kimon. On Kimon's
dekadrachms, which present the particularity of exhibit-
ing the up-turned end of the chariot pole, the nearer
rein ascends and forks into two bridles, one on either side
of the nearer horse's head. Two reins are seen across the
necks of the two central horses, while the outermost horse
on the farther side of the quadriga is controlled like the
first by a single bridle on either side. On Evaenetos'
dekadrachms the reins radiate more slightly from the hand
of the charioteer ; of these all four cross the neck of the
nearest horse, three that of the second, two of the third,

7 In the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. I I

238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

while the farthest horse is governed, on the side visible to
the spectator, by a single rein which passes over the necks
of all the others — a remarkable arrangement, which was
doubtless resorted to in order to secure a greater control of
the horses in rounding the goal.8 It is obvious that at
that critical point in the course a greater pull is required
on the two outermost horses, which would have a tendency
to fly off at a tangent, and this additional hold on them
was apparently gained by passing the reins over the
breasts of the two inner horses, so that they served as
a kind of living pulley to the outermost. It is the
moment of turning that Evaenetos has here depicted for
us. The outermost steed, pricked by the goad, springs
forward, wheeling to the left, while with his left hand the
charioteer draws in the reins so as to pull round the nearer
horses.

In the case of the New " Medallion/' on the other hand,
we find, as already observed, that the arrangement of the
reins differs entirely from that adopted by Evaenetos on
his dekadrachms,9 while showing a closer agreement with
that of Kimon. The reins here start straight and level
from the driver's hands, while a single rein runs across
the neck of each, dividing into two before it reaches the
horse's bit. The horses themselves step together and
the horizontally extended goad well indicates that all is
now straightforward. It is no longer the turning in the
course that we have before us here. It is victorious arrival.

8 Since this was written I notice that the same explanation
had occurred to the Due de Luynes (Ann. delV List. 1830, p. 86).

9 On his tetradrachms (which are of a decidedly earlier date
than his dekadrachms) Evaenetos conforms to the arrangement
found on the new dekadrachin. This arrangement was in fact
the usual one, both on coins and other monuments of this
period.

Equal distribution and even-handed government cha-
racterise the whole of this noble composition. On the
other hand, the treatment of the horses' manes affords a
strong piece of internal evidence that this magnificent
design is from the graver of the same artist who executed
the luxuriant tresses of Persephone as she appears upon
the obverse of our "medallion." While upon all the
hitherto-known dekadrachms by Evsenetos and Kimon
the manes of the horses are regular and close-cropped,
they are here seen curling upwards over the horses' fore-
heads and toss about their necks in waving locks. The
hair of the charioteer also attains a new development and
streams behind him in the breeze.

The prize armour in the exergue is exhibited in its
entirety. It is of larger make than that of the known deka-
drachm types, it differs in arrangement, and presents a
greater variety of detail. The shield is broader and more
shapely. The crest of the helmet rises over the exergual
line ; its upper part is decorated with a kind of anth&mion,
and its cheek-piece exhibits a relief, apparently a seated
Sphinx. Sprays of foliage, perhaps of olive, run along the
sides of the greaves, and the front of the cuirass and border
of the shield show traces of ornament ; the thorax is turned
to the left instead of to the right as on all other " medal-
lions." The most striking divergence from the received
type is, however, to be seen in the legend AOAA, which,
instead of being relegated in small type to the narrow
space beneath the cuirass, in the very rare cases where
it is preserved at all,10 is here inscribed in large letters

10 Among fifteen more or less select dek'adrachms of Evaenetos
in the British Museum, the inscription AOAA is only legible
on a single specimen. In the Cabinet des Medailles at Paris,
which is especially rich in this department, the proportion is

240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

across the open space above the shield. As a consequence
of this arrangement the thorax, which on all other deka-
drachm types occupies the exact centre of the space
below the quadriga, is pushed somewhat to the right,
the slight overweighting of that side of the exergue that
might seem to ensue being skilfully counterbalanced by
the angle of masonry that rises above the exergual line on
the other side. Finally, in the corner behind the helmet
are traces of what appears to be a small monogram
somewhat resembling H< or NC, with possibly another
letter.

In this monogram we cannot hesitate to seek the name
of the engraver of the " medallion " itself. Unfortunately,
it is not clear enough on the coin to supply a certain
reading, but so much may be regarded as certain that no
ingenuity can connect it with the name of Evsenetos.

The minute analysis of the design already given has
enabled us to detect such an array of divergencies, alike
in style and detail, from all the known works of Evaenetos,
that even without the signature we should be justified in
concluding that the die of this remarkable dekadrachm
was executed by another hand. That slight varieties
exist among the dekadrachm dies of the rival artists is of
course well known. But amongst all these variations,
certain fixed limits are laid down which are never over-
passed. The place of the legend on both obverse and
reverse, the eyes, profile, and expression of the Goddess,
the general arrangement of her hair, of the reins and goad
in the hands of the charioteer, the distribution of the legs

about the same. On the remaining dekadrachms of the Santa
Maria hoard it was only preserved in two examples — one on a
coin by Evaenetos (PI. V., fig. 12), and the other, but imperfectly,
on a coin signed by Kimon.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 241

of the horses, their cropped manes and the absence of the
perpendicular ridge behind, the character and position of
the armour in the exergue — these are so many constant
features on the whole series of Evsenetos' " medallions "
every one of which is set aside in the present instance.

It might, perhaps, be argued, on the other hand, that
we have here a record of an attempt of Evaenetos' great
rival and contemporary, the engraver Kimon, to excel
him in his own chosen subject, the head of the youthful
Goddess, or that we have here from Kimon's hands the
original of the type which Evsenetos afterwards made his
own. Attention has already been called to certain features
in which the obverse head of the newly discovered piece
shows a distinct sympathy with Kimon's style of por-
traiture. The eye and profile of Persephone as here
delineated, the dolphin below her neck and the folds of
the neck itself, are all Kimonian. The extreme delicacy
and minuteness of the work is more nearly approached by
some of Kimon's earliest dekadrachms of lower relief than
by any of Evsenetos. The flowing locks of the Groddess
may themselves recall the facing head of Arethusa by the
former artist. Upon the reverse, again, the arrangement
of the reins corresponds with that on Kimon's dies. The
figure of the flying Nike betrays the same affinity.

It must, however, be borne in mind, that all the known
pentekontalitra from the hand of this engraver are asso-
ciated on the obverse with the head of Arethusa, and that
all are signed both on the obverse and reverse. The
reverse signatures, moreover, are all in full on the exergual
line, and neither the method nor position corresponds with
the present example. In the monogram — if monogram
it be — on the New " Medallion " a K indeed apparently
occurs, but it does not seem to be the initial letter, and

242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the abbreviated forms of Kimon's signature known to us
are either a single K or Kl or KIM-

The chariot and horses again here presented differ as radi-
cally from those on any known dekadrachm of Kimon as
from those of Evaenetos. Kimon's reverse types are indeed
unvarying. From his earliest " medallion " with the head
in low relief to his latest work in high relief, we have
the same scheme of the quadriga, two of the horses of
which have their hinder pair of legs placed together on
the ground, a scheme which is the starting point of
Evaenetos' types, who, however, diminishes the ungain-
liness of the effect by confining himself to a single pair
in this position.11 How different from this is the rhyth-
mic movement of the horses' legs on the new " medal-
lion " ! It is inconceivable that an artist who had once
hit on a design so beautiful and harmonious should have
reverted to such a comparatively crude and ungraceful
scheme. If we turn again to the panoply below, it
will be seen that Kimon's arrangement answers in every
respect to that adhered to by Evaenetos. The cuirass is
placed in the centre, the shield and helmet balanced
against each other, while the A0AA is transferred to the
lowest exergual space in small letters. The armour itself
is of comparatively diminutive size, and the cuirass is
turned to the right.

On the whole, then, in spite of some sympathies ex-
hibited in the style, we are reduced to the conclusion that

11 It is observable, however, that whereas Kimon's scheme is,
so far as it goes, a possible arrangement and is reconcileable
with the horses' dimensions, that of Evaenetos is impossible,
and requires us to stretch the body of the second horse to half
an additional length (see p. 285). The motive of the hind legs
set together on the ground is simply a survival from the Archaic
and early Transitional coin-types.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 243

there is no warrant for regarding the present " medallion "
as the work of Kimon any more than of Evaenetos. We
have no alternative left but to recognise in this master-
piece of artistic skill the work of a new and hitherto
unknown engraver of the dekadrachm dies of Syracuse.
The work itself stands apart from the tradition alike of
Kimon and Evaenetos, and represents an independent
essay of the highest merit in this branch of numismatic art.

It will, nevertheless, be observed that the fine head of
Persephone on the present coin stands in a very close
relation to Evaenetos' rendering of the same subject. Up
to a certain point one artist has copied from the other.
The same is true with regard to certain features on the
reverse, and notably the introduction of the armour
grouped on the steps beneath the chariot.

The interesting questions remain — To whom is due the
original — at least, so far as concerns numismatic art —
of this exquisite type of the young Goddess ? By which of
the two artists was first suggested the magnificent com-
bination of the prize arms with the victorious quadriga ?
In other words, must the issue of the piece before us be
regarded as earlier or later than that of the first deka-
drachms of Evaenetos ?

In this connexion it becomes important to consider in
what relation the present dekadrachm stands to Syracusan
types of the earliest period of the signed coinage, and
that immediately preceding it.

The luxuriant development of Persephone's hair is, as
already noticed, somewhat suggestive of Kim6n's master-
piece, the facing head of Arethusa (PI. III., 4, 5). The
flowing curls of our coin find also a certain analogy in the
tetradrachms of Eukleidas, struck about the year 415 B.C.,
which apparently portray the nymph Arethusa diving

244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

down into her pool with her tresses streaming upwards.
A ruder but in some respects still nearer precedent is,
however, supplied by a tetradrachm type from the hand of
the older master Eumenes, in which a female head is seen
bound round twice with a cord, while above and below
loose curling tresses flow out from the whole crown of the
head.

Kg. 2. Head, by EumenSs.

In the evolution of the head of Persephone" upon the
dekadrachm before us, this earlier type has evidently
played a part, and the incurving of the lower part of the
back hair is itself a decorative " survival " of the impress
made upon it by the cord that confined it on the earlier
design. The upper boundary of this cluster of hair is
again marked by a depression which represents the
channel, if such a term is applicable, of the second cord that
confines the back tresses of the prototype. The upper
line of the cord, moreover, as it crosses the top of the
head, seems actually to suggest the line followed by
the uppermost spike of the barley-wreath on the deka-
drachm.

The Syracusan coin types grow ; they are not, as a rule,
invented off-hand and without reference to pre-existing
monetary traditions. Great as is the advance on the
ruder work of Eumenes and other older artists exhibited
by the noble dekadrachm types, surpassing as was the

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 245

artistic skill with which the earlier details were absorbed
and transformed into what, to the unhistoric observer,
may seem purely original compositions, traces may yet
be found in their beautiful and harmonious lines of the
older elements out of which they were evolved.

The head of Arethusa as she appears on Kimon's fifty-
litra pieces may be traced back in the same way as the
design before us to atraditional type handed on by Eumenes
to his successors12. Taken in connexion with the tetra-
drachm head by the same Eumenes, exhibiting a perfect
halo of curling tresses, the effigy of Kore as she appears on
the newly discovered "medallion" has for us a new interest,
as supplying, as it were, an intermediate link between this
older creation and the head of the Goddess as she appears
on the well-known dekadrachm series of Evsenetos. And
so far as the present type shows a greater approach to this
pre-existing design, so far it supplies us with an argument
for regarding it as anterior in development and date to
the dekadrachm heads of Evaenetos. If this conclusion
be correct, we must suppose that Evaenetos restored the
civic inscription to its more usual place around the head,
at the cost of some of Kore's superabundant tresses. In
the treatment of the eye, again, as already pointed out,
the better perspective of Evsenetos' rendering represents
a distinctly later stage of artistic development. The
purer Greek profile, and the comparatively large size of
the dolphins on the new " medallion," are also character-
istic of an earlier period.

The inference to which we are thus led by an internal
analysis of the obverse type of our dekadrachm, that it
represents rather the original than the copy of the head

12 See p. 258 seqq.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. K K

246 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of the Kore, as she appears on the parallel coinage of
Evaenetos, is strongly reinforced by a consideration of the
reverse design of the same piece. Here we have to deal
with a simpler and grander form of the quadriga, which
typologically at least, is certainly anterior to that asso-
ciated with Evsenetos' handiwork. The action of the
horses in this case is altogether free from that sensational
element which characterizes the signed dekadrachms of
Evaenetos, and which, during the years that preceded
Dionysios' dictatorship, was rapidly gaining momentum
on the Sicilian dies. It is strange indeed that the same
artist who, in his head of Persephone, may be said to
trespass on the domain of painting, should on the other
side of the same piece have executed what is unques-
tionably the most sculpturesque and monumental of all the
Syracusan coin-types. Yet, as already shown, there are
certain points of sympathy between the obverse and reverse
designs, such as notably the free treatment of the horses'
manes, which tend to show that, as in the case of all
known dekadrachms, both sides of the coin are by the
same hand. The abandonment of the regular close-
cropped type of mane, such as is seen in the Pheidiac
school of sculpture, in favour of a naturalistic rendering,
is so far as it goes an advanced characteristic and an
anticipation of one of the finest features of the horses
on the Fourth-Century Tarentine Coinage; a similar
tendency is, however, already seen on the noble
dekadrachms of Akragas, struck before 406 B.C. The
fuller and less attenuated forms of the horses recall those
of the Akragantine engraver MYP,13 who seems to have

13 B. M. Cat., Agrigentum, 63, 54. There is an excellent
reproduction of this type in Weil, Die Kunstlerinschriften der
sicilischen Miinzen, Tat", i. 18.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 247

flourished during the years that immediately preceded
406 B.C., the date of the destruction of that city. As
compared with the other dekadrachm types of Syracuse,
their proportions are more in keeping with the canon of
Kimon, whose earliest " medallions," as I hope to show in
the succeeding section, are somewhat anterior in date to
those of Evsenetos. On the other hand, there exist some
early reverse types of dekadrachms by the latter artist 14
in which the action of the horses is less agitated than in
his usual scheme, and which, perhaps, supply the nearest
attainable comparison to the quadriga on the present coin,
though the disposition of the horses' legs on Evsenetos'
designs suffers from the usual defects, and both the bear-
ing and proportions of the steeds on the Santa Maria
type are very distinctly nobler. The influence of the
New Artist on Evaenetos seems to be distinctly traceable
in these pieces.

The more intimate relations in which, upon the newly
discovered pentekontalitron, the steps and panoply below
stand to the quadriga above, afford a further and most
important argument for the anteriority of the present
type. On the " medallions " alike of Kimon and Evsenetos,
the exergual arrangements appear as mere subsidiary
details. The pictorial schemes of the chariot and horses
above have no need for an architectural base on which to
support them. But the presentation of the quadriga by
the New Artist is, as we have seen, of a very different
character. It is wholly monumental, and at once suggests
the fact that the artist had in his mind's eye some indivi-
dual anathema, either in bronze or marble. The steps
corroborate this view, and may be taken actually to repre-

14 Cf. especially PI. V., fig. 10.

248 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

sent the graduated base of a monument in every way ap-
propriate to a hippodrome, and upon which the arms that
served as prizes in the contest were actually placed.

When too on the dekadrachms by the other artists we
find the steps and armour below dwindling down to mere
ornamental appendages, and the horses above showing
action of a kind suggesting rather the freedom of a
painter's brush, we have good grounds for supposing that
the scheme on our present " medallion/' in which the plastic
character of the chariot group and the graduated base
below mutually explain one another, is the earlier design.

The fuller and more realistic presentation of the armour,
as well as the prominence of the inscription that indicates
its destination as the prize of victory, taken by them-
selves supply some grounds for seeing in this part of
the design as it appears in the New " Medallion " the
original of the exergual arrangement that was adopted in
a modified and more decorative form by Kimon, and after
him by Evaenetos, upon their dekadrachm dies.

The technical peculiarities of the present piece which
mark it off, not less distinctly than its originality of style
and design, from all other coins of this class, point on the
whole to the same conclusion. The relief, both on the
obverse and reverse, is somewhat lower than that on
Evaenetos' " medallions," and shows a nearer approach to
that of Kimon's earlier work. Its quadriga especially
reveals a more shallow intaglio of the die, recalling the
finest Fifth -Century style of gem-engraving. The
mechanical skill with which this coin has been struck is
truly remarkable. A slight reduplication of lines may
indeed be detected round the outermost rim of the ob-
verse, but I know of no dekadrachm that can compare with
this, either in the roundness of the circumference, or in the

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 249

precision with which the impression of the die on either
side has been centred on the metal, so that not only is the
whole design, both on the obverse and reverse, contained
within the field, but in neither case is there a lopsided
margin. The module of the coin is abnormally large,
being 1'51 inch (3*84 mill.) or *06 inch broader than the
largest " medallion " of Evaenetos in the British Museum.
In its exceptional module the present coin unquestionably
ranges better with the dekadrachms from the hand of
Kimon, amongst which the average expanse is decidedly
greater than on those by Evaenetos. Amongst the
specimens in the British Museum, there are two of
Kimon's work, the modules of which reach respectively
1'55 and 1*6 inch, and a third "medallion" of the same
artist (with the lower relief) in the collection of the
University of Aberdeen measures 1*55. And inasmuch as
Kimon's first dekadrachm issues belong to a slightly
earlier date than those of Evaenetos,15 the abnormally
large module of the piece by the New Artist must also
tell in favour of its comparatively early date. The
Akragantine dekadrachms, which are also relatively early,
range between T46 inch (3'7 mill.) and 1/62 inch (4*1
mill.).16

Were there any trace of a progressive diminution in the
weight of Syracusan silver money during this period, the
decidedly light weight of this exceptional dekadrachm
which weighs 645^ grains, as against an average of over
665 grains, might be taken as distinct evidence of posteri-
ority of issue. But there is no trace of such a progressive
diminution, and on the other hand a considerable varia-

15 See Parts IV. and V.

16 Salinas, Le Monete delle antiche Citta di Sicilia, p. 21.

250 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

tion in weight is perceptible in known examples of
Evaenetos' dekadrachms, one in the British Museum
descending as low in the scale as 650 grains. Un-
doubtedly for a coin which, with the exception of the loss
of a few small flakes of silver in the upper field of the
reverse, is brilliantly preserved, and of extraordinary
large module, a discrepancy of some 20 grains is a note-
worthy phenomenon. In the case, however, of a deka-
drachm by Kimon in the British Museum, the authenticity
of which there seems no good reason for doubting, and
which is by no means in bad condition, the weight falls
as low as 625 '3 grains.17

The general conclusion, then, to which these various
lines of induction seem to point is that the newly dis-
covered " medallion" is slightly earlier in date than any
known dekadrachm from the hand of Evaenetos. In that
case the unknown artist with whom we have to deal was
in all probability the original creator of the beautiful
type of the young Goddess crowned with the green
barley-wreath of Spring, which, in a slightly modified
form, was reproduced and popularized on the prolific
issues of Evaenetos.

It is possible, indeed — and this perhaps is the prefer-
able view — that the reverse type as seen on the new
" medallion," which seems to betray a less developed style
than the obverse head, was originally coupled with a still
earlier version of the head of Kore1 than that with which
it is actually associated. The fact that the present coin
is altogether unique, and the possibility, therefore, that it
was struck for some special purpose connected with the

17 B. M. Cat,, Syracuse, No. 203. It has the same flaw in
the die as another piece of full weight.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 251

prize of an agonistic contest, make it reasonable to sup-
pose that a still earlier, but hitherto undiscovered, version
of the obverse type may yet lie behind it. In this case,
the head of Persephone that it exhibits would represent
a parallel development of an original model, used also by
Evsenetos, rather than the original model itself. The
perspective rendering of the spiral curls on the new
" medallion" is seen on Kimon's early dies in a more
incipient stage, and is conspicuous by its absence on his
facing head of Arethusa. On the " medallions " of
Evaenetos, on the other hand, this artistic feature is seen
in much the same stage of development, though the curls
of his Kore are still more closely coiled; and this fact
may be taken to supply an argument for bringing down
the execution of the obverse design of the New Artist
approximately to the same date as the early " medallions "
of Evsenetos. In any case, however, the early character-
istics observable both on the obverse and reverse of our
coin make it difficult to suppose that it is merely a later
copy based on Evsenetos' design.

The discovery of the present " medallion " is in other
respects of high interest in the history of the glyptic art
as affording us a new stand-point of comparison for the
well-known masterpiece from the hand of Evaenetos.
The relation in which the coin before us stands to it
has already been generally indicated. In many respects
the contrast only serves to bring into clearer relief the
peculiar charms of each. The New Engraver excels in
minute elaboration of details, but his presentment of the
Maiden Goddess, though richer in accessories, is severer
in profile and nobler in expression. The portrait by
Evsenetos, on the other hand, is a work of greater artistic
concentration. The details are better subordinated to

252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the general effect. Quite secondary attention is here
paid to the background. The cutting-off of the super-
fluous tresses brings out the fine outline of the head
itself and throws the whole into greater relief, while the
slighter rendering of the surrounding dolphins also
serves to give greater prominence to the central design.
Their curves are balanced against the outlines of the face
and neck with calculated skill, the bowed outline of the
lowermost dolphin, for example, no longer following, and
almost repeating the line of the neck-section immediately
above, but standing here in accentuated contrast to its more
gentle sweep, while the flowing inner bend formed by the
upper of the two fish in front of Kore's face intensifies, by
the law of opposition, the soft incurving of the line that
unites her nose and forehead, and which breaks the
classical severity of profile.

The eye in Evaenetos' portrait is, as we have seen,
in better perspective. The modelling of the ear and
cheek is executed with greater ease and truth to nature,
and about the corners of the lips there lurks a very human
dimple. It is a girlish face, rather Gfreuze-like in its
expression, and of surpassing loveliness, that we have
before us from Evsenetos' dies, but something of the
diviner element that permeates the earlier impersonation
seems here to have faded from our view.

If we turn to the reverse of the newly discovered deka-
drachm, while we admire the simplicity and grandeur of
the quadriga group, with its rhythmic and harmonious
movement, we cannot fail to notice, at the same time, a
certain naiveness and uniformity in the arrangement. In
spite of the admirable modulation of movement the drawing
is somewhat too regular. The goad and outstretched arm,
the reins, the axle-tree, and steps below, all form a series

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 253

of parallel lines, and the horses— all equally controlled
and equidistant — in the bearing of their heads and necks
and the arrangement of their legs, repeat the same action.
The quadriga types of Evsenetos, on the other hand,
especially as seen in the maturity of their development
on such a piece as that represented on Plate V., Fig. 12,
betray throughout a hand that has spent a long appren-
ticeship in the art of design. The composition itself,
which suggests, without actually showing, the moment of
rounding the goal, is of unrivalled ingenuity. The action
of the horses is higher and incomparably more varied.
The raised goad, the more radiating reins and their
adroitly devised arrangement, the rearing horses, the dis-
posal of the legs into two distinct groups, are all so many
evidences of freehanded striving after a magnificent
and elaborately calculated artistic effect. If the other
design runs on monumental lines, that of Evsenetos might
translate itself into a painter's masterpiece. It is only
when we analyse the scheme more carefully that we see
that the arrangement, striking and effective as it seems,
has yet its defects ; that the two hind-legs of the second
horse placed on the ground imply a body dispropor-
tionately long, that the hind-legs of the foremost horse
would make (as in the other instance) a body dispropor-
tionately short, and that the complex crossing of the legs
themselves, that adds variety and sensation to the design,
is fatal to the harmony and dignity that shine in the older
composition.

The arrangement of the panoply and inscription below
on Evsenetos' coin certainly lacks nothing in regard to
symmetry, and the transference of the inscription A0AA
in minute letters to the lowest exergual space is, from this
point of view, a neat device. But this nicely balanced

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. L L

254 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

grouping of the arms with their triple ascending scale is,
after all, a paltry set-off against the massive simplicity of
the older design. How poor are the shield and helmet, the
greaves and cuirass, by comparison ! How shrunken from
their heroic mould ! The perfect equipoise achieved, itself
contributes to reduce them almost to an ornamental
appendage of the quadriga above, and like the legend that
describes them, their meaning as the prize of a great
agonistic contest stands out no longer bold and clear as
on the earlier piece. As a matter of fact on over ninety
percent, of these later " medallions " as actually struck,
the A0AA below is entirely lost.

In examining the handiwork of Evaenetos we cannot
fail to recognise at every turn the characteristics of a
more advanced art, and yet with all the trained artistic
skill and brilliant power of composition displayed by this
engraver, with all the beauty of his portraiture, it must
still be acknowledged that in delicacy of touch and
majesty of design he stands behind the earlier Master
whose splendid work has been now revealed to us. The
coin itself, with its infinite refinement of execution, with
its alternating moods of picturesque luxuriance and
sculpturesque majesty, is a tour de force which may,
perhaps, be compared with some of the medallic master-
pieces of the Italian Renascence executed by artists whose
main lines ran along the higher paths of painting,
sculpture, and architecture.

PART IV.

THE DEKADRACHMS OF KIMON, AND HIS PLACE ON
THE SYRACUSAN DIES.

REASONS have been given in the preceding section for
regarding the newly-discovered "medallion" from the
Santa Maria hoard as of somewhat earlier fabric than any
known dekadrachm of Evaenetos. The severe and simple
style of the reverse has even inclined us to go a step
farther, and to regard its most characteristic feature, the
prize arms ranged on the steps below the chariot, as repre-
senting the original type from which both Kimon and
Evaenetos drew for their less striking and more conven-
tionalized representation of the same subject.

The fact that the coin of the New Artist exhibits the
reverse design in this na'ive and independent form at least
tends to show that the die was engraved, broadly speak-
ing, in the earliest period of the revived pentekontalitra
and before the otherwise universal arrangement of the
exergual arms had, as it were, become stereotyped.

Judging, however, by its obverse side, which apparently
represents a later element on the new coin, a certain priority
must be accorded to Kimon's earlier Syracusan work,
described above as Types I. and II. The epigraphy on
the new " Medallion " no longer shows the transitional N

256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

that characterizes Kimon's two earlier types, and on the
other hand the formation of the eye, the arrangement of
the lowermost dolphin and the style of relief show a
greater sympathy with Kimon's Third Type. On the
whole then we may regard the head of Kor& by the New
Artist as contemporary with this.

It must at the same time be observed that there are
certain features in the design of the unique piece from
the Santa Maria hoard, which throw a new light on
this remarkable class of coins, and bring us a step
nearer to determining their original meaning and
occasion. It will be well, however, before entering on
the more historic part of our inquiry to consider the
materials for the chronology of the early dekadrachm
issues of Syracuse supplied by the dies of the other artists.
The materials for this study are to be found both in the
contents of some recent Sicilian finds, and in a compara-
tive examination of certain kindred types, both of Syracuse
itself and of other cities, the importance of which in this
connexion seems hitherto to have escaped notice, but which
hold out a welcome clue to the date of these "medallions."
And the inquiry thus embarked on may lead us, so far as
Kimon is concerned, to some new conclusions as to the
position occupied by this artist among Sicilian engravers.

I am well aware that in ascribing a certain anteriority
to Kimon's dekadrachms as compared with those of
Evaenetos, I am advancing a proposition directly at
variance with the opinion of one of the most careful and
competent critics who have treated of the subject. Dr.
Weil in his work on the artists' signatures on Sicilian
coins, after dividing the dekadrachms with the head of
Kore into an earlier class signed EYAINE, and a later
unsigned, continues, " The third, and obviously the latest,

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS"' AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 5

- is that proceeding from Kimon and exhibiting the
female head with the hair-net/'1 But Dr. ^Veil does not
seem to have realised the existence of Kimon's earlier and
rarer type, a phototype of which ia given on Plate I.,
fig. 5.2 The lower relief of the head of Arethusa on this
coin, the incomparably finer engraving, and the truly
exquisite elaboration of detail, stamp this at once as dis-
tinctly the earliest of Kimon's dekadrachms. It is evident,
indeed, that some few years must have elapsed between
this and his latest issue with the head of the same Xymph
in bold relief — the proudest, and so far as its expression
goes, the " modernest " of all Greek coin- types, Xor will
any one with the earlier type in view seriously contest
Kimon's claim to priority over his rival Evsenetos in the
engraving of dekadrachm dies.

These earliest " medallions " with Kimon's signature are
of considerable rarity, though the Santa Maria hoard has

1 Dr. Weil expresses himself (Die KunstlfHnschrifUn, &c.,
p. 27) as follows : " Die Dekadrachmen scheiden sich in
drei Gruppen, welche, soweit ich beobachten konnte, durch
keinerlei Stempelvertauschungen unter einander in Beziehung
stehen : die alteste ist die des Euainetos niit dem EYAINE
unter dem Kopf des Kora ; ihr in der Technik vollig entspre-
chend ist die statt des Kiinstlernamens mit wechsehiden Bei-
zeichen ausgestattete ; die dritte und offenbar jiingste ist die
von Kimon herriihrende, der Frauenkopf mit dem Haarnetz."
To these may now be added, besides the other and far rarer
type of Arethusa by Kimon, the Kore head, by the New Artist,
revealed to us by the Santa Maria hoard. Yon Sallet, I>ie
Kunstltrinschriften auf griechischfn JftrjK&n, p. 29, is more cau-
tious in expressing his opinion as to a possible difference in
date between the two artists. He observes: •• Ueber einen
ugen, jedenfalls sehr geringen Zeitunterschied zwischen
Kimon und Euanetos lasst sich nichts bestimmtes sagen."

* Cf. Castelli, 8 urn., Tav. Ixxij. 2 : Due de Luynes,

Monumsnti Incditi (1830), PL XIX. 3, and Annali deW Jiut.,

(1830), pp. 77, 78; B. Head, Coin* of Syracuse, PL IV
B. M i/y, No. 200.

258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

added two to our store of known specimens. The reverse,
which is from the same die as that used in some of the later
issues, shows the signature KIMHN on the exergual line,
but whereas on the obverse of the later types the full

inscription of the name is repeated on the lowermost

»f I

dolphin, it is here confined to the three letters vJ inscribed

IM

on the ampyx of the sphetidone. The earlier N appears in
the civic inscription.

If we examine the beautiful head of Arethusa on this
coin, it becomes evident that it is itself a luxuriant and
more elaborate adaptation of the head of the same Nymph
as she appears on an early tetradrachm of Evsenetos (PI. I.
fig. 3), while ike quadriga type with which it is accom-
panied will also be found to stand in a very intimate rela-
tion to the reverse of the same piece by the rival master.

The tetradrachm in question is that finely executed coin3
on which the first four letters of Evaenetos' name appear
on the belly of the dolphin that swims in front of the
Nymph's mouth, while on the reverse the full signature
is repeated in the earlier genitival form EYAINETO for
EYAINETOY on a small tablet held aloft by Victory.
Extraordinary as is this coin, regarded as an independent
work of art, it is yet in many of its essential features itself
simply an adaptation by the more skilful hand of the pupil
from an existing model by the older master, Eumenes
(PL I. fig. 1). At times, indeed, this older version of the
head of Arethusa — if Arethusa it be — with the same star-
spangled sphendone knotted at top in a similar manner,
and the same arrangement of locks flowing back from the
temple, appears with Eumenes' name below in actual
association with the reverse of Evsenetos (exhibiting his

3 B. M. Cat. Sicily, p. 172, No. 188, v. infra, p. 289 seqq.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 259

signature on the suspended tablet), which otherwise
accompanies the younger engraver's more refined render-
ing of the obverse type.

This overlapping of Evsenetos* fine design with the
more archaic work of Eumenes is itself a clear indication
of the early date of the tetradrachm in question. Nor is
this by any means the only reason for assigning to this
highly elaborate composition a very early place among
the signed coins of Syracuse. Of the chronological im-
portance of this coin in its bearings on the development
of Syracusan art I have, indeed, already said something
in connexion with a newly- discovered signature of an
artist on one of the latest coins of Himera, the reverse of
which was unquestionably copied from the tetradrachm
of Evaenetos.4 In the paper in question I showed that not
only was this late Himeraean type derived from Evsenetos'
model, but that from the more advanced character of the
design we were justified in inferring that the prototype
had been struck some years, at least, before 409 B.C., "the
latest assignable date for the tetradrachm of Himera.

This conclusion receives a striking corroboration from
a beautiful tetradrachm of Segesta (PI. I. fig. 4), present-
ing a head of the eponymous Nymph of that city unques-
tionably based on the Arethusa of the same early master-
piece of Evaenetos. In this case, the head of Segesta can
hardly be otherwise described than as an enlarged copy,
in a more advanced style, of the Syracusan model. To
this beautiful coin I shall have occasion to return when
discussing the works of Evaenetos.5 Here it may be
sufficient to say that there are good historical and numis-
matic grounds for referring its approximate date to the

4 Num Chron., 1890, p. 291 seqq. 5 See p. 293 seqq.

260 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

years 416 — 413 B.C. The result, as will be seen, throws
back the prototype by Evaenetos some years before this
date. Nor, allowing for the visible development in style
in the case of the Segestan coin, will it be safe to place
the date of issue of Evaenetos' early tatradrachm many
years later than 425 B.C.

On the other hand, the great approximation in style
between the head of Segesta on the piece referred to, and
the Arethusa of Kimon's early dekadrachm, affords in
this case, too, a valuable indication of date.

Both coins stand in much the same artistic relation to
the same prototype. In some respects, indeed, Kimon in
his head of Arethusa shows a greater independence of his
model. The chin is fuller and rounder, and the nose and
forehead form more of a Grecian line ; in the character of
the eye and the general arrangement of the hair and sphen-
done we find the same agreement, though on the larger coin
the curls are more developed, and here, in place of the star-
spangled bag, the back tresses, as on an earlier Syracusan
type (PL I., fig. 2), are confined in a beaded net which
supplies a greater richness and variety to the design. In
both cases the band that passes round the upper part of
the head is fastened by a small knot of the same form,
the loose ends of which curve above the head, Kimon in
his arrangement of these streamers following rather the
prototype of Eumenes than Evsenetos' adaptation of it.
On the whole, however, he has unquestionably developed
the model as refined by the latter artist, and in the
elaboration of detail and the almost microscopic minute-
ness of execution that Kimon here displays there is much
in harmony with Evaenetos' early manner as exhibited in
his head of Arethusa. One point, which is not without
its chronological importance, remains to be noticed. On

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 261

Kimon's early medallion, as on the Segestan tetradrachm,
there is substituted, in place of the coiled earrings that at
Syracuse mark Transitional fashion, a new and more taste-
ful floral drop. As an additional token of contemporaneity
and kinship this ornamental feature has a distinct value,
inasmuch as amongst all the coins of the Sicilian cities this
floral type of earring appears alone on these two pieces.

If we turn to the reverse of Kimon's dekadrachm, there
will also be observed a certain correspondence with that
of Evsenetos' early tetradrachm in the distribution of the
foreparts of the horses. Here, as there, the three nearest
horses are placed more or less abreast, while the further
steed plunges forward. It is true, however, that — in
deference, as has been suggested, to a severer model — the
more sensational element of the design as represented by
the broken rein and entangled fore-leg has been elimi-
nated in Kimon's scheme. On the other hand, the signa-
ture presents another point of contact between the two
engravers. The practice adopted here by Kimon of in-
scribing his name on the exergual line of the reverse is,
in fact, adopted from another early tetradrachm reverse
of Evsenetos with an almost identical scheme of horses,
in which his name, once more in the genitival form
EYAINETO, is stowed away in the same manner. This
reverse of Evsenetos accompanies a head by his fellow-
engraver Eukleidas which represents a copy contemporary
with his own of the original portrait of Arethusa by their
common master Eumenes.

Two Syracusan tetradrachms (figs. 6 and 7 of PI. I.)
may be referred to as illustrating much the same stage of
artistic evolution as Kimon's early dekadrachm. The
first of these, with the head of the bearded Satyr beneath
the Nymph's neck, shows the same indebtedness to

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. M M

262 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Evaenetos' early model, the exceptional form of her ear-
ring, on the other hand, being equally characteristic of
the varied fashions in this matter displayed in Kimon's
day. The other coin, with the signature PAPME, while
it also, in some respects, shows traces of the same proto-
type, bears in a higher degree the impress of Kimon's first
" medallion " type, and has one motive directly borrowed
from it, namely, the dolphin that seems to issue from Are-
thusa's neck. Both these tetradrachms show a somewhat
early chariot-scheme, in which the archaic dualism is well
marked, and though somewhat later in style, neither can
be many years later in date than Kimon's first "medallion"
type. His gold hundred-litra pieces (PI. II., 3, 4, 9), with
a head of Arethusa in the starry sphendone, belong to the
same group ; and the facial type presented by the earliest
of these (PI. II, figs. 3, 4) so strongly recalls the features
of Kimon's second " medallion " issue (Type II.) that it
must unquestionably be referred to the same date.6

From what has been already said, it will be seen that
the earliest of Kimon's " medallion " types fits on to the fine
tetradrachm of Evsenetos' " first manner," the head of
which had already, between the approximate dates of 416
and 413 B.C., served as the model for the beautiful por-
trait of Segesta on the rare tetradrachms of that city,
while the tablet-holding Nike of the reverse had already,
by 409 B.C., been associated on a Himeraean coin with a
quadriga scheme of a distinctly more advanced character.
And the parallelism in which Kimon's work stands to the
Segestan coin referred to, is of such a kind as to warrant
us in supposing that this early " medallion " dates from
the same period as the other coin, and must be referred to
the years immediately succeeding 415 B.C.

6 See p. 297.

SYRACUSAN

This conclusion, which carries back the prototype by
Evsenetos, and the contemporary types by Eukleidas and
Eumenes, with which it stands in such close association, to
a period which may be roughly stated as 425 — 415, has
some important bearings on the chronology of Syracusan
letter forms. On these early tetradrachms of Evaenetos,
the H appears already in the civic name, and the same is
the case with the obverse types of the older engraver,
Eumenes, which not infrequently accompany Evaenetos'
reverses. Nor need this conclusion, which throws back the
first introduction of the fl on the coin types of Syracuse
to a considerably earlier date than has been generally
supposed, in any way surprise us. There is no reason
why Syracuse should have been behind any Italian city in
such matters, and we know that at Thurii the fl already
appears on the earliest tetradrachms struck, in all proba-
bility, about 440 B.C. The H is in fact already used in
his signatures by the Syracusan engraver Sosion, on coins
which go back approximately to the same date. There is
then no a priori reason for supposing that the presence of
the £1 on the group of coins with which we are immediately
concerned, argues a later date than that to which their
issue has been referred on other grounds. The earlier
usage still lingered, indeed, at Syracuse itself, and some
engravers lagged behind others in the introduction of the
new letters. At times, too, they made use of them with
an opposite force to that finally received. Eumenes him-
self, whose signature on his latest pieces EYMENOY
shows the true form of his name, on slightly earlier coins,
signs EYMHNOY— using H for E.7 Phrygillos in the

7 On his more archaic coins with the civic inscription
£ YPAKO^ ION, this artist invariably signs EYMHNOY,

264 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

like fashion on one occasion writes the civic name
^YPAKH^ ION— using fl for O and vice versa. So,
too, on a red-figured vase we find HPME[ $ ] for EPMH *
and AiniMV$n$ for AIONY3O*.8 Eukleidas is
more cautious about the new usage, and resorts to the
adjectival form 3YPAKOSIO*. It seems tome that
this latter usage, which becomes so general just at this
period of epigraphic transition, was really a device for
avoiding any decision as to the force of the new letter-
forms.

One of the most valuable standpoints for fixing the date
of the Syracusan coin-types of this period is supplied by the
reverse design signed EY0 (PI. I. fig. 1), representing a
quadriga with horses in free but very even action, with
their fore-parts more turned towards the spectator than is
usual on this series, and driven by a winged youth. The
exergual device, a figure of Skylla chasing a small fish with
outstretched hand, is singularly sportive and graceful, but
the early date of the type seems to be established by its
exclusive association with the somewhat rude heads of
Kore and Arethusa, by Eumenes, and with a head of the
Maiden Goddess, by Phrygillos, after Eumenes' prototype,
which must certainly be regarded as the earliest work of
that engraver. It will be further observed that this
design presents an extraordinary parallelism with a similar
quadriga, also driven by a winged figure — in this case of
Nike — that accompanies one of the latest tetradrachm

FYMH

or YON ' ^n *"s ^a*er types associated with reverses by

Evaenetos or Euth . . ., and with the inscription ^ YPAKO ^ -
IftN, the signature is always EYME[N]OY. This shows
that the true form of the name was Eumenes (Ev/u,ei/^s), and not
Eumenos (Eu/x^i/os).

9 Panofka, Antiques du Musce Pou-rtalk-Gorgier, PI. XXVII.

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 265

types of Selinus. It is at once obvious that both the Syra-
cusan and Selinuntine types in question, must be referred
approximately to the same date. But Selinus, as we
know, was destroyed in 409 B.C., and although this quad-
riga is the most advanced type found on the tetradrachms
of that city, there exist certain Selinuntine hemidrachins, on
which the horses are seen in still higher action, and in one
case at least, the epigraphy assumes a slightly later form. It
is, therefore, probable, that the dies of the tetradrachms
referred to, though the latest of Selinus, were engraved
some few years, at least, before 409 B.C. On the other
hand, from the early associations, in which their Syracusan
counterparts signed EY0. . . are found, it is difficult to
bring down the first issue of these latter later than about
420 B.C. Whether Syracuse or Selinus can lay a prior
claim to the introduction of this scheme is another ques-
tion. To myself the Syracusan version seems distinctly
earlier.

Dr. Weil, indeed, from the isolated character of this
design on the Syracusan coinage, was inclined to regard it
as due to the presence at Syracuse of some Selinuntine or
Akragantine 9 engraver, who had escaped from the destruc-
tion of his native city in 409 or 406 B.C. But the evidence
that this design is earlier than 409 B.C. must be taken to
diminish the plausibility of this suggestion. As a matter
of fact, the scheme is as isolated at Selinus as it is at
Syracuse. And on the other hand, some newly- discovered
Siculo-Punic types, to which attention will be presently

9 Dr. Weil, loc. cit. p. 9, sees Akragantine features in the
Skylla, which also occurs on a tetradrachm of that city (B. M.
Cat. p. 12, No. 61 ; Salinas, Le Monete, &c., Tav. 8, f. 3, 4)
and the fish, which is similar to one seen with the crab on
other Akragantine tetradrachms (B. M. Cat. No. 59 ; Salinas,
Tav. 8, f. 2) ; and further, in the arrangement of the chariot.

266 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

called, show that the Punic cities of Western Sicily copied
the Syracusan and not the Selinuntine version of this
reverse. That the design deviates from the usual Sicilian
tradition is obvious. But it seems to me that another and
more satisfactory explanation of its origin may be found.
It stands, in fact, in a very close relation to a well-marked
group of quadriga types that appear on some contem-
porary coins of Kyrene. The even arrangement of the
horses, the facing tendency of both horses and chariot,
and the winged charioteers10 — the three most charac-
teristic points, both on the Syracusan and Selinuntine
pieces — are all found on a fine series of Kyrenaean gold
staters which, from the early character of their style and
epigraphy, must have been struck about the same period
as our Sicilian pieces, and which in fact mark the flourish-
ing epoch of the civic history that ensued on the fall of
the Battiadae and the establishment of a Eepublican form
of government at Kyrene in 431 B.C.11 But, whereas on
the Sicilian dies the recurrence of such schemes is alto-
gether isolated, in Kyrene they are obviously at home,
and we may even trace the genesis of one of the most im-
portant features of the design, the wings, namely, of the
charioteer, which seem to have been suggested by the
somewhat awkwardly flowing mantle of the driver on a
slightly earlier stater.

It is possible that during the years that immediately
preceded the Athenian siege, some Kyrensean engraver
was attracted by the opulence of Syracuse to settle in that

10 The winged charioteer also appears on the coins of Akragas
(where the same KyrecaBan influence may also be detected), and
of Gela.

11 Head, Hint. Xu»i., p. 729.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 267

city ; but on the whole it seems more probable that the
introduction of these types, both at Syracuse and Selinus,
was due to an active commercial intercourse between

Fig. 3.— Quadriga-Types on KyreDsean Gold Staters.

Kyrene and the ports of Southern Sicily and to the
direct influence of the brilliant gold coinage lately intro-
duced in the great Doric plantation of the Libyan coast.12
The appearance of the two parallel designs about the same
time at Syracuse and Selinus may in this case simply
indicate that engravers of both cities borrowed indepen-
dently from a common source.

These Syracusan tetradrachms signed EYO, presenting
this Kyrensean scheme of the quadriga, seem to have been

12 The reciprocal influence of the Sicilian currency on that of
Kyrene may, perhaps, be traced in the appearance at this time
of Kyrenaean gold pieces of 13^ grains (cf. Head, Hist. Num. p.
729), answering to the weight of the silver litra. Gold litrae of
the same weight were issued at Gela — one in my possession
being 18£ grains in weight — and the corresponding gold dilitron,
weighing c. 27 grains, of the same city, are better known.
Taking the proportional value of gold and silver as 15 to 1,
these coins must have severally represented three and six
drachms JR. They thus range with the small Sicilian gold
pieces of 9 and 18 grains (cf. Head, Coins of Syracuse, p. 17),
which represent gold obols and diobols, and are the equivalent
in silver of didrachms and tetradrachms respectively ; so that,
by a combination of the litra and obol systems, we have a series
of small gold pieces, the silver value of which is two, three, four,
and six drachms.

268 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

specially selected for imitation by the Siculo-Punic die-
sinkers during the period of preparation which immediately
preceded the great Carthaginian invasion of 409 B.C. That
invasion, as was to be expected, left a deep impress on the
coinage of the Phoenician cities of Sicily, which is traceable
in several ways. During the late Transitional Period of
numismatic art, the continuous process of Hellenization
that was at work in the Phoenician and Elymian communi-
ties of the Western part of the Island, had left its mark on
the epigraphy of their coinage, insomuch that it is not
only at Segesta and Eryx that we find Greek inscriptions,
but at Panormos and even at Motya. But the great
reinforcement of Carthaginian authority in this Sicilian
region which followed on the invasion of 409, though it
did not interfere with the Hellenic taste of the inhabitants
so far as the artistic character of the coin-types was con-
cerned, seems to have put an end for ever to the adoption
of Hellenic legends. The brilliant series of coins struck
shortly afterwards in the island by Carthage in her own
name for the use of her mercenaries did not by any means
extinguish the autonomous issues of the old Phoenician
cities of Sicily, but they were a speaking witness to the
new political situation. At Motya itself the coins now are
either wholly uninscribed or present the Semitic form of
the town name. The coins of the Panormitis are inscribed
with the still mysterious inscription " Ziz." But at the
same time the vast treasure taken from the plundered
Greek cities seems to have supplied fresh models to the
Siculo-Punic mints, and, it may be, even fresh engravers
from among the captive Greeks.

Some valuable and hitherto unattainable data for distin-
guishing these early Siculo-Punic types have been supplied
by the discovery of a recent hoard of silver coins

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 269

in Western Sicily, the bulk of which are now in the
Museum at Palermo.13 This find is of special import-
ance to our present inquiry as containing a series of
Siculo-Punic coins with heads copied from Kimon's
"medallions" (Types I. and II.), associated in several
instances with quadriga types based on the Syracusan
design by the engraver Euth . . . whose signature is here
replaced in the same position in the exergue by the
Phoenician inscription ^^If4 (Ziz), while the Skylla beside
it is transformed into a sea-horse.

It is probable from the occurrence of the legend Ziz
that these early silver types must be referred to the
Panormitan mint.14 Their attribution to this Phoenician
city receives, moreover, an interesting corroboration from
the fact that a copy of the same sea-horse on a smaller scale,
and in an inferior style, was introduced into the exergue
of the latest tetradrachms of the neighbouring Greek city
of Himera by the engraver Mae . . . ,15 "We thus obtain
a valuable clue to the date of the earliest Siculo-Punic

13 The coins have been described and illustrated by phototype
plates, by Professor Salinas, in the Notizie deyli Scavi, for 1888.
(Ripostiglio Siciliano di monete antiche di .argento.) In Ap-
pendix A. I have given some reasons for differing from Professor
Salinas's chronological conclusions regarding this find.

14 For the special connexion of the legend Ziz with Panormos,
see De Saulcy, Mem. de VAcad. des Inscr. et B.L. xv. 2,
p. 46 seqq., and Rev. Num., 1844, p. 44-46. Imhoof Blumer,
Monnaies Grecques, p. 26, inclines to the same view: "Si elle
n'a pas une signification plus generale, qui n'aurait pas meme
besoin d'etre geographique, elle doit etre le nom Phenicien de
Panormos, comme De Saulcy 1'a vu le premier." In the B. M.
Cat. they are placed under Panormos. Any identification of
t*''»*|'t' with the 1 1 B on coins of Segesta and Eryx has pro-
bably been set at rest for ever by Kinch's study on the latter
epigraphic form. — Die Sprache der sicilischen Elymer (Zeitschr.
f. Num. xvi. (1888), p. 187 seqq.)

16 Num. Chron., 1890, PI. XVIII. 2, p. 292 seqq.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. N N

270 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

coins of this group, which must, in this case, have ^een in
existence by 409 B.C. when Himera was utterly destroyed.
The official coins struck in Sicily in the name of Carthage,
with which these autonomous Siculo-Punic pieces were
associated in the find, are slightly later in style and, in all
probability, date from the time of the second Carthaginian
expedition of 406 — 405 B.C.16

It is probable that the presumably Panormitic pieces
signed " Ziz" were struck from about 410 B.C. with a
view to providing the expected Carthaginian ally with
specie wherewith to pay his Campanian and other mer-
cenaries. They thus supply a terminus d quo for the
chronology of the obverse types which occur on them.
These are of three kinds, all of which were represented in
the West Sicilian find.

1. A female head, copied from an early head of Persephone,

by Eumenes. (B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 247, Nos.
8, 9; Salinas, Ripostiglio Siciliano, &c., Tav.
xviii. 36, 37.)

2. A head copied from that of Arethusa in the net on Kimon's

earliest "medallion" (Type I.). (Salinas, Ripos-
tiglio, &c., Tav. xviii. 34.)
Cf. Plate I., Figs. 8, 9.

8. A head copied, from that of Arethusa in the net on Kimon's
later " medallion" in high relief (Type II. A).
(Salinas, Ripostiglio, Tav. xviii. 35.)
Plate II. , Fig. 7.

The importance of this conclusion in its bearing on the
date of Kimon's dekadrachms can hardly be overrated.
From the identity of the reverse with which these various
heads are coupled, and the similarity of their technique,
it is obvious that all three of these Siculo-Punic types
were struck within a few years of one another. Yet
some of them had already, by 409 B.C., influenced the

16 See p. 301.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 271

character of the latest Himersean coinage. It follows
that by that approximate date not only Kimon's earliest
"medallions," with the low relief, had been already in
circulation, but his later and more advanced work, repre-
senting his earliest issue in high relief (Type II.), which
is copied by No. 3. And it follows as a corollary to this
that Kimon's first dekadrachm issue, which is in a dis-
tinctly less advanced style than those in high relief, must
have been struck some years at least before the issue of
these Siculo-Punic types which belong to what may be
called the great Carthaginian re-coinage of 410 and the
immediately ensuing years.

The fact, moreover, that in two cases we find the
imitation of Kimon's work associated with copies of the
reverse type by Euth . . . must in itself be considered
a strong indication that Kimon's early "medallions"
go back, at least, to the borders of the period when
Euth . . . engraved his dies. But the Kyrenaean de-
sign of this latter artist belongs, as already shown, to the
period immediately preceding the Athenian siege, and
we are thus induced by more than one line of reasoning
to throw back Kimon's first dekadrachm issue to a date
somewhat nearer 415 than 410 B.C.

The West Sicilian hoard to which reference has already
been made, and which, from the place where it was dis-
covered, it may be convenient to give the name of the
" Contessa Find," has supplied in addition to the above-
mentioned Panormitic types one or two examples of
Motyan tetradrachms also copied on their obverse sides
from Kimon's " medallion " types and struck no doubt on
the same occasion as the coins signed Ziz. These are : —

1. Obv. — Female head to r., with hair in net, and with ear-
ring of a single drop, in high relief and fine style,

272 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

copied from the head of Arethusa in the net on
Kimon's later dekadrachms (Type II.). Insc.
(Motua) A*\WH\.
Rev.— Crab.

(Salinas, Ripostiglio, &c., Tav. xviii. 17. One
example found.) [PI. II. fig. 5.J

2. Obv.— Female head to 1., with hair in net and earring with
bar and three pendants, copied from Kimon's later
dekadrachm. but in an inferior and obviously
later style.

(Salinas, Ripostiglio, &c., Tav. xviii. 18. Three
examples found.) [PI. II. fig. 6.]

The evidence brought to light by this find of the
influence exercised by Kimon's works on the Motyan
engravers fits on to the witness already supplied by some
smaller silver and bronze pieces of this Phosnician city.
A didrachm of Motya of which examples from two dies
exist (PI. III. figs. 11, 1 2), n presents the facing head of a
Nymph surrounded by dolphins, obviously copied from the
facing head of Arethusa, with Kimon's signature, on the
well-known Syracusan tetradrachm, and this didrachm in
its turn was reproduced on a series of silver obols18 (PI.
III. fig. 10) and small bronze pieces19 (PI. III., fig. 8)

17 For PI. III., fig. 12, see B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 244, No. 8 ;
Weil, Kunstlerinschriften, &c., p 29. PI. Ill, fig. 11, is from
the Paris Cabinet.

18 B. M. Cat.. Sicily, p. 244, No. 9.

19 In the B. M. Cat. (p. 245) these small bronze pieces appear
as " Motya ? " I have, however, myself obtained several on the
actual site of Motya, the small island of St. Pantaleo, between
Trapani and Marsala ; and as these small coins were for local
circulation only, this evidence may be regarded as conclusive.
On one of these small bronze coins the face and head of the
Nymph seems to be coupled on the other side, not as usual with
a youthful male head, but with a small copy of the profile head
of Arethusa in the net (B. M. Cat., Motya, 20, described as a
" young male head "). This head, in very high relief, is probably
taken from one of the gold hundred-litra pieces engraved by
Kimon or Evaenetos, the young male head which accompanies

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 273

issued by the Motyan mint during the last period of the
civic existence.

The existence of a whole series of Motyan coins copied
from prototypes by Kimon in his more advanced style is
itself a valuable chronological landmark, since Motya
itself was utterly overthrown by Dionysios in 397 B.C.
The discnvery in the Contessa Hoard of two varieties of
Motyan coins imitated from Kimon's dekadrachm of high
relief (Type II.), one of which is distinctly posterior in
style to the other, further enables us to throw back the
latest possible date of the first issue of Kimon's later
"medallions" some years, at least, before 400 B.C., beyond
which year, as I have endeavoured to show in Appendix A,
it is impossible to bring down the deposit of this West
Sicilian find. In this find, besides the Panormitic and
Motyan imitations, there was one somewhat used original
example of Kimon's later " medallion " (Type II.).20

A still more remarkable contribution to the chronology
of Kimon's medallions is supplied by his beautiful tetra-
drachm type representing the three-quarters facing
Arethusa (PL III. figs. 4, 5), which amongst all the dies
executed by this artist, must ever be regarded as his
masterpiece. But the face represented so closely corre-
sponds with the profile portrait on Kimon's later deka-
drachm with the high relief (Type III.), that it is impos-
sible to suppose that more than a few years could have
intervened between the engraving of their respective dies.
And in the case of Kimon's facing hear1 of Arethusa

other Motyan bronze types being in the same way derived from
the head of the River God on the contemporary gold fifty-litra
pieces of Syracuse. It thus appears that both these classes of
Syracusan gold coins were current several years before the fall
of Motya.

20 Salinas, Ripostiglio, &c., Tav. xvii. 21.

274 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

we have more than one trustworthy guide to the date of
its first issue.

The imitation of this noble type on a series of Motyan
coins, is itself an indication that it had been in existence
several years at least before 397 B.C., the date of the des-
truction of that Phoenician city by Dionysios. Its influ-
ence seems further traceable in the facing head of Kama-
rina on a drachm of that city (PI. III., fig. 9), and another
of the Eiver-Grod Amenanos by Choirion at Katane (PI.
III., fig. 6). But a still more important piece of evidence
is supplied by the small bronze coin of Himera21 of which
a reproduction is given in fig. 4.

Fig. 4.— Copy of Kimon's Arethusa on Bronze Coin of Himera.

There can be no doubt that the three-quarters facing head
of the Nymph on this HimeraBan hemilitron is directly
and very literally copied from Kimon's head of Arethusa.
But Himera itself was utterly wiped out by the Cartha-
ginians at the close of 409 B.C., and it is evident that, late
as this type must be placed in the Himeraean series, the
original design from which it was copied cannot there-
fore be brought down later than that year. We may
even infer that this Himeraean copy was called forth under
the immediate influences of the impression created by the
first appearance of Kimon's masterpiece, and ascribe the
issue of the Syracusan original, with some confidence, to

21 B. M. Cat. Himera, No. 55 ; rev. IME, crayfish 1., above,
• ••••=(> ovyKiaL. It was therefore a hemilitron.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 275

the year 409. Earlier than this it can hardly be ; the
quadriga schemes indeed on the two reverses with which
it is coupled bear the closest resemblance to those which
mark the latest tetradrachm issue of Gela struck during
the years that immediately preceded its destruction in
405. 22 The ear of barley, moreover, on the exergue, which
accompanies Kimon's reverses, reappears in the same
position as the Gelan coins.23

The date of Kimon's beautiful tetradrachm with the
facing head of Arethusa thus approximately established,
affords, as already observed, a sure guide to the approxi-
mate chronology of Kimon's later " medallions," with the
head in profile of the same Nymph. In spite of the
difference in the point of view from which the two faces
are taken, their correspondence in expression and physiog-
nomy is most striking, though the slightly more advanced
style of the dekadrachm (Type III.) may incline us to
bring down its date of issue a few years later.

The considerable difference in style between Kimon's
earlier type of Arethusa on his dekadrachm of lower relief
and that of his later issues, does not necessarily imply any
great discrepancy of date. As a matter of fact, both
classes are accompanied by the same reverse type, nor had
the dies of the reverse at all deteriorated at the time when
Kimon's later " medallions " were first struck. The
difference in style is largely to be attributed to other
causes. In the case of his original design for the head of
Arethusa, Kimon, as will be shown more fully in the
course of this paper, himself of non-Syracusan extraction,
was evidently bound down by the traditions of the Syra-

22 B. M. Cat. Nos. 58, 59.

23 Pertinent parallels from the same period of years may also
be cited from Kamarina and other cities.

276 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

cusan mint, and contented himself with improving and
elaborating with excessive richness of detail a pre-existing
model. By the time that he executed his bolder designs
of the tutelary Nymph, he may well have acquired a more
assured position in his new home, and could give freer
vent to the promptings of his own genius and to the
independent art-traditions that he had brought with him.

What those traditions were and whence he brought
them, is best shown by the evidence of his masterpiece,
the facing head of Arethusa. Before, however, entering
on this part of our subject, it may be well to consider this
noble work in its relation to contemporary Sicilian
attempts at a perspective rendering of the human face,
and to glance at the influence of Kimon's artistic triumph
on the Hellenic world and its borderlands.

The fact that a perspective rendering of the three-
quarters face should have appeared at Syracuse as early as
409 B.C., need not in itself surprise us. The comparison
which Kimon's masterpiece most naturally calls up is the
three-quarters facing head of Pallas in the triple- crested
helmet by the contemporary Syracusan artist Eukleidas.
From the character of the reverse with which it is accom-
panied, and which bears a marked resemblance to those
executed by Evarchidas, in honour, it has been suggested,
of a naval victory gained over the Athenians,24 there seem

24 See Salinas (Ripostiglio Siciliano, &c., p. 15 — 18 and Tav.
xxiii. 25) and Num. Chron. (1890, p. 301 seqq., and PI. XVIII.,
6, 7), where I have accepted Prof. Salinas's suggestion that
the aplustre held by Nike refers to a naval victory over the
Athenians. From the somewhat early character of the obverse
heads by Phrygillos, which seem to date from the period before
the Athenian siege, it is preferable, however, to suppose that
the trophy refers to the earlier victory of the winter of 414-418,
rather than that of September, 413.

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 277

to me to be good reasons for referring this famous design,
to a date at least as early as Kimon's head of Arethusa,
indeed an example of Eukleidas' tetradrachm occurred
in the famous Naxos hoard buried about 410 B.C 25 It
is, however, to be observed that though in this case the
artist was greatly aided by the helmet in overcoming the
difficulties of a facing portraiture, his design fails to con-
vey that sense of freedom and of mastery over technical
difficulties that looks forth from Kimon's Arethusa. The
same is true of the facing head of the young River-God

Fig. 5.— Triobol of Selinus.

Hipparis, by Evsenetos, on a didrachm of Kamarina that
also belongs to this period.26

Dr. Weil has already called attention to the fact that
the three-quarters head of Herakles which appears on a
hemidrachm of Selinus must have been engraved before
the date of the overthrow of that city, and I am now
able to reproduce in Fig. 5 another Selinuntine silver
piece of the same denomination,27 in which the head of

25 See Appendix B. For Eukleidas' tetradrachm see B. M.
Cat., 198, 199 ; Weil, Kunstlerinschriften, Taf. iii. 7.

26 B. M. Cat. No. 16 ; Weil, Kunstlerinschriften, &c., Taf.
ii. 6. That this is by no means one of the latest types of
Kamarina is shown by the fact that the reverse design of the
nymph riding over the waves of her lake, which is also evidently
from Evaenetos's hand, was copied on more than one die by the
local (and inferior) engraver, Exakestidas.

27 The weight of this coin is 28 grs. : it' is therefore a triobol.
A caricature apparently intended to represent this coin was
published by Castelli (Tav. Ixvi. 2), but since his time the
type has been lost sight of.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 0 O

278 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the youthful God appears almost full-facing, and with the
mane of the lion's scalp, with which he is coifed, waving
behind him in every direction, in a manner suggestive of
Arethusa's tresses on Kimon's die. Yet this coin also
must have been issued by 409 B.C.

The fact that these other Sicilian examples are not so
advanced in their treatment of perspective as the master-
piece of the Syracusan engraver, does not then prove any
real discrepancy of date. That Kimon, in his facing head
of Arethusa, had achieved something that went beyond
anything that had been hitherto accomplished in this
branch of engraving, is shown by the great impression it
made on his contemporaries, and that not only in Sicily
itself, at Himera, or at Pho3nician but Hellenized Motya,
but in the Mother- Country of Greece and even in the
Asiatic borderlands of Greek and Oriental. And the early
date of the imitations of Kimon's design thus called into
being is specially noteworthy. Already, by the end of
the Fifth and the first years of the Fourth Century B.C. it
had been taken as the model for the beautiful series of
Nymphs' heads, which from this time forth for the better
part of a century adorn the coinage of the Thessalian
Larissa28 (PI. III. 13—15), and soon after 400 B.C. it had
been adopted as the obverse design for their Staters by
the Satraps of the ^olid and Cilicia (PI. III. fig. 16).29

28 B. M. Cat. Thessaly, &c., PI. V. 14, VI. 1—12. I quite
agree with Weil's verdict, op. cit. p. 81, that the earliest Laris-
san designs of this head are copied from Kimon's " Mit allem
Detail in der Behandlung der Locken." Gardner, Types of
Greek Coins, p. 154, does not go beyond the resemblance. From
Larissa the type seems to have spread to Gomphi (B. M. Cat.,
PL III. 2—4).

29 Due de Luynes, Numismatique des Satrapies (1846, p. 6),
and cf. J. P. Six, Le Satrnpe Mazdios (Num. Chron. 1884, p.

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 279

But the facing head of Arethusa on the Syracusan
coin itself had a prototype. Another comparison re-
mains, which not only throws a light on the sources
from which Kimon himself drew, but has a suggestive
bearing on his own early history. There can, I ven-
ture to think, be little doubt that this beautiful design
was itself in its essential lineaments derived from the
beautiful three-quarters facing head of a Nymph — we
may call her Parthenope — which makes its appearance in
the immediately preceding period on some didrachms of
Neapolis.30 (PI. III., figs. 1, 2). The arrangement of the
locks, the ampyx and its border, the character of the eyes,
the dimples about the lips, the whole expression of counten-
ance, present such remarkable points of agreement, that it
is even difficult not to believe that both are by the same
hand, and that Kimon's initials may some day be detected
on the band of the Neapolitan coins. The style of the
engraving is also very similar to the finely incised lines of
the hair, and recalls the use of the diamond point on gems of
the same period. The greater simplicity of the Neapolitan
design shows, however, that it is the original and not the
copy. Its comparatively early date is, moreover, indicated
by the style of the reverse and the boustrophedon
epigraphy — the civic legend appearing in the transitional

124 seqq., PI. VI. 6, 8). M. Six assigns the earliest of these
coins to the approximate date 394 — 387 B.C. Then follow
others struck by Pharnabazos and Tarkamos, 387 — 373. The
Due de Luynes' attribution of a coin of this type to Mania, wife
of Zenis, Satrap of ^olis (op. cit., p. 48 ; SuppL, PI. VI. 2),
who was strangled in 399 B.C., is untenable. M. Babelon has
succeeded in tracing the original referred to in the Cabinet des
Medailles, and the coin engraved turns out to be a misinter-
preted bronze piece of Dardanos of later date with a three-
quarters facing head of Apollo.

30 B. M. Cat., Italy, p. 94, No. 11.

280 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

form N(°1'1, and it fits on to still earlier versions of

the same head in which the legend takes the form
NEOPOIM" and NEgPOH." A companioll.piece

will be found in the beautiful Phistelian didrachm (PL
III., fig. 3). The earliest of these coins must be referred
to the years immediately succeeding the fall of Kyme,
which took place in 423 B.C., and the immediate prototype
of Kimon's Arethusa is probably itself as early as 415.

The coincidences of style, design, and technique that
reveal themselves between Kimon's three-quarters facing
head of Arethusa and the slightly earlier head on the
Neapolitan coin do not by any means stand alone. The
profile head of Arethusa in the net on Kimon's later
" medallions," as upon his fine tetradrachm, present both in
their style and characteristic features a suggestive resem-
blance to the profile heads of Parthenope and her sisters
that about the same time make their appearance on some of
the finest coins of Neapolis, Hyrina, and Nola. Examining
such Campanian coin-types as those figured, PL II. 9 — 11,
we notice the same bold relief, the recurrence of certain
details in the ornament, to which attention will be more
fully called, and a certain similarity in the manner of
treating the hair, but above all we are struck by the same
indefinable haughtiness of expression which forms such a
marked characteristic of Kimon's beautiful heads of Are-
thusa, and which in her case so fittingly bespeaks the
double nature of her mythic being — half Nymph, half
Artemis.

These Campanian affinities have an additional value
when taken in connection with the range of Kimon's

31 Garrucci, Le Monete, &c., Tav. Ixxxiv. 24.
11 Op. tit., Tav. Ixxxiv. 23.

STRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 281

known activity in Sicily itself, and with the high proba-
bility suggested by a recently discovered type that he
himself was of Chalkidian stock. In a preceding com-
munication33 I have already endeavoured to show that
about the middle of the Fifth Century B.C. an earlier
Kimon left his signature on a fine tetradrachm of Himera,
and have suggested that in this earlier artist we may
venture to recognise the grandfather of the Kimon who
toward the close of the same century worked for the
Syracusan mint. I further showed34 that this later Kimon
executed more than one tetradrachm die for Messana, the
Chalkidian mother-city of Himera, at a date slightly
anterior to his first employment for the Syracusan coinage.
As a matter of fact, while there is evidence of collabora-
tion and interconnexion between the other contemporary
engravers of the Syracusan dies, the signature of Eumenes
being coupled on the same piece with that of one or other
of his apparent pupils, Evaenetos and Eukleidas, and that
of Phrygillos with Evarchidas, — the reverses of Euth. . .
forming a link between the two, — Kimon stands by him-
self, and except on a single drachm with IM on the observe
his name is not associated with that of any other die-
sinker.

That this engraver, who appears thus isolated in the
Syracusan series, who on the dies of Syracuse introduces
a Neapolitan type and a Campanian style, and who was,
as we have seen, doubly connected with Chalkidian cities
of the East and North Sicilian shores, had himself origin-
ally received his artistic training in one or other of the
sister colonies on the opposite Tyrrhenian coast will

33 " Some New Artists' Signatures on Sicilian Coins," Num.
Chron., 1890, p. 285 seqg.
* Op. dt., p. 298 seqq.

282 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

hardly be thought an improbable conclusion. That he
worked at least for one Italian mint appears certain from the
occurrence of his signature on a silver stater of Metapon-
tion,35 presenting a female head, perhaps of Nike*, in style
somewhat later than a head of the same general character
on one of the latest coins of Kyme\ The special connexion
of Kimon with the Chalkidian cities of Campania is, how-
ever, brought out, as already noticed, by an ornamental
feature which, though at first sight it may appear trivial,
will be found to afford a very tangible clue both to the
extraction of the artist and the date of his dies. The
forms of earring, namely, with which Kimon's heads of
Arethusa are adorned, are foreign to Syracusan and indeed
to Sicilian 36 fashions, but on the other hand are closely
akin to a type that is specially characteristic of the con-
temporary dies of Neapolis and her sister cities.

On the earliest coins of Syracuse on which this ornament
appears, from the beginning of the Fifth Century onwards,
it takes the form of a ring somewhat boat-shaped below
and provided with an appendage that sometimes consists of
a pyramid of beads or of one larger and two smaller globules,
perhaps an outgrowth of the Homeric epfjiara Tpt<y\tfva
About the middle of the Fifth Century this

35 Garrucci, Le Monete delV Italia antica, Tav. ciii., Fig. 16
and p. 137. In Garrucci's own collection. The inscription,
according to Garrucci, is " KIM.QN " ; so far as the engraving
is concerned, the fl might be an incomplete O. Both text and
engravings of Garrucci's book must, unfortunately, be used
with caution.

36 With the partial exception of the Segestan tetradrachm
referred to above as in many ways a parallel piece to Kimon' s
early dekadrachms.

37 See Helbig, Das Homerische Epos, p. 271 seqq., and com-
pare especially Figs. 97, 98, p. 274, with the Syracusan
example in Head, Coins of Syracuse, PI. II., Fig. 10, &c.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS*' AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 283

fashion gives way to an earring in the form of a coiled
ring (helix) which is still universally adopted by Eumenes,
Sosion, Eukleidas, and on the earlier work of Evsenetos.
Of the earlier engravers, Phrygillos alone occasionally
discards it for a whorl-shell, a form of earring which also
occurs in the ear of Aphrodite on an archaic terra-cotta
relief found on the site of Gela,38 as well as in that of
Persephone Sosipolis on the gold litras of that city. In
the Fourth Century, on the other hand, we find the coiled
ring and all other forms of earring abandoned in favour
of the type exhibiting a bar and three pendants. The
earliest coins on which this latter form makes its appear-
ance are apparently the dekadrachm by the New Artist
and the gold hundred-litra pieces of both Kimon and
Evsenetos. It was from the first adopted by Ev£enetos for
his " medallions," and henceforth became of universal use
on the Syracusan dies.

On the other hand, the forms which occur on Kimon's
dekadrachms stand apart from those employed by all other

Pendants : A. Egyptian ; B. Etruscan; C. Phoenician. Earrings : D. Kimon's
Medallions ; E. Campanian.

Fig. 6. — Lotos Ornament and Earrings.

Syracusan engravers. His earlier head of Arethusa is
seen adorned with a very beautiful floral form of earring,
consisting of a lotos flower with three clrops (Fig. 6, D).

38 Now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

284 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The decorative design is itself of Egyptian origin39 and
finds close parallels in Phoenician,40 Cypriote/1 and Etrus-
can42 pendants ; it is interesting, however, to note that as
a Greek fashion it seems to have been specially rife among
the Campanian cities. From about 420 B.C. onwards a
form closely allied to that introduced at Syracuse by
Kimon was in vogue at Neapolis, Hyrina, and Nola (Fig.
6, E), and it was only late in the Fourth Century that
among the Campanian Greeks this floral type gave way to
the bar and triple pendant. Upon Sicilian coins I am
only aware of a single instance beside this early dekadrachm
of Kimon in which this floral form is introduced ; and that
in a very modified form. A somewhat analogous type,
namely, is found on the beautiful head of the Nymph
Segesta upon the tetradrachm of that city,43 which
has already been cited as standing in much the same
typological relation to the Arethusa head of Evsenetos'
early manner as the head upon Kimon' s pentekontalitron.
On the dekadrachms in Kimon's more advanced style and
the tetradrachms that accompanied them, a simpler form
of earring, consisting of a single drop, makes its appear-
ance.

This form is also strange to the Syracusan dies, but like
the last, it finds abundant parallels on the Italian side.
It is found at Kyme before 423 B.C. and slightly later
at Neapolis. It seems, moreover, to have been specially
fashionable at Metapontion, where it appears on the heads

39 Cf. Perrot et Chipiez, Egypte, p. 834, fig. 569, on bands
of collar imitating pendants (xxii. Dyn.). (Fig. 6, A.)

40 Perrot et Chipiez, Phtnicie, p. 827, fig. 588. (Fig. 6, c.)

41 Cesnola, Cyprus, PI. XXIII. (Fig. 6. B.)

42 Museum Greyorianum, T. Ixxx. 4. (Fig. 6, B.)

43 PI. I., 4. It is well shown in the engraving in Salinas' Sul
Tipo de1 Tetradrammi di Segesta (Florence, 1871), Tav. I. f. 2.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 285

rof Hygieia and Homonoia of Late Transitional style, and it
continues during the Period of Perfect Art, gradually
giving place, however, to more ornamental forms, and
finally to the bar and triple pendant. That these forms
of earring introduced by Kimon did not hit Sicilian
taste44 seems clear both from their non-acceptance by his
successors at Syracuse itself, and by the fact that in the
later of the Motyan imitations of his " medallion " head
the}r are discarded in favour of the new fashion. On some
of the Panormitic pieces, struck about 410 B.C., a variety
of the triple pendant already appears, and it looks as if
this form of the ornament had reached Syracuse under
Carthaginian influence a few years later.

Recapitulating the conclusions arrived at on various
grounds with regard to the date of Kiinon's " medallion"
types, we arrive at the following results. The earliest of
these (Type I.), representing the head of Arethusa in low
relief (PI. I., fig. 5), belongs to the years immediately
succeeding 415 B.C., and in all probability, as I hope to
show in a succeeding section, the date of its issue corre-
sponds with the institution of the New Games in honour
of the Athenian overthrow of 413 B.C.

Closely following this, but in higher relief, is the type
which in my account of the Santa Maria hoard has been
described as Type II. (PL II., fig. 1). It has not the
full human individuality of expression that characterises
Kimon's more developed head of Arethusa as she
appears, facing on the tetradrachm and in profile on his
latest dekadrachm type. With this " medallion" issue
corresponds the exquisite tetradrachm (PI. II., fig. 2)

44 It is to be observed that on Kimon's gold hundred-litra
pieces the bar-earring with the triple pendant is used. In this
case he seems to have simply imitated Evaenetos' model.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. PP

286 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

with the profile head of the Nymph in high relief, and
accompanied by a slightly earlier reverse scheme than
those which appear on the coins with the facing head.
The earliest of Kimon's gold hundred-litra pieces (PI. II.
3, 4) also reproduce the same facial type. Of Kimon's
later " medallions," it seems to be Type II., only, that was
imitated on the coins of Panormos and Motya, belonging,
as has been already pointed out, to the Phoenician re-
coinage about the time of the First Carthaginian expedi-
tion. It is probable, therefore, that this "medallion"
type was issued as early as 410 B.C.

Next come the dekadrachms described as Type III.
(PL II., fig. 8), exhibiting a portraiture of Arethusa,
which is simply the profile rendering of the same queenly
countenance that looks forth from his masterpiece — the
tetradrachm with the facing head and the inscription
APEOO^A, struck, as has been shown above, about
409 B.C. These coins represent the supreme develop-
ment of Kimon's style, and the individuality of features
and expression clearly indicate that they are both of them
taken from the same living model, whose beautiful but
distinctly haughty face haunts all Kimon's later pre-
sentations of the tutelary Nymph, in much the same
manner as the idealised heads of Andrea's wife or
Kaffaelle's mistress look forth from their Madonnas.

The very intimate relation existing between the portrait
on this "medallion" and the facing head on the tetra-
drachm forbids us to bring down the date of the earliest
example much below the year 409. On the other hand,
its somewhat later style and the fact that this type was
not, like the other two, imitated by the Siculo-Punic copy-
ists of Kimon's " medallions," who seem to have executed
their dies during the years immediately succeeding 410

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 287

B.C., may incline us to bring it down as late as the
beginning of the Dionysian Tyranny and approximately
to the year 406. There is, however, more than one
variety of this type, and as some of these are executed
in a distinctly inferior style, we are justified in supposing
that they belong to a somewhat later date.

The earliest and most exquisite example of the medal-
lions in Kimon's fully developed style is that engraved on
PL II. fig. 8, and may be described as Type III. A.45
It is much rarer than the coarser variety. The exquisite
finish shown in the engraving of this head rivals that of
Kimon's earliest work, and in one small but beautiful
detail it stands alone amongst portraits of this artist.
This is the indication of the upper eyelashes, a minute
touch frequent on heads of the late Transitional Period
at Syracuse, and still repeated by the earlier master,
Eumenes, but which on the later signed coins is no longer
seen. Parallelism of style and expression shows that
Kimon's later gold staters (PL II., fig. 9) belong to the
same Period as this " medallion " type.

What, however, may be called the rank and file of
Kimon's later "medallions/' though in other respects
copied from this model, show a distinct falling off in
their execution. These coins, of which more than one
small variety exists, may be grouped together as Type
III. B, and they represent the most abundant of Kimon's
dekadrachm issues. It is possible that they were first
issued two or three years later than Type III. A. From

45 B. M. Cat., Syracuse, No. 201 ; Head', Coins of Syracuse,
PL IV. 7. The band above the forehead on this coin bears no
inscription. Examples exist in the British Museum and the
Cabinet des Medailles (Luynes Collection).

288

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the fact, however, that, though the commonest of Kimon's
types, they are still rare by comparison with those of the
rival artist, and from the strict adherence to a single
model, it is not probable that their latest dies were
executed much beyond the close of the Fifth Century.

PART V.

THE ARTISTIC CAREER OF EV^ENETOS AND THE
INFLUENCE OF HIS " MEDALLION "-TYPE ON
GREEK, PHCENICIAN AND CELT.

THE earliest numismatic record of Evaenetos on the Syra-
cusan dies or elsewhere is to be found on the remarkable
tetradrachm (PL I. 3), l already referred to as the prototype
of Kimon's earliest "medallion," which was imitated
in a more advanced style at Himera before 408 B.C., and,
as will be shown more fully in the course of this section,
at Segesta by about 415. 2

The head on this coin, struck in all probability before
420 B.C. — perhaps as early as 425 — is a masterpiece for
the date at which it was engraved. Nothing can surpass
the gemlike minuteness with which every detail, both of
the obverse and reverse designs, is here elaborated. The
ingenuity displayed is marvellous. To indicate apparently
that the portrait is intended for Arethusa, the Nymph of
the fountain by the waves, a dolphin, hardly visible to

1 B. M. Cat., Sicily, No. 188 ; Weil, Kunstlerinschriften, &c.,
Taf. ii. 1, and p. 10. Von Sallet, Kunstlerinschriften, &c., p.
17 ; Raoul Rochette, Lettre, <&c., sur les Graveurs, PL II. 6, and
p. 25, &c.

2 Its early date is also indicated by the frequent association
of the reverse with obverse types of the earlier master Eumenes.
(Cf. B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 166, Nos. 148—150.)

290 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

ordinary eyes, is engraved on the front band of the
sphendone, leaping over the crested billows, just as on the
parallel example of the same head executed by the con-
temporary and fellow-worker Eukleidas, a swan appears
in a like position. The signature on the obverse is
hidden in a most unexpected quarter. By a sportive
device the larger dolphin, swimming in front of the
Nymph's lips, turns over ' and reveals upon its belly in
microscopic characters the first four letters of the artist's
name. Upon the reverse Nike, while flying forward to
crown the charioteer, holds aloft a suspended tablet, bear-
ing the full signature of the die-sinker in the early geniti-
val form, EYAINETO. The bearded charioteer has still
an archaic aspect, but the scheme of the horses, which are
themselves exquisitely modelled, is altogether modern in
the sensational incident of the chariot-race that it so
graphically depicts. The rein of the farthest horse is
broken, and has entangled itself round his foreleg and
that of the horse beside him,3 so that a worse catastrophe
seems imminent.

On other tetradrachms associated with heads either
by Eumenes or Eukleidas, there is seen a reverse of a
slightly later style containing the signature of Evsenetos,
in the same full-length form, in microscopic letters on
the exergual line beneath the chariot.4 On this later
reverse, in which the same episode of the tangled and
trailing rein occurs, the sensation is heightened by the
insertion of a broken chariot-wheel into the exergual
space. A similar reverse, but with a head like that of the

3 This entanglement of the rein, which is clearly visible on a
fine specimen of this coin in my own collection, seems hitherto
to have escaped observation.

* B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 173, No. 190.

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 291

first-mentioned tetradrachm,5 from the hand of Evaenetos,
also occurs on a very beautiful hemidrachm 6 (PL VII.
Fig. 8).

For the date at which they were engraved these tetra-
drachms of Evsenetos are without a rival, and should by
themselves be sufficient to give pause to those critics who
would seek the full bloom of sensationalism on the Sicilian
coin-types within the limits of the Dionysian epoch.

Compared with Evaenetos' later dies, and notably his
"medallions," the head of Arethusa, as it appears on his
early tetradrachms and kindred h^midrachms, has been
justly described by Yon Sallet as executed in his " early
manner." They were the works, he considers, of Evae-
netos' youth, the dekadrachms of his mature age, and the
two designs " stand to one another, if it is allowable to
compare small things with great, as the Spozalizio to the
Madonna di San Sisto. The gracefulness and chasteness
of the small individual figures on the tetradrachms, the
careful execution of the ornamentation and embroidery,
all this greatly recalls the youthful works of Raffaelle and
other Italian painters in contrast to their masterpieces,
which — as in the case of dekadrachms — treat the details in
a freer and less minute fashion." 7

The general justice of this criticism no one can
doubt. Between the execution by this artist of his early
tetradrachm dies and those of his "medallions" there
must have elapsed a considerable period of years.8 At
Syracuse, indeed, Evaenetos is found again, apparently, as

5 B. M. Cat., Nos. 151 and 190; Head, Coins of Syracuse,
iv. 4 ; Weil, op. cit., Tav. iii. 6.

6 Head, op. cit., PI. III. 16.

7 Von Sallet, Kunstlerinschri/ten auf griechischen Munzen,^. 20.

8 Von Sallet, loc. cit., allows an interval of two or three
decennia between the two styles.

292 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

we shall see, in the years succeeding the defeat of the
Athenians, executing the dies of the new gold hundred-
and fifty-litra pieces. But the execution of these fits on
to his later style, as seen upon his earliest silver deka-
drachms, and from the evidence at our disposal we must
conclude that there had intervened a period, partly
covered by the Athenian siege, during which, for some
unexplained reason, his connexion with the Syracusan
mint had temporarily ceased.

This gap is, in all probability, partly covered by his
activity at Katane, where he produced two types, the tetra-
drachms (PI. VII. Fig. 9, a and b) with the head of Apollo
and the Delphic fillet,9 and the drachms (PL VII. Fig. 10)
with the head of the young river-god Amenanos,10 which
from a certain severity in their design must still be in-
cluded amongst the works executed in his " earl}7 manner,"
though they are apparently slightly later than the Syra-
cusan tetradrachm referred to. On the reverse of the
former of these coins, on which the charioteer is seen in
the act of rounding the goal, Nike appears above holding
out to him a tablet bearing the first letters of the name
of the engraver, a device which brings this coin into
a very close relation with Evasnetos' early Syracusan
works. The chariot with the broken wheel below, on the
drachms exhibiting the head of Amenanos, is in fact the
companion piece to those on Evsenetos' early Syracusan
tetradrachms and hemidrachms.

To this period of Evaenetos' activity also unquestionably
belongs the beautiful didrachm of Kamarina (PI. VII. Fig.

9 B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 48, No. 85 ; Weil, op. cit., Taf ii. -1,
4 a ; Raoul Rochette, op. cit., PI. I. 8.

10 B. M. Cat., p. 48, Nos. 36—39 ; Weil, op. cit., Taf. ii. 5 ;
Raoul Rochette, op. cit., PI. I. 9.

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 293

11), with the facing head of the river- god Hipparis,11 the
reverse design of which with the local Nymph upon her
swan, sailing over the waters of her lake, was copied in
the succeeding years on a series of dies by the local
engraver Exakestidas. The swan above the waves, accom-
panied by the same freshwater fish that is seen beneath
on the didrachm of Evaenetos, occurs by itself on contem-
porary Kamarinsean obols of the same period, the obverse
of which displays a female head in a starred sphendone,
recalling that artist's early Syracusan design.

Besides the evidence of Evaenetos' activity during this
interval at Katane and Kamarina, there is, I venture to
think, a strong piece of circumstantial evidence connect-
ing this artist about the same date with the Segestan
mint. The fine head of the Nymph Segesta that appears
on a tetradrachm of that Elymian city (PI. I. Fig. 4),12
recalls, not only in its general expression, but in the
minutest details, the Arethusa of Evaenetos' early Syracusan
dies. The formation of the eye, and slight — almost imper-
ceptible — incurving at the spring of the nose, the delicate
folds of the neck, are reproduced in such a way as to make
us conscious of very similar touch, and the arrangement
of the hair, though it shows a greater development, as if to
give promise of the curling tresses of Evaenetos' Kore, is
substantially the same. On the other hand there are
certain features in the design, such as the indication
of the upper eyelashes and the laced fringe of the sphen-
done, that are taken, not from Evaenetos' early head of
Arethusa, but from the head as it appears on a die

11 B. M. Cat., Kamarina, No. 16.

12 B. M. Cat., No. 82; Salinas, Sul tipo de tetradrammi di
Segesta, Tav. 1. 2. The obverse legend is £ ELE $ TAIIA ;

the reverse

VOL. XI, THIRD SERIES. Q Q

294 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of the earlier artist Eumenes, from which he himself
copied.13

This variation in the design — still according with the
artistic tradition of Evasnetos — may be taken as a strong
indication that this beautiful head of Segesta must be
referred, if not to Evsenetos himself, at least to some
Syracusan pupil of that engraver.

One feature alone — the earring — is new. It belongs
to a later fashion, and is interesting as presenting a form
intermediate between the lotus-flower pattern and the
simple triple pendant of Evsenetos' later coins.14 Whether
the reverse type of this coin, representing the youthful
river-god Krimisos pausing in the chase, be from the same
hand as the head of the Nymph Segesta, it would be more
difficult to determine, but it is in any case a work of which
Evsenetos himself might have been proud.

And with regard to the date of this Segestan coin we
have some very clear indications both numismatic and
historical. It belongs to a small and exceedingly rare
class of coins of this denomination, presenting transitional
traits both in their epigraphy and art, which unquestion-
ably owed their origin to the exhaustive and by no means
scrupulous efforts of the Segestans to secure and maintain
the active co-operation of the Athenians, in their struggle
against the combined Selinuntines and Syracusans, by
imposing on their old allies with an exaggerated show
of their opulence and splendour. Readers of Thucydides
will be familiar with the story of how the " Egesta9ans "
took in the Athenian envoys by borrowing plate from
other cities as well as their own Treasury and passing it on

13 B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 166, No. 152 ; Weil, op. cit., Taf. 1. 7.
34 See p. 283.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 295

from one entertainer to another, or how they paraded to
them their offerings in the temple of Eryx, which, though
only of silver, seem from the impression they produced to
have been coated with the more precious metal.15 That
the citizens now for the first time minted a fine tetra-
drachm coinage executed by the first artists of the day
in place of the somewhat rude didrachin issues with which
they had hitherto contented themselves, is all of a piece
with this parade of borrowed plate and silver-gilt goblets.
There is every reason then for confining this Segestan
show-coinage to the period between the despatch of the
Segestan envoys and the return visit of the Athenians in
416 B.C., and the final catastrophe of their Athenian allies
in 413.1*

The Segestan piece that immediately concerns us is not
the earliest tetradrachm type of that city, but neither is it
the latest. On the one hand we find the same reverse die
with which it is coupled also associated with a very diffe-
rent head of the Nymph, belonging properly to a didrachm
type and of rude transitional workmanship.17 On the
other hand there is extant a later version of the design of
the youthful River- God Krimisos, associated with a gallop-
ing quadriga, on a tetradrachm, which probably represents
the latest issue of the kind at Segesta.18 We shall not

5 Thuc. Hist, vi., c. 46 ; and cf. Diodoros, lib. xii. c. 83.

lfi The sixty talents paid to the Athenians by the Segestans
before the expedition were, however, of uncoined silver (d<rr;/x,ou
dpyvpi'ov), Thuc. vi. 8.

^ " B. M. Cat., Segesta, No. 30 ; Salinas, Sul tipo deti'tnulnniinii
ili .SV:,r.s/rt,Tav. 1. 3. The highly interesting tetradrachm in the
De Luynes collection (Salinas, op. cit., Tav. 1. 1, and p. 9, seqq.},
is also slightly earlier. It shows the older epigraphic form
ETE^TAION.

18 B. M. Cat., Seycxta, No. 34; Salinas, op. n't., Tav. 1. 4—10.

296 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

therefore be far wrong in fixing the years 415 or 414 as
the approximate date of the piece under discussion ; and
whether the obverse die of this coin was executed by
Evasnetos himself or one of his pupils, this chronological
datum has, as already noticed,19 an important retrospective
bearing on the date of the early Syracusan tetradrachm
of that artist. For it is certain that, whoever was the
actual engraver of the die, the design itself stands in a
filial relation to his Syracusan type. A certain advance
in style, the greater development of the hair, the new
form of earring, are so many indications that some
years at least had elapsed between the engraving of
EvaDnetos' early head of Arethusa and its Segestan copy.
In presence of this beautiful head of the Nymph Segesta,
we feel ourselves indeed much nearer the later version
of Arethusa, if Arethusa it be that occurs with Evsenetos'
signature on the gold hundred-litra pieces of Syracuse,
executed, as we shall see, not long after the Athenian defeat.
This Segestan work, of which it may at least be said that
it belongs to the school of Evaenetos, is indeed of extreme
utility in enabling us to bridge over his earlier and his
later "manner," and to supply a tolerably consecutive
art-history of this engraver. Of the importance of this
Segestan coin in its bearing on the earliest dekadrachm
type of Kimon, with which it also presents so many
points in common, enough perhaps has been said in the
preceding section.20

Apart from the possibility of his having worked for
Segesta, the activity of Evsenetos at Katane during the
period which includes the Athenian siege sufficiently
accounts for the break in this engraver's connexion

19 See p. 259. » See p. 260.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 297

with the Syracusan mint. If Segesta was the original
ally and inviter of the Athenians, Katane became
throughout the period of hostilities an Athenian place
of arms. There is quite enough therefore in the circum-
stances of the times to account for the detention of
Evaenetos, far longer than he himself may have desired,
outside the walls of the great Sicilian city which had
been the scene of his earliest as it was to be of his
latest work.

In 409 B.C. peace was formally concluded between
Syracuse and Katane, and it is a significant fact that
about this date Evsenetos appears once more at Syracuse,
as the engraver of the dies for the new gold coinage.

This new gold coinage consisted of pieces of two de-
nominations ; the larger, representing a silver value of a
hundred litras, and the halves of the same of a gold
value equivalent to the silver " medallions " or pentekonta-
litra.21 The hundred-litra pieces (PL V. figs. 1— 3) 22
present on their obverse a head of Arethusa in the star-
spangled sphendone, the earliest of which very closely
approach the head of the same Nymph on Kimon's earliest
medallions of the higher relief (Type II.), struck, as we

21 Head, Coins of Syracuse, p. 20.

2Z A hoard containing some fine specimens of these gold
coins has recently been discovered at Avola, in Sicily, and pub-
lished by Herr Arthur Lobbecke (Munzfund von Avola in
ZeitscJir. f. Num. 1890, p. 167 seqq.) Thanks to the kindness of
Mr. H. Montagu, I am able to reproduce in PL V. figs. 1 and 2,
two fine gold staters of Evsenetos from this hoard, which are
now in his Cabinet. Many have been acquired by the British
Museum. According to my own information more than one
find has been discovered in the same Sicilian district within the
last few years, and I have myself seen specimens of two hoards
of very different composition, one apparently dating from the
early part of the Fourth Century and the other from the begui-
ling of the Third. The coins described by Herr Lobbecke

298 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

have seen,23 from about 410 B.C. onwards. From the signa-
tures that accompany them it appears that both Kimon
and Evaenetos contributed towards producing these dies.
The signatures appear in the forms EYAI, EYAINE,24
K, and Kl, and are always on the obverse side. The
civic name appears on one of the coins signed by Kimon,25
in the earlier form 3 YPA KO3 ION, but otherwise the
fl is always present. The form of the earring also varies.
On some pieces it is a single drop, as on Kimon's later
" medallions." On the greater number of coins, how-
ever, the triple pendant is found. The pellets and star
which at times accompany the obverse head exhibit a
parallelism with some of the silver dekadrachm types of
Evametos ; 2G and this, as well as the development per-

seem to me to belong to two distinct hoards, one of early gold
coins including, besides the Syracusan, staters of Lampsakos and
Abydos and a Persian Daric : the other of late silver coins,
Pegasi, &c. Many gold coins of Agathokles and Hiketas were
also found here about the same time as the early staters, but
these seem to have belonged to a third and still later hoard.

23 See p. 271 and 286.

24 The legend EYAINE occurs on an example in the Cabinet
des Medailles, Paris, published by the Due de Luynes, Rev.
Num. 1840, p. 21. Comparing this with another hundred-
litra piece in the same collection with the signature (Kl) of
Kimon, the Due de Luynes observes : " Identiques pour le
type ces deux stateres, graves, sans doute, en concurrence par
les premiers artistes de Syracuse, ofi'rent pourtant toute la
difference de relief, de pose, de tete, et de traits que Ton observe
entre les medallions d'Evaenete et ceux de Cimon."

* B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 170, No. 168.

26 On one gold piece (Annuaire de Numismatique, 1868, PI.
III.) two pellets are seen, which Head (Coins of Syracuse, p. 20)
with great probability takes to stand for two dekadrachms. On
some silver dekadrachms of Evsenetos a single pellet is seen, as
if indicating the half of the gold coin. It is evident therefore
that the issue of these gold hundred-litra pieces overlapped that
of Evaenetos' silver pentekontalitra.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 299

ceptible in style, shows that these gold hundred-litra
pieces continued to be issued for a certain number of
years. Of the gold staters of Evsenetos those with the
star behind the head (PL Y. fig. 1), which, although
unsigned, must in all probability be attributed to this
artist, are unquestionably the earliest. They present, as
will be shown, a remarkable parallelism in style with his
earliest "medallions." The latest type (PL V. fig. 3) is
executed in his most modern manner and displays his
signature.

The reverse of these gold staters represents a noble
design of Herakles strangling the Nemean lion, which
seems to betray the influence of a great work by Myron.
No signature is attached to this design, and we can only
infer that some dies are from the hand of Kimon and
some from that of Evaenetos.

The halves of the larger pieces, or gold pentekontalitra,
show on one side a young male head, evidently of a River-
God — whether Anapos or Assinaros it might be hard to
determine — and on the other a free horse on a kind of
double base. From the E which occasionally appears
behind the head (cf. PL V. fig. 4), it is evident that
Evsenetos engraved some, at least, of the dies.

The appearance of the free horse upon these coins is
itself a most valuable indication as to date. By the
analogy of the later coins of Syracuse, in which the same
device is coupled with the head of Zeus Eleutherios, and
which belong to the days of the later Democracy,27 we are

27 I have elsewhere brought forward reasons for believing
that this type belongs to the time of Alexander the Molossian's
expedition (Horsemen of Tarentum, p. 83). The cult of Zeus
Eleutherios, however, had been introduced into Syracuse as
early as 466 B.C., on the exile of Thrasybulos and the estab-

300 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

naturally led to associate this type with the democratic
outburst that followed at Syracuse on the defeat of the
Athenians, and which took concrete shape in the banish-
ment of Hermokrates and the aristocratic leaders, and the
revision of the constitution by Diokles.28 The contempo-
rary type of Herakles strangling the lion, also in all
probability, contains a speaking allusion to the liberation
from the great danger of foreign dominion that had
threatened Syracuse and Sicily. At a little later date,
indeed, we find a similar design appearing on the federal
coins of the Italiote Greeks, with a direct reference to the
strife against their common enemies. As a symbol of
alliance, moreover, the actual design as it occurs on the
Syracusan hundred-litra pieces was copied on a silver stater
of Tarsos (PL Y. fig. 8), and another of Mallos, in Cilicia,
belonging to the period between the Persian dominion
and that of the Seleukids.29 The obverse of the coin of
Tarsos represents a female head of Hera in a Stephanos
adorned with an anthemion — an offshoot of the Argive
type— accompanied by the legend TEP3IKON. That
of Mallos displays a head of Zeus, laurel-crowned, and,
according to the Due de Luynes, the reverse of both
pieces, representing Herakles strangling the lion, is from

lishment at that time of a democratic government. (Diod.,
xi. 72.)

28 I observe that Mr. Head (Coins of Syracuse, p. 20), though
he was inclined to place the issue of these gold pieces under
Dionysios, was so far impressed with the same argument that
he writes, " The type is more appropriate to the Democracy than
to the Tyranny of Dionysios ; possibly the dies were engraved
shortly before his accession, but as it has the Ii it is not likely
to be much earlier than 406."

29 Due de Luynes, Essai sur la Numismatique des Satrapies et
de la Phenicie, p. 62; Suppl. PL XI. (Wt. 10'50 grammes;
Cabinet des Medailles.)

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 301

the same die, a remarkable evidence of a monetary conven-
tion between the two cities.30

That, as a matter of fact, the earliest of these gold pieces
date back to the Democratic period that succeeded the
Athenian siege is shown by a remarkable, though hitherto
neglected, piece of evidence. The free horse, namely,
on the gold fifty-litra pieces, above described, with the
curious double base below, supplied the design for some of
the earliest Carthaginian tetradrachms struck in Sicily,
which, as already stated, must be referred to the date of
Hannibal the son of Giskon's expedition. It is highly
probable that this early Carthaginian coinage for the use of
the mercenaries employed in Sicily was largely struck out
of the immense treasure acquired by the successive capture
of Selinus and Himera, in 409 B.C., and shortly sup-
plemented by that of Akragas and Gela. The immediate
occasion of it may well have been the equipment of the
second expedition under Hannibal and Himilkon, just as
the preparation for the first Expedition seems to have
called forth the first " Carthaginian " issue of Motya and
Panormos. Up to this time Carthage had no coinage
of her own. For a while her generals were content to
use the currency of her Phoenician dependents in the
Island. But the practice of her allies, the needs of her
Campanian mercenaries and the loot of the Greek cities
seem by the time of the Second Expedition to have sug-
gested to her commanders the propriety of striking an
independent coinage with the name of Carthage. The
approximate date for the first coinage of these " Camp
Pieces " may be therefore set down as 406 — 5 B.C.31

30 Op. cit. p. 62, "Meme coin du revers que la medaille de
Tarse." (Wt. 10-27 grammes : De Luynes Coll.)

31 See p. 270.

VOL. XT. THIRD SERIES. R R

302 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Of this early " Camp Coinage " there are two main
types, both of which were well represented in the recent
West-Sicilian find, described under Appendix A. These
coins, which bear the legends Machanat (^^B^H)* or
"the Camp," and Kart-Chadasat (IW^tlf^ ),32 or
" Carthage," show on their reverses the Phoenician palm-
tree, but the obverse designs of both have a direct reference
to the contemporary gold coinage of two Sicilian Greek
cities, in the one case of Syracuse, in the other of Gela.

The obverse of one of these Carthaginian types repre-
sents a free horse galloping to the left and crowned by a
flying Victory (PI. V. fig. 10), and, though the Victory
is absent on the Syracusan piece, the horse itself is a very
exact reproduction of that which appears on the gold
dekadrachms of Syracuse already referred to. That it is,
in fact, taken from the Syracusan coin appears from the
further reproduction of the double-lined base, or two-fold
exergual line which is seen beneath the horse on the
Syracusan original, and which on the Punic copy serves
at times to contain the inscription Kart-Chadasat, in the
same position as the ^YPAKO^IflN on some of the
Syracusan originals. A double exergual line is itself so
exceptional a phenomenon that its appearance beneath the
horse in both designs, as well as its connexion with the
legend, affords a clear indication that one is taken from
the other. A similar indebtedness is also shown by a
Siculo-Punic didrachm M with the inscription " Ziz," and
in this case, moreover, the youthful male head on the
obverse was evidently suggested by that of the River-God
on the Syracusan pentekontalitron.

32 L. Miiller, Numismatique de Vancienne Afrique, vol. ii., p.
74, 75.

33 B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 248, No. 20.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 303

On the other main type of these early Carthaginian tetra-
drachms the free horse is replaced by the forepart of a
horse, usually equipped with a bridle, the loop of which
curves up in a curious way behind his head (Fig. 8).
This type, in its turn, recalls the half horse with a looped
bridle on a gold litra of Gela, the obverse side of which
displays a head of Persephone and the inscription ^£1^1-
POAI * (Fig T).34 This small (Man coin is the half
of a better-known gold dilitron having a whole horse on
its reverse, and, taking the proportion of gold to silver
as 15 to 1, the two coins respectively represent silver
values of six and three drachmae.

It will be seen that the half horse on this Gelan coin
has a real significance, indicating, according to a well-

Fig. 7.— Gold Litra of Gela. (2 diams.)

established rule of the Greek monetary system, that it is
the half of the larger piece representing the complete
animal. On the Gelan piece, again, in conformity with
the half bull which is the usual type of the city and
stands for the river-god Gelas, the half horse is repre-
sented as swimming rather than galloping, and this peculi-
arity of the motive seems slightly to have affected the

4 This coin, of which I obtained a specimen from the site of
the Greek cemetery at Gela (Terranova), a vineyard of Sig. E.
Lauricella, in 1888, is of the greatest rarity, and has not been
described by any author since an indifferent engraving of it
appeared in Castelli's work (Auct. II. Gelensium). It weighs 18£
grains (cf. p. 63). A forgery of this type is known, with a
much coarser head and in higher relief, a specimen of which
was sold in the York Moore sale.

304 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

forelegs of the horse on some of the Carthaginian coins.
The grain of barley here seen either before or above the
horse is evidently taken from the contemporary tetra-
drachms of Gela, where it appears above the bull. It is
highly probable that this issue was struck out of bullion
acquired by the capture of Gela in 405 B.C.

It is evident that the Carthaginian moneyers, in attach-
ing this half horse with the looped bridle to their new
dies, were simply transferring a design from a place
where it had an obvious meaning to a place where it has
no special appropriateness. The Gelan gold litra is the
original, and the Siculo-Punic tetradrachm is the copy,
finely executed, indeed, and by a skilled Greek hand.

Fig. 8.— Carthaginian "Camp-Piece" (Tetradrachm).

We thus acquire a useful analogy for the contemporary
imitation of the small Syracusan gold piece. From this
Gelan parallel, as well as on the ground of general proba-
bility, we are entitled to infer that in this case, too, the
design on the Greek coins is the original, and the Punic
a copy.35

35 That the Carthaginian moneyers should have thus selected
the horse and half horse for imitation on their coinage was
probably not due to arbitrary causes. The horse seems to
have had a special significance in their eyes as a Libyan
emblem (cf. Movers Phonizier, ii. 1, p. 4 ; Muller, Num. de
Vancienne Afrique, ii. 115); and perhaps as consecrated to the
God of the Sea. On many Siculo-Punic and Carthaginian coins,
however, it is undoubtedly associated with symbols of Baal and
Ashtoreth.

It thus appears that some at least of the gold fifty and
hundred-litra pieces of Syracuse were already in circula-
tion before the date of the first issue of these Carthaginian
" Camp Coins," which, as has been shown, may be approxi-
mately set down as 406 — 5 B.C. On the other hand, from
the fact that upon these coins, with very few exceptions,
the earring with its triple pendant already occurs, it is
probable that they were not issued much earlier than
this date.

In close connection with these Punic tetradrachms, and
attesting the same Syracusan influences, must also be men-
tioned two extremely rare Punic gold pieces (PL V., fig.
12), weighing respectively 117'9 36 and 23 grs.37 Both
these coins exhibit an obverse head of Demeter, with a
single-drop earring wreathed with ears of barley, which
seems to show the influence both of the gold hundred-
litra pieces of Evaenetos and of his silver " medallions/'
with the head of Kore.38 They bear at the same time on
their reverse a free horse on a double-lined base, evidently
derived from the reverse design on the fifty-litra gold
piece by the same artist, though here consecrated, as it
would seem, to the Phoenician divinity by the symbol jj,
placed in the field above it. From the superior style of

36 Miiller (Num. de Vane. Afrique, ii. p. 86, No. 74). The
single example cited is in the B. M. Another variety exists with-
out the symbol. Both are Phoenician staters (Miiller, No. 75).

37 In the B. M. a smaller gold coin also exists, with a similar
head and a horse's head on the rev. Miiller, op. tit. ii. p. 87,
No. 77 (Weight, 1-57 — 1'52 grammes).

A Siculo-Punic tetradrachm, with the inscription, Kart-
Chadasat (Miiller, op.cit. p. 74, 1; Head, Coins of the Ancients,
PL XXVI. 89) shows an obverse head of the same type, but with
an earring of three pendants in place of a single drop, which
betrays the later fashion. The reverse, a horse standing in
)nt of a palm-tree, fits on to a somewhat later series of Siculo-
'unic coins.

306 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

these coins, which separate them longo intervallo from the
later gold and electrum series of Carthage, it is evident
that, like the tetradrachms with the similar reverse type,
they must be referred to the earliest period of Cartha-
ginian coinage in Sicily. In this case, the first appear-
ance of the head of Demet6r on a coin struck by Cartha-
ginian authority was, in all probability, anterior by a few
years at least to the outrage on her Syracusan sanctuary
that evoked the special expiatory cult of the Goddess at
Carthage itself.

There is nothing, at least, in such a supposition that
need surprise us. The Hellenization both of Carthage itself
and its dependencies in the Island had by this date reached
such a pitch that the acceptance by them of the cult of the
presiding divinities of Sicily was only to be expected.
The head of Arethusa, on one side of her mythical being
more of a Goddess than a Nymph, had already been copied
at Motya and Panormos. Nay, more, we know that as
early as 480 B.C. Gelon had required the Carthaginians to
build two temples, which could not well be other than
those of " the Goddesses/' in which the stones were to be
preserved whereon the treaty was graven.39

Both the fact that the cult of De meter and her Daughter
was probably of old standing at Carthage at this date,
and the actual appearance of the head of the Mother
Goddess on Carthaginian gold types presumably anterior
to 396 B.C., bring into relief a negative phenomenon
which the recently discovered West Sicilian hoard40

39 Diod. xi. 26. Freeman, Sicily, ii. 210, remarks : " These
could not fail to be temples to Greek deities ; we may say
almost with certainty that they were temples to the goddesses
of Sicily, the special patronesses of Gelon and his house,
Demeter and the Kore."

40 See Appendix A.

SYRACTISAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 307

establishes with great precision. In that hoard, with-
drawn from circulation about 400 B.C., the early "Camp
coinage " of Carthage in the Island, presenting the horse
and half horse, together with the contemporary or slightly
earlier issues of the old Phoenician settlements Motya
and Panormos, was brilliantly represented.41 There oc-
curred a "medallion" in Kimon's later style (Type II.),
slightly used, and three early " medallions " of Evsenetos
in brilliant condition ; but whereas among the Phoe-
nician coins of Motya and those inscribed Ziz, which
must probably be referred to the Panormitis, there were,
as already mentioned in the section on Kimon, a series
of imitations of the earlier " medallion " types of that
artist,42 not a single example occurred of a Siculo- Punic
coin- type imitated from the Kore head of Evaenetos,
though we know that at a slightly later date this mag-
nificent design took, as it were, the Punic world by storm.
In the absence of any religious reason for not copying
this type, which, as we have seen, there is no warrant for
supposing, the inevitable conclusion to which we are led is,
that at the time when, in 410 — 8 B.C., this class of Motyan
and Panormitic coins first issued from the mint, the silver
dekadrachms of Evsenetos had not yet made their appear-
ance. In this department Kimon still held the field.

On the other hand, it does not seem safe to bring down
the first issue of Evaenetos' " medallions " many years
below this date. From the fact that two fine specimens
of Evaenetos' dekadrachms were contained in the " West
Sicilian " hoard, there is good reason for believing that
their issue had begun some few years, at least before
400 B.C. The gold hundred-litra pieces of Evaenetos

41 See Appendix A. 42 See p. 270 seqq.

308 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

supply a still more definite chronological indication. Just
as the earliest of the gold staters presenting Kimon's
signature show an obvious analogy in style to his second
type of silver dekadrachms,43 so the earliest of those
attributable to Evaenetos connect themselves in the most
evident manner with his early silver " medallions," exhibit-
ing a cockle-shell behind the head of Kore (PI. V., fig. 10).
This is the " medallion " type the reverse of which, as
already pointed out,44 shows the nearest approach to that
of the New Engraver, and which closest follows his work
in date. If, then, as shown by their Carthaginian imita-
tions dating from 406 — 5 B.C., the gold staters of Evaenetos
were struck by about 408 B.C., it becomes highly pro-
bable, on every ground, that the earliest " medallion"
dies were engraved shortly after that date, say, by 406 B.C.

The date thus acquired for the first issue of the silver
" medallions " of Evaenetos agrees very well with the fact,
deducible from the marks of value that occur on some of
them,45 that the coinage of the gold hundred-litra pieces
seems to have to a certain extent overlapped that of these
silver pentekontalitra. In the case of the gold coins two
dots occasionally occur beside the head ; in the case of
their silver halves a single dot.

The first appearance of Evaenetos' splendid design of
the head of Kore at the very beginning of the Dionysian
Era fully agrees with the intimate relation in which it
stands to the head of the same Goddess on the newly dis-
covered " medallion," the issue of which has been referred
to the same date as Kimon's third " medallion " type,
or approximately to the same year, 406 B.C.

Of the relation in which Evaenetos' " medallion " type

43 See p. 286. 44 See p. 247. 45 See p. 298, note.

SYRACUSAN

stands to the work of the New Artist enough will have
been said in the section devoted to that subject. As
supplying a. new standpoint for critically surveying the
masterpiece of Evametos, the new coin has an unique
value. Especially does it bring into clear relief that
artistic quality of Evaenetos which led him, in his more
modern presentation of the Kore, to subordinate details
to the general effect, while the reverse type illustrates his
singular ingenuity in bringing out by characteristic touches
the most thrilling incidents in the chariot race.

In the " medallion " series of Evaenetos himself there is
distinct evidence of a progressive advance in style which
is most palpably perceptible in the treatment of his
chariot groups. The action of the horses on his earlier
dies is much more even and level — far less sensational,
indeed, than on the tetradrachms executed by him at a
considerably earlier date. In this again, as suggested
above, we may detect the sobering influence of the very,
regular and harmonious design in the "medallion" by the
New Engraver. Upon the dekadrachms of Evaenetos,
however, the action of the horses becomes rapidly higher,
till the foremost horses seem to break away from their
fellows.

To attempt any exact chronology of these successive
issues would be impossible with the data at our disposal.
The variety of dies and the different symbols introduced,
as well as the evidences of development in style, show
that the coinage of the silver dekadrachms of Evsenetos
must have continued for a considerable number of years.
Among the earliest types, after those with a cockle-shell
behind the head of Kore (PI. Y. fig. 10), 'which must cer-
tainly claim precedence, are those which present a A (pro-
babty = AeKa^pa^/jLov) in the field, and the signature

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. S S

310 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

EYAINE beneath the neck (PL V. fig. 11). The latest
is unquestionably the new type afforded by the Santa
Maria di Licodia hoard, exhibiting the full signature in
the later orthography EYAINETOY, beneath a head o I"
abnormally small proportions46 (PI. V. fig. 13). From the
evidence supplied by this find it appears that this latter
coin must have been struck before the approximate date
380 B.C. If we allow a period of about twenty years for the
engraving of Evaenetos' "medallion" dies, it may have
been struck as late as 385 B.C. From the oxidized
or fractured state to which some of the dies had been
reduced when many of the coins bearing his designs were
struck, it appears, however, probable that they still con-
tinued in use at a time when, whether from death or old
age or some other cause, the activity of Evaenetos himself
had ceased.47 The fact, to which attention will be shortly
called, that these fine coins continued to be imitated, both
by Greeks and Carthaginians, down to the Third Century
B.C., also tends to show that their circulation, if not their
issue, continued to be fairly abundant for some time after
the latest possible date at which their dies can have been
engraved. This conclusion, as I hope to show, is of
considerable importance in helping us to bridge over an
extensive gap in the Syracusan coinage.

The appearance of the head of Deme'ter on the early
Siculo-Punic gold pieces above referred to, is at most an
isolated phenomenon. It does not exclude the main fact
with which we have to deal,48 namely, that the attempts
made by Carthage to reconcile the offended Goddesses for

46 See p. 226. 47 See p. 224, 229.

48 Diodoros xiv. 63 and 77. Cf. Miiller, op. cit. ii. pp. 110,
111. Hunter, Religion des Cartli. p. 108 ; De Saulcy, Acad. des
Inscriptions, T. XV. PI. II. p. 53, 54.

the profanation of their shrines during the campaign of
396 — 4, in all probability explained the prominent place
assumed by D&meter and her daughter on the later Punic
coinages, both in Sicily and Africa.

The date of this solemn propitiation may, perhaps, be
approximately set down as 393 B.C., and it is shortly after
this time that the brilliant series of tetradrachms presenting
obverse heads copied from the Kore of Evsenetos' medal-
lions makes its first appearance from the Siculo-Punic dies.
The bulk of these coins belongs, indeed, to a considerably
later date, and they are of decidedly later style than the
coins presenting the free or half horse. The earliest are
accompanied on the reverse sides with a quadriga and the
inscription Ziz (PI. YII. fig. 2), or by a horse in front of
a palm-tree without any legend (PL VI. fig. 11).

The quadriga types with which Evaenetos' Kore is
coupled on the Carthaginian coins of Sicily are generally
borrowed from those of Evaenetos, and a good example of
an imitation of the most sensational chariot group of that
artist on a coin of Herakleia Minoa (Rash Melkart) will
be seen on PL YII., fig. 13. At times the head of the
young Goddess on those Punic pieces is accompanied by
symbols, such as the cockle-shell and the griffin's head,
that are associated with it on the Syracusan medallions ;
it times it is coupled with a caduceus^ a thymiaterion, or
a poppy-head, and on one very beautiful type 50 (PL YII.

49 The symbol of Taut-Cadmus, the Egyptian Thoth, assimi-
ited to Hermes. Cf. Miiller, Num. de L'anc. Afr. ii. p. 84.

50 This coin, which appears to be unique, was recently
obtained by me in Eastern Sicily. The same symbol, however,
is also found on another variety (B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 248,
No. 12) behind the head of Persephone. This, like the other

)iece, is inscribed Ziz, and must probably be assigned to
-'anormos.

312 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

fig. 4) a sicastika is placed in front of her lips.51 This
coin, which hears the inscription Ziz heneath the quadriga
on the reverse, must probably be ascribed to Panormos,
and the introduction of the swastika links it on to earlier
coins of that city, in which the same symbol is placed
beside an earlier female head, whether of Nymph or
Goddess. At Eryx this crux gammata seems to be associated
with the cult of her Aphrodite*. The "ft, which seems
to be the special symbol of Baal-Chamman, also occurs,
but it is only found coupled with the head which is
crowned with ears of barley52 in place of the green spray,
and which, perhaps, therefore represents Demete'r.

Of the Carthaginian " Camp coins " with the head of
Evaenetos' Kore, some of those presenting a horse's head
on the reverse are unquestionably the latest, for they fit
on to the tetradrachms bearing the Alexandrine type of the
head of Herakles or Melkart. It thus appears that the
imitation of Evaenetos' type by the Punic moneyers of
Sicily continued till at least as late as 330 B.C.

From the Camp pieces struck by the Carthaginians in
Sicily for their mercenaries and dependents in the island,
Evaenetos' famous type spread in a modified form to
Carthage herself. In this case, on some of the Siculo-
Punic coins already referred to, and notably the early gold
staters with the free horse, the Goddess is represented
rather under the aspect of the Mother than of the
Daughter, with the ears of ripened corn in place of the
green barley spray of spring. (PI. VII v fig. 5.)

The type, thus derived, becomes, from the middle of the
Fourth Century onwards, the unvarying badge of the

51 It is seen above the hound on the reverse of some small
silver coins of Eryx (B. M. Cat. /<>//./-, Nos. 10-12).
5i #.//. Miiller, op. at. ii. p. 77, No. 82.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 313

Carthaginian coinage in all metals.53 As compared with
the earlier Siculo- Punic copies of Evaenetos' Kore, the
style of these coins is hard and mechanical, but some
elements in the original design, such as the curving
barley-leaf that shoots across the hair, are curiously per-
sistent, and the Gaulish tribes, with whotn the gold and
electrum staters of Carthage must have gained a con-
siderable currency, seem to have incorporated this horn-
like appendage as a decorative adjunct to more than one
of their hybrid coin-types. It is to this source that we
may venture to trace the curious ornament that crosses
the locks of the composite head on the gold and electrum
pieces of Belgic Gaul, and the final degeneration of which
may be surveyed on the Ancient British coin-types.54

The long supremacy of Evsenetos' design at Syracuse
itself is shown by its imitation on a whole series of later
issues. Not to speak of its appearance on some small
>pper coins,55 with Pegasos on the reverse, struck about
Tinioleon's time, it was revived, in a fine style for
the period, on the tetradrachms struck in the earlier

53 See Ludwig Muller, Num. de VAfrique Ancienne, vol. ii. p.
84—115.

44 The source of this is most clearly seen in some hybrid
gold coins found in Picardy (Rev. Num. 1883, PI. J. figs. 1, 2),
the reverse types of which, as has been recognized by M.
Anatole de Barthelemy (op. cit. p. 8) are imitated from gold
staters of Tarentum. The head is in this case combined in a
remarkable way with a prancing horse, more suggestive of the
silver types of Carthage. These coins seem to me to supply
the missing link between the curious hair ornament of the
characteristic Belgic types and the curling barley-leaf of the
Carthaginian staters. My Father (Coins of the Ancient Britons,
Supplement, p. 424) has not seen his way to adopt this sugges-
tion ; it has, however, been approved by Mr. Head (Num. Ckron.,
1890, p. 331).

55 Head, Coins of Syracuse, p. 31, PI. VI.

314 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

years of AgathokleV reign (PL VI. fig. 2), in this instance
coupled with a reverse type borrowed from Kimon's
" medallions." 56 On the later coins of Agathokles it is suc-
ceeded by the new and more youthful presentment of the
Maiden Goddess, bearing the inscription KOPA behind her
head,57 but, in spite of her flowing tresses, the influence
of the older design is still perceptible. Once moire, upon
the gold staters of Hiketas (287 — 278 B.C.) Evsenetos'
type was again elaborately copied (PL VI. fig. S),58 though
the ear of barley that here shoots forth from the wreath
seems more appropriate to Demeter than to hey daughter ;
and it appears at Syracuse for the last time on some
bronze pieces of Hieron II. (B.C. 275— 216). 5a

The appearance of a head of Kore, in its essential lines
identical with Evsenetos' design, but in a bolder style in
harmony with the art traditions of Greece proper, on
didrachms of the Opuntian Locrians 60 (PL VI. figs. 1,2),

66 Head, Corns of Syracuse, p. 43, PL VIII. 4.

57 Op. cit., PI. IX. 1, 2.

68 Op. cit., PL X. 1, 2.

69 Op. cit., PL XII. 6.

60 Mr. Head (B. M. Cat., Central Greece, p. xv.) says of the
coinage of Opus, that " we may rest assured that it is all sub-
sequent to the Peace of Antalkidas (B.C. 387)," and he refers
the introduction of the types with the head of Persephone to
the year 369, in which year Dionysios took part in the Peace
Congress that met at Delphi. It is to the same, or the succeed-
ing year, which marks the restoration of the Messenians, that
the issue of the Messenian didrachm with a similar head of
Kore must unquestionably be referred (cf. Gardner, B. M. Cut.,
J'eloponnese, p. xliii.). That these pieces mark the date of the
restoration of the Messenians and the foundation of Messene by
Epaminondas may be admitted. On the other hand, the inter-
vention of Dionysios in the affairs of the mother-country had
been consistently pro-Spartan. It is possible, therefore, that
the adoption of Evaenetos' type, to illustrate the old Messenian
cult of Persephone on the coins of the newly founded city, may,
after all, be a purely artistic tribute.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 315

Pheneates61 (PL VI. fig. 4), and Messenians62 (PI. VI.
fig. 3), is a striking witness to its early popularity. It is
to be observed in this connexion that a further numismatic
link between these Opuntian dies and those of the Syra-
cusan engravers is to be found in the figure of Ajax, which
accompanies the reverse of the type in question, and which
unmistakeably corresponds with the Leukaspis as he
appears on some Syracusan drachmae executed by the
earlier master Eumenes63 and, with some variations, by
his pupil, Eukleidas.64

Evaenetos' head of Persephone is found about the same
date on coins of Pherae in Thessaly and Knossos in Crete.
In Sicily itself a fine reproduction of it occurs on the large
bronze pieces of Kentoripa (PL VI. fig. 4), where the
types are overstruck on Syracusan coins representing a
head of Pallas.65 The pard on the reverse of this Ken-
toripan coin is also a very beautiful work.

On the mainland of Italy the Kore of the Syracusan mas-
ter seems to have affected more than one of the beautiful
didrachm types of Metapontion ; sometimes with the addi-

>n of the ear of corn and the diaphanous Tarentine veil,
iking the form of Demeter ;66 sometimes in her own person
as the Daughter, though here with more flowing hair, as

61 B. M. Cat., Peloponnese, PL XXXV. 7; Gardner, Types of
Greek Coim, PI. VIII. 41, and p. 155.
« B. M. Cat., Peloponnese, PL XXI. 1.

63 B. M. Cat., No. 162 ; Head, Coins of Syracuse, PL III. 15 ;
Weil, Kunstlerinschriften, &c., Taf. i. 8.

64 B. M, Cat., Nos. 226—230 ; Head, op. cit., PL V. 6.

65 Head, Coins of Syracuse, PL VIII. 1. I have elsewhere
(p. 368) pointed out that this type is considerably earlier than
Timoleon's time.

66 Carelli, Num. Ital Vet., T. clii. .69, 70, 73, &c. Cf. Gar-
rucci, Le Monete d' Italia Antica, T. ciii. 5.

316 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

on the later Syracusan version cited above.67 On the Third
Century didrachms of Arpi, in Apulia, it is more literally
reproduced,68 though probably from an Agathokleian copy.
At Massalia Evaenetos' masterpiece stood as the model
for the fine head of Artemis upon its drachms (PL VI.
fig. 8)69 struck about the middle of the Fourth Century
B.C., though here an olive-wreath takes the place of the
barley. In a more literal guise it passed to the coin-types
of the daughter colony, Rhoda, on the Pyrenaean coast of
Spain (PL VI. fig. 9),70 and, perhaps through a Siculo-
Punic intermediary, to those of the sister colony of Empo-
riae (PL VI. fig. 10).71 From these Greek plantations of the
"Spanish March'' the type was received and reproduced
by the neighbouring Iberic and Gaulish tribes of Aqui-
tania72 in a series of imitations, each more barbarous than
the last, and, passing thence in a half- dissected form

67 Carelli, Num. Ital. Vet., clii. 74, 81, &c. Cf. Garrucci, Le
Monete d' Italia Antica, T. ciii. 21, &c.

68 Carelli, op. cit., xc. 1 — 3; Garrucci, op. tit., xciii. 1.

69 Cf. De la Saussaye, Numismatique de la Gaule Narbon-
naise, PI. II. 54—57, &c.

70 Heiss, Monnaies Antiques de VEspagne, PI. I., Rhoda, 1 — 8.

71 Due de Luynes, Rev. Num. 1840, 5 seqq.', Heiss, Monnaies
Antiques de VEspagne, PI. I., JEmporicB, 1 — 10.

72 Cf. De Saulcy, Rev. Num. iv. 1867, p. 1 seqq. ; De la
Saussaye : — Monnaies dpigraphiques des Voices Tectosacjes (Rev.
Num. 1866, p. 389—401); Maxe-Werly, Rev. Num. 1886, p. 1
seqq. (" Petrocorii," &c.), and Rev. Beige de Num. 1879, p. 248
seqq. (" Trouvaille de Cuzance," &c., " Cadurci") ; E. Hucher,
L'Art Gaulois, Pt. II. p. 31, &c. The evolution of these types
in their Northern and Western progress is a curious study, but it
cannot here be followed out in detail. I regard the triple crest
above the head on so many Armorican coins by Hucher, fantasti-
cally connected with Ogmios, as ultimately due to the locks and
sprays of the Syracusan Kore, introduced North of the Pyrenees
principally by the Khodan currency. For good intermediate
examples compare the coins of the Petrocorii and VolcaB Tec-
tosages.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 317

through Quercy and Perigord to the Limousin, supplied
some characteristic elements to the coin- types of the
North and West. The curving barley-sprays above the
forehead and twined amidst the tresses of our Persephone,
the twin fishes in front of her lips, were drawn out into
fantastic crests and scrolls upon the coin-types of Armo-
rica, and the remote descendants of the dolphins that once
sported in the Great Harbour of Syracuse were finally
stranded upon the Western shores of our own Island.
Upon some late British silver- types73 of the First Century
of our era, the range of which extends from Plymouth to
Tewkesbury and Oxford, they may still be traced before a
grotesque profile which may well be taken to represent
the extreme link of the chain that leads back to the mas-
terpiece of Eveenetos, and through him to the beautiful
creation of the New Engraver.

A more purely artistic tribute to the abiding popularity
of Evaenetos' head of Persephone, as she appears on his
"medallions," is supplied from a source to which we
should otherwise hardly look for numismatic illustration.
A reduced copy, namely, of this head of Kore, appears on
a series of kylikes, of a thin black-coloured pottery, with a
lustrous metallic glaze, belonging to a well-marked class
of ceramic ware intended to imitate silver vessels. The
fabric of this class of pottery seems to have attained con-
siderable dimensions in Sicily and Great Greece in the
Third Century B.C. ; 74 the shallow two-handled bowls in

73 J. Evans, Coins of the Ancient Britons, PI. F. 4 — 8 ; and
cf. p. 106.

74 Some are probably earlier. I recently obtained at Catania,
for the Ashmolean Museum, an askos or guttus of this ware,
with a head, perhaps of Apollo, in a Late Transitional style of
art. Even supposing the stamp to have been taken from
earlier work, such a Transitional model would hardly have been

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. T T

318 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

which the head of EveDnetos' Persephone forms the central
relief, was, however, a specially Campanian fabric, and all
the examples known to me, of which the exact find- spot
was recorded, were found in the neighbourhood of Capua.
The central relief of these kylikes has a distinct margin,
and bears evidence of having been inserted after the cup
itself was turned. The impression had therefore been first
produced on a separate clay disk. And as no doubt a clay
stamp was used like that from the Castellan! Collection
in the British Museum for a similar purpose, a double
shrinkage in the design was the result, produced, first, by
the drying of the original stamp, and secondly, by the
drying of its impression on the clay disk. In this way
the " medallion " reliefs, as seen upon the cups, have lost
about a third of their diameter, and give the idea of tetra-
drachms, of which no examples with Evsenetos' Kore head
are known, rather than of dekadrachms.

That the original stamp was actually moulded on
Evsenetos' "medallions" there can, however, in spite of this
apparent discrepancy in module, be no doubt. Although
from the imperfect character of the clay impressions much
of the delicate engraving is lost, enough remains to show

selected in the Third Century. The prototype of this looks
as if it had been a Leontine coin of abnormal module. Un-
fortunately, however, no Sicilian coins of such calibre are
known to us. Silver kylikes, analogous to those imitated, but
without the central medallion, have been found in Pantikapasan
tombs of the Fourth Century B.C. A silver bowl, with a beau-
tiful medallion relief of a M^nad in the centre, of Hellenistic
work, was recently found at Taranto, though, with the ex-
ception of the central relief (now in Dr. J. Evans's collection),
it crumbled to dust, owing to the thinness of the plate. A
silver prototype of the well-known Gales-ware bowls, with
chariot-racing scenes, is in the British Museum. Mr. C. Smith
regards it as of Campanian fabric of the Third Century B.C.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 319

that the stamp was taken from the coins themselves, and
not from, any Third Century copies or reductions. The
whole expression of the face, as much as the arrangement
of the hair, shows that we have to do, in a doubly re-
flected form, it is true, with the actual handiwork of
Evaenetos. As a matter of fact an examination of these
ky likes has enabled me to detect three variations of the
dekadrachm designs of this artist, in some cases, more-
over, authenticated by traces of his signature.75
The varieties used are : —

1. The dekadrachm represented on PI. V. fig. 11, with the

A in the field beneath the chin of Persephone, the
dekadrachm mark being well preserved. On one of
these impressions the signature [E]YAINE is clearly
visible.76

2. The dekadrachm, PL V. fig. 10, without the A but with

a cockle-shell behind the head.77

3. Without symbol or letter (cf., PI. V. fig. 12). On an im-

pression of this type traces of the letters EYAI . .
are visible.78

75 In the same way the signature of Eukleidas may be traced
on the helmet of a three-quarter facing head of Pallas on a
paste disk in the British Museum taken from a mould of his
celebrated tetradrachm. This disk was no doubt intended to be
attached to the centre of a glass vessel in the same manner as
the clay disks with Evasnetos' design. It may be observed in
this connexion that glass imitations of metallic forms are not
infrequent.

76 Two examples of kylikes with this "medallion " type are in
the Ashmolean Museum, both found at or near Capua. That with
the signature was presented by the Rev. G. J. Chester, the
other is from the Fortnum Collection.

77 One example from Capua is in the Ashm. Mus. ; another,
the source of which is not indicated, in the Brit. Mus. ; a third
(Campana Collection " S. Italy ") in the Louvre ; a fourth is.
in the possession of Messrs. Rollin and Feuardent at Paris.

78 In the British Museum.

320 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

There is besides a class of kylikes with very barbarous
imitations of the central medallion.79

This interesting ceramic class, in which both the form,
the central design, and the metallic lustre are imitated
from silver work, presupposes the existence of a special
class of ancient silver vessels of the kind, with actual
medallions of Evaenetos inserted in their central orna-
ment ; just as Imperial aurei are seen set round the
famous patera of Rennes, or, to take a more modern
example, we may see a crown-piece of Charles II. inserted
in the middle of a punch-bowl. These Capuan kylikes,
in short, represented a cheap popular substitute for what
was evidently a famous and highly-prized form of Syra-
cusan plate.

And in view of this special association of Evaenetos
" medallions " with silversmith's work, we are tempted to
make the further suggestion that Evaenetos himself also
practised the toreutic art. Considering, indeed, the natural
combination of the two crafts in ancient and mediaeval
times, nothing can be more reasonable than to suppose that
his apyvpoKOTreLov, like those of Antioch, frequented by
Antiochos Epiphanes,80 was in close connexion with a
gold or silversmith's shop, and gave employment to
toreutce as well as die-sinkers. The gaps in the numis-
matic records of Evaenetos' career clearly show that his
activity was also occupied in other artistic directions.

79 Two examples, both from Capua, are in the Ashm. Mus.,
another from a different stamp in the Louvre.

80 Athenaos, lib. x. (on the authority of Polybios, Hist. Reliq.
lib. xxvi. c. 7, 8). Cf. my Horsemen of Tarentum (London,
Quaritch, 1889, p. 120 seqq.), where I have endeavoured to
show that the ancient die-sinkers signed not only as artists, but
in their quality of moneyers, and combined besides the kindred
crafts of ropeuTT/s and xpuo-o)(6os. The term apyvpoKo-n-os seems
to mean " silversmith" in general as well as " moneyer."

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 321

That Evaenetos, as seems fairly ascertained in the case of
his fellow die-sinker Phrygillos, also exercised the profes-
sion of a gem-engraver is made highly probable from the
microscopic fineness that characterizes some of his earlier
dies. Mr. Head,81 indeed, remarks of Evaenetos that " his
work is characterized by an almost gem-like minuteness,
which approaches to hardness." In surveying his designs
we are often conscious of a hand somewhat over-familiar
with the use of the diamond point. It seems possible,
indeed, that an actual example of a gem engraved by this
artist has survived to our day. A gold ring containing an
exquisitely-engraved sard was recently discovered in the
neighbourhood of Catania, and though the ignorant pea-
sant who wished to realise the gold- value of the ring, and
thought the stone of little value, broke it in two in tearing
it from its socket, the intaglio, which has been preserved by
a happy accident, has not suffered in any essential par-
ticular. The design, of which a phototype is given on
PI. V. fig. 5, represents Herakles strangling the Nemean
lion, and it will be seen to be almost identical in the
minutest details with the reverse of Evaenetos' gold hun-
dred-litra piece placed next it on the plate. It is true
that the same design, executed in an almost identical
manner, occurs on the parallel gold staters from the hand
of Kimon, but a comparison between the impression of
the gem on PI. V., fig. 5, with the reverse of fig. 1, seems
to show that the nearest correspondence in style is found
with the work of Evaenetos.

The only important point in which the design on the
gem differs from the coins is, that here the struggling
figures rest on a simple line, whereas • on the coin-dies-

81 Coins of Syracuse, p. 22.

322 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

some indication of rocks, and, in one instance, of an ear of
corn, is given below.

The style of workmanship on the gem is such as enables
us to refer it to the close of the Fifth or the beginning of
the Fourth Century B.C. The material, a brilliant sard, is
worthy of the best days of Greek gem engraving; and
the bold, though somewhat shallow, intaglio quite agrees
with this conclusion. The relief on the coin is propor-
tionally somewhat higher than that on the impression from
the gem, a relative proportion generally maintained in con-
temporary works in the two materials belonging to this age.
The softer material of the die as compared with the stone
seems to have tempted deeper incision ; but in other respects
the technique is strikingly similar. We see in the gem,
as in the die, the same firm, sure incision of a master of
the glyptic art ; and in the design itself, the same unique
combination of the utmost delicacy of detail with the full
expression of the mighty forces pitted against each other
in the struggling group of hero and lion.

The correspondence between the design on the signet
and that on the coins places this intaglio in a rare, but
well-marked class of ancient gems which reproduce civic
badges, and which undoubtedly were used by officers of
the State to seal public Acts. On the present occasion it
is impossible to do more than to call attention to the
existence of this special class of gems, which well deserve
a separate treatise.

It may be sufficient here to notice that several examples
of these civic signets are forthcoming engraved with the
same official types that reappear on the coinage of Greek
cities of Sicily, and of Great Greece. One of the most
important of these, recently obtained by me from Sicily,

l\

I

q

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 323

represents the protomd of the man- faced bull of Gela,
its body countermarked by a Corinthian helmet which was
evidently a magistrate's symbol ;82 and a cut scarab in the
British Museum displays the legend FE A A ^ above a
man-headed bull between a flower and star, with a snake
below.83 Another gem in the British Museum recalls
the Nymph and swan of the early coins of Kamarina.
At Selinus we have the evidence of the existence of
similar signets in some remarkable clay impressions
found in Temple C. of the Acropolis.84 One of the two
most numerously reproduced of the seals represented in
this deposit exhibits the type of Herakles struggling
with the tauriform Eiver-God, which, in an earlier guise,
is found upon the didrachms of Selinus, and the civic and
official character of the signet gem — 8t/juo<na (xfrpayls —
was in this case further authenticated by a large ^ in

82 A phototype of this gem is published in Imhoof-Blumer
und Otto Keller, Tier- und Pflanzenbilder auf Munzen und
Gemmen (Taf. xxvi. 45), with the remark: "Schoner Stil.
Wahrscheinlich das Siegel ernes griechischen Eitters der besten
Zeit." Owing to some misunderstanding of the account sup-
plied by me it is here described as from " Tarentum." I obtained
it, however, from Sicily, which makes it the more improbable
that it was a private seal. From Salona, in Dalmatia, I have
a cornelian gem with the Knidian Aphrodite and the legend
KOPINOOY, evidently a Corinthian official seal.

83 B. M. Cat. of Gems, 444 ; and cf. Imhoof-Blumer und
Keller, op. cit., Taf. xxvi. 47.

84 They have been published by Prof. Salinas in the Notizie
degli Scavi (1883, p. 281 seqq., and Tav. vii., xv.), and are pre-
served in the Museum of Palermo. Six hundred and forty-
three were found in all. The type of Herakles and the bull
was reproduced 119 times, often countermarked with other

mailer signets. Another official seal, representing a dolphin
.nd club, appears 285 times. It is evident that the seals found

in this deposit came from official documents preserved in the

Temple archives.

324 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the field. In Italy the coin-types of Neapolis85 and
Thurii86 have been preserved on existing intaglios.

It is impossible to suppose that any private person could
have made use of such well-known civic badges. Such gems
were obviously executed solely for official purposes, and it
is reasonable to infer that -the same artists who executed
the dies of the civic coinage were also employed to engrave
these civic seals. When, therefore, we find Evaenetos
signing the dies associated with this fine design of Hera-
kles strangling the lion we have every reason to infer,
apart from the singular correspondence of the style and
workmanship, that this artist was also the engraver of the
signet gem presenting the same official type. The fact
that it was found in the neighbourhood of Katane, a
scene of Evaenetos' activity as a die-sinker, is certainly
not inconsistent with this conclusion.

85 In the British Museum ; and cf. Imhoof-Blumer und Keller,
op. cit., Taf. xxvi. 46.

86 A perforated chalcedony gem in a private collection at
Ruvo, in Apulia, of fine Greek workmanship, presents a most
striking resemblance to the bull as it appears on Thurian tetra-
drachms of the first half of the Fourth Century, B.C.

PART VI.

THE HISTORICAL OCCASIONS OF THE D^MARE-
TEION AND THE LATER " MEDALLIONS."

THE general conclusion derived from various lines of con-
verging evidence, to which we have been led in the pre-
ceding Sections, that the earliest of the Syracusan
" medallions " date back to the years immediately suc-
ceeding the approximate date of 415 B.C., leads us to an
interesting point in our inquiry.

As long as it was believed, as it has been hitherto, that
the first issue of these magnificent coins fell within the
limits of the Dionysian Period, the precise historic occasion
of this exceptional issue might remain in doubt.

Signor Cavallari, indeed, has recently put forward the
suggestion1 that the head on Kimon's dekadrachms is
that of the Nymph Kyane, and that these coins record
the defeat inflicted on the Carthaginians in 394 B.C. by
Dionysios in the neighbourhood of her shrine, which had
been chosen by him as his headquarters.

The mere fact, however, that the " medallions " of
ion, here specially referred to, were imitated on a
of Motyan types, some of them, at least, struck
sveral years before the overthrow of that city by Diony-
rios in 397, is sufficient to exclude a reference to the

In his account, published at Palermo, of the recently dis-
covered shrine of Kyane.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. LTU

326 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

disaster that befell the Carthaginian host before Syracuse
three years after that date. And when we are led back
by a comparative study of the Syracusan and other types
to seek the date of the first issue of these famous pieces,
between the approximate dates 415 — 410 B.C., it becomes
impossible not to connect them with the great historical
event which marks that very period of years, the final
overthrow, namely, of the Athenian invaders in 413 B.C.,
by sea on the waters of the Great Harbour, and by land
in the gorge of the Assinaros.

That the crowning victory over the Athenians should
have found a record on the Syracusan coin-types, at least
in that indirect and allusive manner that was usual in the
best days of Greek art, is rendered probable by more than
one precedent. The abnormal size and value of these
noble " medallions," warrants us in supposing that they
were struck on some extraordinary occasion. But this
presumption gains additional weight when it is remem-
bered that coins of the same exceptional value of fifty
silver litras had been struck two generations earlier, on
the occasion of another crowning triumph of the Syra-
cusan arms — the victory, namely, of Gelon in alliance
with Ther6n of Akragas over the Carthaginian Hamilkar
at Himera.

These coins, which derived their name of Ddmareteia
from Gelon' s consort, require special consideration from
their intimate connexion with our present subject, though
the inquiry is involved in considerable difficulty from the
fact that accounts differ as to their exact source and
occasion.2

2 For the Aa/mpereioi/, see especially Leake (Trans, of R.
Soc. of Lit., 2nd series, 1850, p. 283) and the monograph of
F. Hultsch, De Damareteo argenteo Syracusanorum Nummo

5YRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 327

According to the later grammarians, Hesychios,3 and
Pollux,4 these memorial coins were struck out of the
bullion derived from the jewellery which Damareta and
other noble ladies of Syracuse had given up to provide the
sinews of war at a moment when the treasury was
exhausted through the struggle with Carthage. In this
case the coins themselves, struck from gold jewellery in a
moment of emergency, must have been of gold, and both
Pollux and Hesychios imply that they were such. This
statement, however, contains one radical error of fact,
since the coins themselves — a few examples of which have
come down to us — were undoubtedly of silver : indeed,
no Syracusan gold coin seems to have been struck till
about the time of the Athenian siege. Diodoros,5 on the

(Dresden, 1862). Cf. too his Gr. und rom. Metrologie (2nd
ed. Berlin, 1882, p. 433). The fact that the Damareteion must
be sought in a silver coin was first pointed out by C. 0. Miiller,
Die Etrusker, i. 397 (and cf. Annali delV List, di Corr. Arch,
1830, p. 337); and the Due deLuynes, Ann. dell 'Inst., &c. 1830,
p. 81 seqq. (Du Demaretiori), who first distinguished the true
Damareteion of Gelon's time from the later Pentekontalitra of
the Dionysian Period. Cf. Mommsen, Rom. Munzwesen, 79 (trad.
Blacas I., 105) ; F. Lenormant, Rev. Num., 1868, p. 9 seqq. ;
Head, Coinage of Syracuse, p. 8. Bockh, Staatshaushaltung der
Athener (3rd ed., p. 36), followed earlier writers in regarding
the Damareteion as a gold coin.

3 S.v. A^/xapeTiov. " Ar^uapeTtov, vofjacrpa ev ^iKeAta VTTO PeAon/os

j»7S dimj) AT^apt'T^s TI)S ywai/cos cts duTO TOV KOO-/AOI/."

4 Onomasticon, lib. ix. 85. "*H A^/xapeny lYAan/os oucra ywrj,
iTa TOV irpos Ai)8vas TroAe/Aov a7ropoiWo<j dvrov, TOV KOO-^OV

Trapa tail/ ywai/cu>i/ o"uyxa)j/euo"cura vo/u<7/jia CKO^/CITO
." Pollux couples it with gold staters.

Lib. xi. C. 26 : — " ^ri<pavov y^pvo-ovv Ty yvvaiid TOV TeAon/os
7rpoo"0)yU.oAoy7ycrav. avTrj yap VTT' avTwv a£ua0e.l(ra
TrXeio-TOv ets TYJV (rvvBeo-w r^? etp^i/^s, Kal o-T€0-
{iTr'dumov tKttTOV TaAdvTOis %pv(rtov, vojut^a t^e/cot/'e, TO
OTT' e/ceti/Tjs Aa/Aaperetov * TOVTO 8' t*XfV 'ATTtKac
StKa, fK\-^Of) 8e Trapa TOIS StKeAKOTats aTro TOV o~TaOp,i

KOVTOlAlT/DOV."

328 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

other hand, describes the Ddmareteia as having been
struck out of the money value of a hundred talents de-
rived from the gold crown presented by the Carthaginians
to Damareta in return for her good offices in securing them
more favourable conditions of peace than they had other-
wise expected. His additional statement that the coin
''weighed6 ten Attic drachma and was called a fifty-litra
piece (TrcvTrjKovTaXiTpov) by the Sicilian Greeks from its
weight," shows that he rightly regarded it as a silver
coin.

" Talent " is, unfortunately, almost always a vague de-
nomination, but according to the generally accepted inter-
pretation of the passage in Diodoros,7 the hundred talents
of gold mentioned as the value of the honorary crown, are
taken to mean the small Attic talents of six gold drachmse,
or three staters, which, reckoning the proportion of gold to
silver at that time as 13 to 1, would represent the equivalent
of 7,800 silver drachmae. In that case no more than 780
of these silver dekadrachms could have been struck, and
even allowing for the great rarity of the pieces in ques-
tion, this number must be regarded as too small for a
special coinage which left such a mark in history.

It seems much more reasonable to suppose that the
talents referred to by Diodoros were Sicilian gold talents

6 For this force of t^eti/ = to weigh, see Hultsch, op. cit., p. 18,
who cites Thucydides (lib. ii., 13, 5), Diodoros himself (lib. ii.,
c. 9), and the usage of Greek metrological writers. He adds :
" Diodorus igitur cum ttxev 'ATTIKOIS Spax/xas StKa scripsit, nihil
nisi pondus significare voluit : quasi vero ammo prsesensisset
non defuturos esse qui minus recte id intellegerent addidit verba :
f.K\.~qBr} <$€ Trapa role 2iK€A.iomus 0.776 TOV CTTaO/mov TrevnjKOVTaXiTpov,
quibus idem quod modo Attico pondere expresserit jam Sicu-
lorum pondere enuntiat."

7 Cf. Hultsch, Metrologie (1882), p. 129 s^/.,and p. 433.

SYRACUSAN

representing 120 gold litras, just as the Sicilian silver
talent represented 120 litras of silver.8 The wreath would
thus furnish the more respectable sum of 2,400 gold
drachmae, answering in silver to 3,120 pentekontalitra.

That the honorary crown sent by the Carthaginians to
Damareta represented a substantial amount of bullion is
made probable not only from the fact that silver suffi-
cient for a special coinage was purchased from the gold
that it produced, but from the analogy of other Punic
crowns of the same class of which we have historic record.
The gold crown, for example, offered by the Carthaginians
in the temple of the Capitoline Jove in B.C. 341 (A.U.C.
413) weighed 25 Ibs., or 1,875 Attic drachmae.9 Another,
in the Temple of Jupiter in Tarraco, weighed 15 Ibs.
The crowns offered in later times by the Greek princes
and cities to the Romans also afford a good parallel to the
gift to Damareta, for their primary object was to give a
graceful form to the presentation of a solid sum of money.
Eumenete of Pergamos, for instance, sent the Romans a
crown of " 15,000 gold drachmae " fypvawv).10 Examples

8 Hultsch (De Damareteio) assumes that the Sicilian gold
talent would be simply the equivalent in gold of the silver
talent. Taking, then, the proportionate value of gold to silver
as 12 to 1, he arrives at the conclusion that the Sicilian gold
talent (= 120 silver litras or 12 silver staters) was exactly the
gold stater. But inasmuch as at a somewhat later period, when
the Sicilian gold coinage begins, we find gold litras actually
struck (cf. p. 267), it seems preferable to believe that 120 gold
litras went to make up the gold talent. I observe that Leake
(Trans, of R. Soc. of Lit., 2nd Series, 1850, p. 356) had arrived
at the same conclusion to which I had independently been led.

9 Livy, vii., 38.

10 Polybios, Hist, xxiv., 1, 7. More obscurity attaches to the
contemporary wreath presented by the J^tolians to the Roman
Consul at the time of their submission. Polybios (xxii. 13),
after mentioning, a few paragraphs before, that 200 Euboic

330 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

like these seem more pertinent than the votive wreaths set
up in the Akropolis of Athens,11 in which taste supplied a
larger ingredient than bullion, though even of one of these
we read that it weighed as much as 1,250 gold drachmae.

The issue of this Damareteian coinage must be taken in
connexion with another contemporary act, the dedication,
namely, by Gel6n and his brothers, of a gold tripod to the
Delphian Apollo out of the Carthaginian spoils, according
to one account partly out of the Damareteian gold itself.

Diodoros, after recording the conclusion of peace with
the Carthaginians and the receipt by Damareta of the
golden crown of a hundred talents, in addition to the war
indemnity of two thousand talents, states that Gelon
" built out of the spoils of war two splendid temples
dedicated to Demeter and Kore, and having made, with
sixteen talents, a votive tripod, set it up as a thank-offer-
ing in the Temenos of Apollo at Delphi." 12 Simonides of

talents were to be paid as indemnity, adds : " e&60r) 8k
KCU oTt'0avos a,7To Ta\avT(t)v irfVTTJKOvTa teal c/caTov." This trans-
action appears in Livy (lib. xxviii., 9): " Ambracienses coro-
nam auream Consuli centum et quinquagintapondo," making the
weight of the wreath 150 Ibs. This, reckoning 75 to the pound,
would represent 11,250 gold drachms, nearly a third less than the
gold wreath presented by Eumenes. But Livy seems to have
simply turned talents into pounds. According to Hultsch's
view these talents can only be the small goldsmiths' talents of
6 drachmae. In this way the weight of the crown would be
reduced to 900 gold drachmae — a paltry sum considering the
high standard of value set by contemporary usage on such
propitiatory gifts. Of the two versions, Livy's certainly seems
nearer the mark. A wreath of Ptolemy Philadelphos' time is
recorded to have weighed 10,000 gold staters.

11 See Bockh. Staatshaushaltung der Athener (1886), i., p.
86 segq. Many of the wreaths in the Akropolis weighed from
17£ to 100 drachms. Three gold wreaths dedicated to Athena
weighed respectively 245 drachms 1 obol., 272 dr. 8£ ob., and
232 dr. 5 ob.

12 Diodoros, lib. xi. c. 26. "'O FcXwv e\- /xei/ TUJI/ A

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 331

Keos,13 on the other hand, in the epigram said to have
been inscribed on the tripod itself, makes it speak as
follows : —

4>a/u reXan/' 'lepwva YloiXvfyXov ®pacrv/3ov\ov
IlaZSas Aecvo/xei/evs rov rpiVoS' avOe/jbevai

'E£ 6/caroi/ Xirpai/ /cat irei/T^KOi/ra raXai/TO)i/
Aa^uaperiov ^pvcrov, ras SeKaras Se

Bap/3apa vt/cacrai/Tas etfn?, TroXXav Sc
"EXXacrij/ X«tp' e

However we are to account for the discrepancy of our
two informants as to the number of talents devoted to
the gold tripod, the most ordinary common-sense must
refuse to believe that this splendid offering, celebrated
alike by poet and historian, of the Syracusan Strateyos
Autokrator and his brothers, weighed only 48 gold
staters.14 It is possible that Diodoros' 16 talents simply

/cartcr/ceucurc vaovs a£ioXoyovs Ar^u/tyTpos /cat Kdp^s, xpvcrow Be.
TpiVoSa Troi^cras O.TTO raXavrtuv t/cKcu'Se/ca dve^Kev cs TO rc/x-evos TO

13 Ep. cxcvi. Cf. Schol. ad Find. Pyth. i., 155. Theopompos
(Athen., vi., p. 231) mentions a gold Nike, as well as a tripod,
among the Anathemata of Gelon and Hieron at Delphi. Din-
dorf, in his edition of Simonides (Brunswick, 1835, p, 184),
dismisses the lines commemorating the weight of the tripod
with the remark: "Est hie iterum fetus grammaticuli doc-
trinam numariam incommode ostentantis." These lines, how-
ever, are as well authenticated as any in the epigram. They
are given to the Codex Palatinus where the two last are omitted,
and are referred to by Suidas (s.v. Aaper/oi/, for Aa^apert'oi/).
Nor need the record of the value of the tripod, and the numis-
matic reference, at all surprise us when we find Simonides, in
another epigram (clx.), giving the amount of Parian drachms
that went to the making of a small votive image of Artemis,
and accompanying it with a reference to the coin-type of Paros : —

" 'Apre/uSos roS' ayaX/ta " Soj/coo'ioi yap o JUICT^OS
Apa^wat rat TTaptai, TO>V c7ri<r»7//,a rpayos."

14 Yet such is Hultsch's conclusion in conformity with his
view that the talents mentioned by Diodoros in the case of
both wreath and tripod are the small goldsmith's talents of six

332 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

refer to Gel6n's contribution, and that the remaining
34 talents 100 litras represent the joint gift of the other
three brothers. The total value of the tripod, according
to the estimate of the Sicilian gold talent already given,
would in that case be 1,220 gold drachmae, amounting in
weight to somewhat over 16 Ibs.

That the tripod should be described as of Damareteian
gold may perhaps betaken as a poetic licence, yet it serves
to indicate the close connexion existing in men's minds
between the votive anathema set up in the Delphic shrine
of Apollo and the new commemorative coinage. Both the
coins and the tripod were derived from the gifts or spoils
of the vanquished ; both alike were regarded as tokens
of victory, and the coins themselves have preserved a
symbol of dedication that makes it in the highest de-
gree probable that they too, like the tripod, were in the
first instance designed as offerings of thanksgiving —
"ydpurrrjpia — to the same Grod, in the one case to be devoted
to his Delphian sanctuary, in the other, we may well believe,
to the service of a local Syracusan festival in his honour.
Upon the reverse of the Damareteion, beneath the usual
agonistic type of the quadriga, is seen a couchant lion,
the symbolic animal of Apollo, precisely as it appears
associated with his head on contemporary coins of Leon-
tini.15 That the issue of these coins connected itself

gold drachms. He endeavours to reconcile Dioddros' account
with that of Simomdes by supposing that the latter refers to a
Sicilian gold talent equal to the silver talent of 120 litras. This
talent, according to his view, taking the relation of gold to
silver as 12 to 1, amounted to one gold stater. Fifty talents
and 100 litras would thus represent 101 Attic drachms, which
would approximate to the 96 Attic drachms deduced by him
from the 16 talents of Dioddros.

15 Cf. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 152.

SYRACUSAN

with the celebration of games in Apollo's honour must
be regarded therefore as unquestionable. From the great
rarity of these early fifty-litra pieces we are tempted
even to go a step farther, and to venture the suggestion
that the coins themselves were in the first instance
dedicated to the local shrine of Apollo, and that they
may have served, like the Metapontine silver staters with
the inscription A^eXoto ae0\oi/,16 as actual prizes in a
contest held in his honour.

Fig. 9.— THE " DAMABETEION."

The specially commemorative character of this first
" medallion " issue at Syracuse is of first-rate importance
in its relation to the revival in the years immediately
succeeding the Athenian siege of a fresh issue of the
same denomination. But it is easy to cite other parallels
which justify us in considering that such an event as
the annihilation of the Athenian Armada would not be
left uncommemorated on the Syracusan dies. Thus, for
instance, the Pistrix beneath the chariot on certain coins
of Hieron I., with the allusion that it conveys to Poseidon,
has been reasonably taken to symbolize . the great sea

16 See below, p. 338.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. X X

334 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

victory over the Etruscans off Kyme in 474 B.C.,17 once
more, no doubt, in connexion with special hippie con-
tests in honour of the God. The games instituted by
Pyrrhos after the capture of Eryx as a tribute of devo-
tion to H£rakles, the legendary slayer of its eponymous
giant, seem to have left their mark on his Syracusan
bronze pieces. At a slightly earlier date the victory of
Agathokles over the Carthaginians in Africa was com-
memorated both in his gold and silver coinage ; in the
former case under the guise of a tribute to Athene,18 in
the latter case to K.ore. The trophy of arms raised by
Nike on the reverse of the Agathokleian tetradrachm,
in which the reference to the consecrated spoils of war
is undoubted, recalls the arms exhibited on the steps be-
neath the victorious chariot on the dekadrachm types
before us. And if, in the latter trophy, a Carthaginian
characteristic has been detected in the conical form of the
helmet,19 the shield and helmet on our medallions show a
marked resemblance to those of the prostrate warrior on
the fine didrachm of Gela, which, according to Holm's
probable hypothesis, commemorated the assistance ren-
dered by the Geloan cavalry to the Syracusans in their
struggle with the Athenians.20

17 Head, Coins of Syracuse, p. 9.

18 Head, Historia Numorum, p. 159 ; cf. Diod. xxii. 11.

19 Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, p. 184. " Victory is nail-
ing to the frame a conical helmet in shape like that * Tyrrhenian '
helmet dedicated to Zeus by Hiero I." (See B. M. Guide to
Bronze Room, p. 12.)

2U Cited in Schubring. Die Miinzen von Gela ; Berliner Blatter,
vi. p. 148. The engraver of this Gelan coin has been careful
to indicate the difference between the helmet of the horseman,
which is of a Phrygian character, and that of the prostrate
enemy, which is provided with ear-pieces and a long crest like
those in the exergue of the Syracusan dekadrachms. The shield
is of absolutely the same shape.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 335

That the revived issue of the Syracusan fifty- litra pieces,
answering in their denomination to the earlier Damareteia,
connects itself with the Syracusan triumph over the
Athenians, is made the more probable by the appearance
on some tetradrachms struck about the same date of an
undoubted reference to the spoils of a naval victory. In
the fine reverse design of certain tetradrachms from the
hands of the artist Evarchidas, a variety of which occurred
in the Santa Maria hoard, Professor Salinas has already
recognised21 an allusion to the defeat of the Athenian
fleet in the Great Harbour of Syracuse, whether that of
the beginning or of the autumn of 413 it might be difficult
to determine. The obverse of this type displays a female
head apparently representing Arethusa, and signed by the
artist Phrygillos on the ampyx of her sphendone. Upon
the reverse Persephone appears guiding with her left hand
the reins of her galloping steeds, and in the other holding
aloft a flaming torch in place of the usual goad of the
charioteer, while Nike, who flies forward to greet her,
holds in her left hand the a(f)\aarov, or aplustre, the
ornament of the poop of one of the captured vessels. The
appearance of the Chthonic Goddess on this piece and the
manner in which Nike holds the naval trophy towards the
burning torch may, perhaps, suggest a reference to a
wholesale devotion of the spoils of war by fire to the deities
of the Nether World, to which we find more than one
reference in ancient writers.

Comparing these pieces that commemorate the naval
victory with the dekadrachm types, we are struck with

21 Notizie degli Scam, 1888, p. 15 seqq. Examples of these
types are also given in my article on New Artists' Signatures on
Sicilian Coins, PI. XVIII., figs. 6, 7.

336 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

certain points of correspondence which can hardly be the
result of accident. Here, too, we see alternately Perse-
phone" and Arethusa taking the place of honour on the
die. Here, too, on the reverse, beside the agonistic part
of the design, is seen a trophy, this time of arms, and
appropriate to victory on land. And if in the former case
there seems good reason to connect the aplmtre offered to
the Nether Goddess with the maritime discomfiture of the
Athenians, we are tempted to connect the consecrated
prize of arms, symbolizing the guerdon of a contest held
in the honour of a God, with that supreme triumph on the
land side which consigned the remnant of the Athenian
army to the quarries of Achradina.

The fact that the earlier Ddmareteia were coined out of
the money produced by a gold wreath, which, though pre-
sented to Gelon's consort, was treated as being practically
part of the spoils of war, and that they were probably
partly supplied by the actual loot or indemnity, strongly
favours the suggestion that the revived issue of these
pentekontalitra may have been derived from a similar
source.

We have, indeed, some historic warrant for believing
that the " medallions " now struck were coined out of the
silver poured into the Syracusan treasury by the successful
issue of the war. There can be no doubt that, both by
actual booty and the subsequent ransom of prisoners, a
large amount of silver bullion fell into the hands of the
Syracusans at the time of the Athenian overthrow. A
very considerable sum of money was actually taken on the
Athenian prisoners. Thus, Thucydides tells us that on
the surrender of the 6,000 survivors of Demosthenes'
division, four shields were filled with the silver money that

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 337

they carried on their persons.22 But the forces of the
retreating Athenians were estimated by the historian at
40,000, and assuming that even half of these were despoiled
in the same manner by their conquerors, the total number
of shields-full collected may well have exceeded a dozen.
If we may judge from the capacity of the shields repre-
sented on the coins themselves, the cavities of which may
be estimated at 2J feet in breadth, and nearly a foot in
central depth, the silver bullion obtained from this source
alone must have amounted to a very considerable sum.
From Thucydides' statement we may, perhaps, form
the deduction that, for purposes of general security as
well as of individual aid in a hazardous retreat, a large
part of the military chest had been divided amongst the
rank and file.

It is probable that a large part at least of this prize
silver was actually consecrated, with the arms, to one or
more tutelary divinities, and that it therefore could not be
used for the ordinary purposes of the mint. But the
existence of such a Sacred Fund would make it easy to
understand how, on the institution of new games, such as
followed the victory over the Athenians, an extraordinary
coinage might be issued, having a special honorific func-
tion, in connexion with them.

According to this view the earlier, at least, of these fine
pieces, inscribed A0AA, may have been coined of prize
silver, and themselves, in part, have served to reward the
winners in the games. In the case of many of these coins,
however, this limitation cannot be considered tenable. The
comparative abundance of the ordinary dekadrachm types,

22 Thuc., lib. vii. 82. " Kcu TO apyvpiov o el^oy a-rrav

es da"7ri8as VTrrias, Kai ci/eVX^cra^ acr7r/8as reoxrapas.

338 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and notably the prolific coinage of Evsenetos, forbids us to
regard them as having been exclusively devoted to the
rewarding of the winners ; and even if we extend their
application to other expenses connected with the games, it
will hardly sufficiently account for their wide-spread use.
So much, however, it seems legitimate to infer from the
character of the types, as well as from analogous usage, that
their dates of issue corresponded with those of the periodic,
perhaps annual, games. On the other hand, this does not
exclude the possibility that some of the scarcer and more
exceptional types may have been designed for more purely
agonistic purposes. That the wreath and arms should have
been here supplemented by a prize in money is in accord-
ance with numerous analogies. We know that at Athens
as much as five hundred drachmae was given to citizens
who returned victorious from the Olympic festival. In the
military games at Keos, again, as already noticed, a prize
of silver drachmae was added to the prize of arms,23 and
there is evidence that in the case of local games, where
such prize payments were constantly recurring, a special
coinage was occasionally issued, no doubt from some temple
treasury, to supply a type of money appropriate to the
occasion. Of such, in early times, a memorable example
is found in the Metapontine didrachms bearing the in-
scription, in archaic orthography, A.ye\oio aeOXov, and
which doubtless celebrate the prize of a contest held on
the banks of the Bradanos in honour of the Father of all
Greek Kivers. In later times, as may be gathered both
from inscriptions and from the types of several autonomous
coins of Asia Minor, struck under the Roman Empire, this
practice had gained a wide extension ; these local coinages,

•* C. I. G., ii. 2360.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 339

however, no doubt covering other expenses and necessities
of commerce created by the festival, besides the actual
payment to the winner.

It has, indeed, already been suggested by Eckhel24 that
the Syracusaii dekadrachms inscribed A0AA, may have
been struck as prize-money either for the purpose of
rewarding victors in the games or in actual warfare, and
that the inscription may therefore refer to the coin itself.
The idea that they may represent the material reward
of winners in the games has also commended itself to
Hultsch.25 The great rarity of what must be regarded
as the earliest of these dekadrachm types, the 'coins,
namely, engraved by Kimon, with the head of Arethusa
in low relief, is possibly to be explained on this hypothesis,
while the fact that the newly- discovered type exists only
in a single example points yet more strongly to this con-
clusion. In the case, again, of this unique medallion by
the New Artist, the inscription AOAA on the reverse
appears in letters of double the size and prominence of
the ^ YPAKO^ I UN on the obverse, and certainly looks
as if it referred to the coin itself as an integral part of a
sum of prize-money, quite as much as to the panoply
represented below. The solitary occurrence of this type
may also be explained on the hypothesis that it was
specially coined to serve in a more exclusive sense than
the ordinary dekadrachms, as part of the actual AOAA of
a winner in a local wywv apyvpiTtp. A limited issue of
the same kind may further account for the fact that of
the Akragantine dekadrachms only four specimens are
known .

24 Doctrina Numorum, i., p. xviii. ; cf. p. 243. Eckhel is
followed by Bockh, Metrologische Untersuchungen, p. 320.

25 DeDamareteo, &c., p. 27.

340 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

In the case of these latter coins, moreover, there is an
epigraphic feature which may even turn out to stamp them
as belonging to the same class of A0AA as the Syracu-
san example. This is the appearance immediately behind,
and, indeed, almost in contiguity with, the head of the
charioteer on the reverse of a large A,26 the purport of
which has hitherto perplexed numismatists. By Yon
Sallet, Weil, and others, it has been taken to represent
an artist's signature ; but the position in which it occurs,
and its solitary prominence in this position, does not by
any means correspond to the usual methods and locations of
signature amongst contemporary Sicilian engravers.27 Its
very distinct connexion with the charioteer has, indeed,
been lately used as an argument by Dr. Kinch28 in favour
of his theory that all the signatures that at this time ap-
pear, refer not to the engravers of the dies, but to actual
winners in the games. Dr. Kinch has failed to see the one
unanswerable objection to his line of argument, namely,
that the signature follows the style of engraving, and that
whether, for instance, the name of Evsenetos appears at
Syracuse, at Kamarina, or at Katane, it is always associated
with the same individualities of handiwork. But the

26 See esp. Weil, Kiinstlerinschriften, &c., p. 13. All the
known examples according to Weil are from the same reverse
die. In Salinas' engraving (Le Monete delle Antiche Cittd di
Sicilia, Tav. viii. 5, 6), the A is not reproduced.

27 All reverse signatures on Sicilian coins are either imme-
diately above, upon, or below the exergual line, or in a tablet
held by Victory. On the larger coins, with the exception of the
doubtful instances of Herakleidas, there do not seem to be any
single-letter signatures of artists even in this position. On the
obverse the initial letter of Prokl6s appears in one instance on
a Katanaean didrachm.

23 Observations sur les noms attribues aux Graveurs des Mon-
naies grecques (Revue Ntimismatique, 1889, p. 473 segq.).

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 341

solitary A on this Akragantine coin belongs, as already
remarked, to a different category from such authenticated
artists' signatures as those of Eveenetos and his fellows,
and there is in this instance this element of truth in Dr.
Kinch's suggestion, that the inscribed letter is apparently
intended to stand in very close relation to the winner of
the chariot race. As a matter of fact, this solitary A ap-
pears as a stamp, the significance of which must have had
a general acceptation, on a whole series of Sicilian coins
struck about this period, but in nowise allied in point of
style. Amongst the hundred-litra gold pieces of Syracuse
already referred to,29 with the head of Arethusa and
Herakles strangling the lion, struck contemporaneously
with the silver pentekontalitra of Evaenetos and Kimon, and
exhibiting in more or less abbreviated forms the names of
both artists, the recent find at Avola, near Noto, has brought
to light a variety, in which a conspicuous sideways-
slanting A is introduced beneath the upright K, that here,
no doubt, stands for Kimon's signature.30 On a drachm
of Katania an A appears stamped sideways on the neck
of a youthful head, perhaps of the local River-God
Amenanos.31 On two fine tetradrachms of Syracuse,
again, belonging to the period which immediately precedes
the appearance of recognised artists' signatures, an A
is seen stamped in one instance on the upper part of
the sakkos- covered head,32 in the other case on the

29 See p. 297.

30 On other examples, Kl is found. See p. 298.

31 A. Lobbecke, Zeitschr.f. Numismatik, 1887, p. 36, and Taf.
iii. 1. The head is there described as Apollo's, but the tania
in place of laurel-wreath and the style of hair seem better to
answer to the local types with the head of Amenanos.

32 Kinch, loc. cit., p. 409. In the Copenhagen Museum.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. Y Y

342 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

neck of the Nymph or Goddess just below the earring,8*
while on a third coin34 it is seen on the front of the chariot
on the reverse, a position which recalls the contiguity to
the Akragantine charioteer. Finally, on some varieties of
a late tetradrachm of Selinus a large A appears in incuse
upon the base that supports the statue of the bull.35 It is,
perhaps, a fair conjecture that in all these cases the A thus
anomalously and conspicuously introduced represents the
stamp of consecration for a special religious purpose, and
the marked association of it with the charioteer on the
Akragantine coin with the chariot on the Syracusan,
makes it probable that this purpose was not unconnected
with the games. It is even possible, though this is by no
means a necessary explanation, that the A here is ex-
plained by the fuller legend aeQKov of the Metapontine
coin in the signification of prize money.

In any case, the number of early Greek types which
were originally coined for a definite religious object, and
only in a secondary way became part of the ordinary cur-
rency, is probably more considerable than has been
hitherto supposed.

The armour exhibited in the exergual space of our
" medallions," consisting of shield, greaves, breast-plate
and helmet, makes up together the TtavoTrXia, or full hop-
lite accoutrement, such as in the Greek cities was the
recognised prize of military valour.36 The martial charac-

33 B. M. Cat., Syracuse, 116. I have a fine example in my
own collection found near Catania. Kinch interprets this
design as showing that the winner, A, consecrates an earring
(in the other case a sphendone) to the divinity.

34 B. M. Cat., Syracuse, No. 109.

35 A specimen of this coin is in my own collection.

36 Thus Isokrates says of his father (De Bigis, § 29) : " Kcu

SYKACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 343

ter of this prize is certainly significant ; there can be no
doubt, however, that in the present instance this panoply
appears immediately, at least, in an agonistic connexion,
and we may thus gather that the contest referred to was
of the kind known as aywv a6\o(j)6pos, in which the
prizes had a material value. It is, therefore, impossible
in this case, as in some other Sicilian coin types, to trace
an allusion to the Olympian games, where the wild olive
wreath was the only tangible reward. The heroic practice,
such as it is recorded for us by Homer37 in his account of
the contests in honour of Patroklos, of offering tripods,
cauldrons, and other objects of value, including arms, to
the winners,38 does not seem to have been adhered to at
any of the four great Games of Greece. The returning
winner was, indeed, often presented, as at Athens, for
instance, with pecuniary and other material rewards by
his gratified fellow- citizens, but this is another matter ;
and on the other hand, in some of the less celebrated con-
tests, prizes of value, such as silver cups and bronze
vessels, were not infrequently awarded. It would, how-
ever, appear that the only recorded festivals at which
arms were given as prizes were the Hekatombsea at
Argos, in which a shield was presented to the victor in

TOV<S dpiorovs, fJi-f.ro. TOVTW orTparcvcra/xevos rotovrof
rots KtvSwot? u>(TT€ art tpav^O^vai /cat iravoTrXiav Xafiew Trapa
TOV o-TpaTrjyov." Cf. Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum (i. p. 243),
and Hulsch, De Damareteo argenteo Syracusanorum Nummo,
Dresden, 1862, p. 25. The spear, however, is not indicated in
the " medallions."

37 II. * 251.

38 So too Virgil, Mn. v. 106—112 :

" Munera principio ante oculos circoque locantur
In medio ; sacri tripodes, viridesque coronas,
Et palma, pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro
Perfuses vestes, argenti aurique talmta."

344 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

addition to the myrtle wreath, and the military games in
Keos, in which the guerdon consisted of arms and silver
drachmae.39 We must, therefore, look to some local festival
to explain the introduction of this new and martial reward
at Syracuse.

As a matter of fact, some of the local games instituted
by the Sikeliote Greeks had, at a considerably earlier date,
attained sufficient celebrity to attract even competitors
from the Mother- Country.40 Hieron of Syracuse had
founded Nemean games at his ^Etna, at which, as we
learn from Pindar,41 the Corinthian Xenophon had gained
a victory. At Syracuse itself, Isthmian games had been
founded in imitation of her Mother-City, in which also the
same Corinthian citizen had successfully competed. On the
occasion again of the banishment of Thrasybulos in 446
B.C., and the establishment of a democratic government at
Syracuse, yearly games had been introduced with great
splendour, under the name of " Eleutheria," in honour of
Zeus Eleutherios, to whom at the same time a colossal
statue was set up.42

39 See G. Humbert, art." Certamen," in Daremberg et Saglio,
Diet, des Antiquites.

40 Cf. Freeman, Sicily, ii., p. 268 and Note xxv. p. 531
(Local Sikeliot Games) .

41 01 xiii., Ill or 156:—

" Tat & VTT' 'Atrvas v^tXo^ov KaXXtVXouTOt

TroXies."

According to one Scholiast : " TroXcts Se Xeyet ras ^vpa/couo-as.
. . . "Io-0/ua yap KOL Iv dvrats TeXerrat " ; while another says of
^jtna : " e/cct yap aycrat dywv Nt'/xea KaXov/xevos."

42 Diod., lib. xi., C. 72 : " KaraXuo-ai/res rrjv ®pa<n;/2ovXov
Tupavn'Sa, cruvryyayov eKfcX'/ycnav /cat Trepl rrjs tStas 8^/Ao/cpaTtas
/JovXevo-a/w-evot TTOI/TCS o/xoyvo/xovws f\j/ij(f>L(ravTo Atos /xev IXtvOepiov
KoXoTTLalov avSpiavra KCLTCLCTKevdcrai, /car' ei/tavrov Sc Ovtw 'EXcv^cpta
Kat dyaira? tTrt^avet? Trotetv Kara rrjv avrrjv f)fj.fpa.v iv rj TOV rvpavvov

r-rjv T

SYRACTJSAN

But the prizes exhibited on our " medallions " assuredly
connect themselves with an agonistic festival of more
recent foundation at Syracuse than either the Nemea,
Isthmia, or Eleutheria. The evidence which points to the
times immediately succeeding the Athenians' defeat as the
date of the first issue of these revived Ddmareteia, gives us
good warrant for connecting this exceptional coinage with
the New Games then instituted to commemorate the event,
and which from the fatal stream whose gorge was the
scene of the supreme overthrow were known as the
Assinaria.^

In the case of the tetradrachms already cited, Perse-
phone herself, in the guise of a winner of the chariot race,
receives at once the wreath of victory and the trophy of
the captured vessels. In the other instance the spoils of
the Athenian hoplites seem to have actually served as the
winner's prize. But it is probable that even in this
instance the armour on the coin is to be considered as the
consecrated guerdon of a tutelary divinity of the city, and
as rather typifying than actually representing the prize
of a mere mortal winner at the games. The arms which
before all others a Syracusan must have had in his mind
were the spolia opima of Nikias himself, an elaborately
wrought shield attributed to whom was shown at a much
later date, as Plutarch informs us, suspended in one of
their temples.44 Plutarch's description of the surface of
this shield as " a web-work of gold and purple welded
together in a certain fashion," is suggestive of the

13 Plutarch, Nikias, c. xxviii., 1.

44 Plutarch. Nikias, c. xxviii., 4. " TLwOdvQfJMi Se pt\pi vw
ei/ 2,vpa.Kov(rais dcTTriSo. Trpos lepw Set/ci/ucr^at, Ni/aou fjiev Xeyop.evrjv,
\pvvoi) Se /cat Tropffrvpas eu TTWS Trpos aAA.??Aa /xeyuiy/xeVovs Si v<pij<s

316 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

enamelled ornamentation on " Late Celtic," shields which
may, as in so many analogous instances, represent a Greek
tradition. It has been already noticed that the boss of the
shield on the dekadrachm of the New Artist from the Santa
Maria hoard shows traces of having been surrounded with
an ornamental zone, a detail quite in keeping with the
elaborate decoration which a minute study reveals upon
the greaves, cuirass, and helmet of the same trophy.

It is then in connexion with the institution of the New
Assinarian Games commemorating the Athenian over-
throw that, after an interval of over two generations, the
noble fifty-litra pieces were once more issued by the
Syracusan mint. Their earlier appearance under the form
of the Ddmareteia had been due to the signal triumph of
Gelon and his allies over the Carthaginians in the great
day of Himera ; and the lion symbol that these display
betokens, as we have seen, that they were in all probability
the guerdon of local Games in honour of Apollo. In
the present case the trophy of arms in the exergue of the
" medallions " may be held to have a special appropriate-
ness to the River-God Assinaros, in whose honour the
New Games were instituted. Plutarch informs us 45 that
on the occasion of the great victory the finest and tallest
trees along the banks of the stream were hung with the
panoplies of arms taken from the captive Athenians.

In the case of the Ddmareteia the female head on the
obverse side shows, however, that the local Goddess or
Nymph whose effigy had from the earliest times been a
constant feature of the Syracusan coin -types claimed her
share of the monetary tribute with the divine patron of the

45 Nikias, c. xxvii. 8 : " TOVS, fe <£avepo>s taXcoKoras d
TO. p.€v KaAA«rra KOU /xeytara SeVSpa TUV Trcpi rov 7roTap.bv avtbr)<rav
7rai/o7rA./cus.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 347

Games. And so too, in the case of the revived issue of
the pentekontalitra, though the prize arms and chariot on
the reverse may, as suggested, connect themselves with
the River- God in whose honour the New Games were
instituted after the Athenian overthrow beside his waters,
the obverse types still commemorate the archaic cult of
the Goddess of the Nether World and the Nymph whose
miraculous fountain welled forth in the island citadel of
Syracuse. The association of Arethusa, who had watched
the destruction of the Athenian fleet, is certainly appro-
priate, nor less so the tribute to Persephone on the
"medallion" types of the New Artist and Evsenetos. As
a Chthonic Goddess, the consort of Aidoneus, the daughter
of Demeter Erinnys, whose shrine with that of her Mother
had looked down on some of the most stirring scenes of
that long struggle, she had certainly some claim to share
the spoils and honours of the crowning victory.

The Assinarian Games, as we further learn from Plu-
tarch,46 were first celebrated in September, 412, on the
first anniversary of the victory, and it is to this date that
the first distribution of these noble pieces must in all
probability be referred.

46 Plutarch, Nik. xxviii., " fipepa 8' i\v rerpas 00iWros rov
~Ka.pvf.Lo-v fJir]vo<s, ov 'A.0rjvaioi Merayern/iuira 7rpo(rayopevou<n."
Mr. Freeman, following Holm, fixes the day as September 18,
412. The engraving of the dies may have been put in hand
shortly after the victory itself, in the autumn, namely, of
413 B.C.

PART VII.

CHRONOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS BEARING ON THE
SYEACUSAN COINAGE.

THE chronological results arrived at in the foregoing
Sections, not only with regard to the first issue of the
Syracusan "medallions" but to that of a large number
of related pieces of other denominations, show that the
hitherto accepted views as to the date of the Syracusan
coin-types of the last decades of the Fifth and the first
half of the Fourth Century B.C. need considerable revision.

It has been shown that the early tetradrachm type of
Evsenetos dates back in all probability to about 425 B.C.,
and that the still earlier signed work of Eumenes with the
signature EVMH /VOV, and of Sosion, must therefore be
thrown back some ten or fifteen years earlier than this. It
has been further shown that what may be called the
"Period of the Coiled Earring" comes to a close about
the date of the Athenian siege, and that the works of the
later group of engravers, Eukleidas, Euth . . ., Phrygillos
and Evarchidas, as well as all those executed in Evaenetos'
earlier " manner," belong in the main to the Period
425—413 B.C.

With the Athenian overthrow of 413 and the newly
instituted Games begins the revived issue of the silver
pentekontalitra, Kimon's earlier types taking precedence.
In close relation to the head of Arethusa as she appears

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS*' AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 349

on Kimon's early " Medallions " stand the tetradrachm
types signed by Parme . . . (PL I. Fig. 6), together
with some allied pieces (PL I. Fig. 7)1, and though the
forms of earrings point to a somewhat later date there
seems no sufficient reason for bringing down the issue of
these types more than a decade beyond that of the first
" medallions." On the other hand Kimon's tetradrachms
with the profile head of the Nymph in every way cor-
respond with his second dekadrachm type2 struck about
410 B.C., while there is conclusive evidence that his facing
head of Arethusa had already appeared before the close
of B.C. 409, when it was copied at Himera.

The parallelism with this latter coin both in style and
design presented by Eukleidas' tetradrachm with the
facing head of Pallas,3 tends, as we have seen, to show
that this coin was issued at least as early as Kimon's
masterpiece. This chronological equation is corrobo-
rated, moreover, as already noticed, by the fact that an
example of Eukleidas' coin occurred in the great Naxos
hoard deposited, as I hope to show,4 at the latest by
410 B.C.

This conclusion further enables us to establish the appro-
ximate date of two other important types for which the
same reverse die was used as that which accompanies
Eukleidas' facing head of Pallas. One of these is the
tetradrachm exhibiting on the obverse the exquisite design
of the Kore with the ear of barley shooting up above her
forehead and her long tresses falling about her neck,5 and
it is to be observed that the earring that she wears is of

1 See p. 262. 2 See p.- 261.

3 Head, op. cit., PI. IV., 10. Of. p. 276.

4 See Appendix B.

5 Head, Coins of Syracuse, PL V.; 4.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. Z Z

350 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the old-fashioned coiled type. The other coin6 associated
with this Eukleidian die, an example of which occurred
in the Santa Maria hoard, also shows a very beautiful
female head, the full artistic significance of which seems
hitherto to have escaped notice and may therefore call for
a few words. A representation of this type from a speci-
men in the British Mrseum is given below, Fig. 10. The
features, for purity of outline, are unsurpassed in the
Syracusan series. The hair is bound up into a kind of
top-knot behind resembling that of the flying Nike on the
reverse of one of Evaenetos' " medallions " (PI. V. fig.

Fig. 10, — SYRACUSAN TETBADRACHM, WITH HEAD or NIKE.

10), and otherwise akin to some earlier Syracusan types of
the late Transitional Period.7 The earring is of a remark-
able form, and as such marks the period of varied fashions
in the use of this ornament which intervened between that
characterized by the fixed use of the coil-earring and that
of the triple pendant. It will be seen, that as this coin
has been hitherto represented,8 the earring slopes forwards
in a curious way as if in defiance of the laws of gravity.
But in truth the earring is as it were the needle of the
compass which gives the true bearing of the whole design.

• Op. cit., PI. V., 5. 7 Head, op. cit., PI. II., figs. 12, 13.
8 Castelli, Sic. Vet. Num.; Auct. i., Tab. vii., 8; Head, Coins
of Syracuse, PI. V., 5.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 351

It Is the head and not the pendent ornament that is
intended to bend forward, and this head with the waving
top-knot like that of the Victory on the " medallion," is
the head of a flying Nike.9 The earring in fact enables
us to supply the wings.

One other tetradrachm type of the same period seems
to call for special mention. This is the fine coin present-
ing on the obverse a female head with somewhat flowing
hair associated with the signature IM. From its remark-
able style and from the device of the lion tearing down
the bull on the exergue of the reverse, so strongly sug-
gestive of the coin-types of Akanthos and Asia, this piece
has been by Mr. Poole10 attributed to an Ionian artist.
The full rounded form of the chin as here shown is
strongly suggestive of the Arethusa on Kimon's earliest
dekadrachm type, and the flowing tresses have a certain
affinity with those of the Kore as designed by the New
Artist. There can, in any case, be little doubt as to the
pre-Dionysian dafe of this type. The earring seems to be
of the earlier coiled form. The inscription is retrograde
and shows the early N, and the quadriga scheme connects
this tetradrachm with a more or less contemporary group
of coins, including those by Kimon and Eukleidas with

9 This throws a retrospective light on the similar heads of
the Transitional Period, and another of a date more nearly
approaching the present example, though in these cases the
head is not bowed forwards. The Winged Nike appears with a
similar top-knot on coins of Terina.

10 Num. Chron., 1864, p. 247 (" On Greek Coins as Illus-
trating Greek Art "). Mr. Head (Coins of Syracuse, p. 22}
remarks on this type : " Whether the peculiar style of this
piece, so different from the other tetradrachms of Syracuse, is
due to its being the work of a native of Greece proper or Asia
Minor, or only to its being- ten or twenty years later, it is
impossible to say."

352 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the facing heads of Arethusa and Pallas, some of which
are certainly anterior to 409 B.C.11

It will be seen that, according to this classification, all
the Syracusan tetradrachms belonging to the period of the
signed coinage fall into one or other of the above groups.
In other words they are all anterior to the beginning of
the Fourth Century within the limits of which the bulk of
them have been hitherto included. As already pointed out,
the presence of the later letters fl and H on many of these
coins cannot be regarded as an argument against their
comparatively early date, for we find the new letters
already on the earliest work of Sosion and Eumenes,
which on general grounds may be referred to the approxi-
mate date 440 B.C., about which time the 12 also makes
its appearance at Thurii and Kaulonia in Italy. At
Tarentum, indeed, it is found at least as early as 450
B.C. On the other hand, speaking generally, the whole
of the signed tetradrachms of Syracuse and the other
pieces contemporary with them still belong to what may
be called the period of transitional epigraphy. On a gold
hundred-litra piece of Kimon, struck about the same time
as his tetradrachms, the form ^YPAKO^ION is still
found, and Phrygillos, Euth . . ., Evarchidas, Eukleidas,
and Evaenetos, on his early dies, still associated their sig-
natures with coins that display transitional traits in the
orthography of the civic legend.

The approximate chronological results as regards the
Syracusan coinage arrived at in the course of the present
study may be tabulated as follows : —

11 An obverse by IM . . .is found on a drachm (B. M.
Cat , Syracuse, 233), associated with a reverse signed by Kimon.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 353

B.C.

Early signed tetradrachms by Sosion and

Eumenes [" EVMHWOV "] . . c. 440

[li and H employed in signatures : netv letter-
forms used with uncertain force.~[

Later coins of Eumenes [" EYMENOY "J . c. 430—415

Early tetradrachm of Emnetos [EYAINETO

on tablet] c. 425

Other types in Evcenetos' " early manner ";
coins by Euth . . . , Phrygillos, Evar-
chidas, Eukleidas, etc., and other contem-
porary pieces with coiled earrings and
transitional epigraphy . . . . c. 425 — 413

FINAL DEFEAT OF THE ATHENIANS AND IN-
STITUTION OF TH E l 'ASSINARIAN GAMES' ' . 413

ASSINARIAN GAMES FIRST CELEBRATED, SEPT. 18 . 412
REISSUE OF SILVER PENTEKONTALITRA.

[Variant forms of earring come into use
about this epoch.]

Kimon's " Medallion " Type I. . . . . c. 412

Kimon's " Medallion " Type IL, and similar

tetradrachm c. 410

"CARTHAGINIAN" COINAGE AT MOTYA AND
PANORMOS. KIMON'S " MEDALLION "
TYPES I. AND II. IMITATED . . c. 410 — 408

Kimon's tetradrachm with facing head of

Arethusa . c. 409

[Imitated at Himera, destroyed at close of B.C. 409.]
Tetradrachm types by Parme . . . , Im . . , etc. c. 413 — 405
SYRACUSAN GOLD HUNDRED- AND FIFTY-

LITRA PIECES ISSUED c. 408

FIRST ISSUE OF CARTHAGINIAN CAMP PIECES
WITH HORSE AND HALF HORSE IMITATED
FROM GOLD COINS OF SYRACUSE AND GELA c. 406 — 405

TYRANNY OF DIONYSIOS I. BEGINS 406

354 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

B.C.

Kimon's " Medallion " Type III. A. . .}

" Medallion " by New Artist c. 406

Evanetos' " Medallions " first issued . . )

{TETRADRACHM ISSUES CEASE ABOUT
THIS TIME.~]

Kimon's "Medallion" Type III. B. first

issued . . . . . . . . c. 403

CARTHAGINIAN SIEGE OF SYRACUSE : TEMPLES
OF DEMETER AND PERSEPHONE PLUN-
DERED ........ 395

PROPITIATORY CULT OF" THE GODDESSES"

INSTITUTED AT CARTHAGE . . . C. 393

Carthaginian tetradrachms copied from Evcenetos*
" Medallions," first struck in Sicily shortly
after this date.

Evsenetos' latest " Medallion " Type [signa-
ture EYAINETOY] executed . . . c.385

Evaenetos' head of Persephone imitated on

coins of Messene, etc. ..... 369

Issue of "medallions" continued from old

dies c. 385—360

The conclusion to which we have thus been led, that all
the tetradrachm types struck at Syracuse during the
finest period of art belong to a date anterior to 400 B.C.,
will appear to some revolutionary. And undoubtedly it.
raises great difficulties. But on the other hand, the present
system of chronology, as applied to these Syracusan coin-
types, raises questions which it seems even more difficult
to answer.

How, it may well be asked, if the majority of these
tetradrachm types belong to the Dionysian Period, does
it happen that tetradrachms in Evaenetos' later style, as
exhibited by his " medallions," are absolutely unknown ?

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 355

How is it, moreover, that whereas tetradrachms of Kimon,
reproducing the earlier " medallion" head, Type II., struck
from about 410 B.C., are known, his commoner deka-
drachms, Type III., which were first abundantly struck
in the last two or three years of the Fifth Century find
no counterpart amongst his tetradrachms ?

According to the view put forward in the present
monograph, the answer to these questions is as short as it
is simple. The later " medallion " types of Kimon and
those of Evcenetos ivere not reproduced on tetradrachms,
because by the date at which they were struck, or at least very
shortly after their first appearance, the coinage of tetradrachms
at Syracuse had altogether ceased.

It is agreed on all hands that the " medallions" of
Evsenetos and the later dekadrachm types of Kimon belong
to the Dionysian Period. But these coins present a more
advanced style than the signed tetradrachms of Syracuse,
and show no traces of transitional epigraphy. They
belong to a time when the new letter-forms had finally
taken root.

How comes it then, it may fairly be asked of those who
bring down the tetradrachms to the same period, that
both the style and epigraphy are earlier ?

On the other hand, the composition of all large hoards
of coins deposited in Sicily about this epoch goes far
to explain the break which at this time occurs in the
tetradrachm issues of Syracuse. From these finds, and the
recent discovery at Santa Maria di Licodia is no exception
to the rule, it appears that the silver currency of the
Sicilian cities was at this time supplied more and more
by imported Pegasi of Corinth and her Adriatic colonies.
In the recent "West Sicilian hoard described under
Appendix A, the deposit of which seems to have taken

356 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

place about 400 B.C., the early didrachms of Leukas
were numerously represented. In the great Naxos hoard,
buried in all probability about 410 B.C.,12 these Pegasi
already occurred in considerable abundance. Add to these
a copious supply of Athenian tetradrachms of early style,
and, later, the abundant Siculo-Punic coinage, and it will
be seen that, without drawing on native Hellenic sources,
there was no dearth of silver currency at this time in
Sicily. At Syracuse itself the use of the imported silver
staters of the mother-city and the sister colonies was quite
consistent with local self-respect, and the issue of the
splendid pentekontalitra of Kimon and Evsenetos might be
regarded as a sufficient assertion of the superiority of the
city " of great cities" itself.

On the other hand, it is extremely probable that the
apparently abrupt cessation of the tetradrachm issues at
Syracuse shortly after the commencement of the Dionysian
dictatorship, was due to some financial coup of that tyrant.
Of the expedients to which Dionysios resorted for filling his
own coffers we have more than one example. On one occa-
sion, having levied a forced loan of all the available silver
in the citizens' possession, he countermarked the coins in
such a way as to double their legal value, and repaid his
debts in these newly stamped coins, every drachm of silver
thus standing for two.13 Aristotle, to whom this account

12 See Appendix B.

13 Aristotle, Oeconomica II. xx. " Aamo-a/A€i/os re Trapa TWV
TToAiTuiv xpTj/xara CTT' aTroSoo-ci, a>s airyrovv avrov, ejceXewev di'a0epeu>
oaov rj(£t rts apyvpiov Trpos avrov ' fl 3e fir], Qdvarov cra£e TO
c-n-LTtfJ.iov. ' A-vevexOtvros oe. rov apyvpiov, eTUKOi/'as ^apa/cn/pa,
e^e'Sw/cf rrjv Spaxjjirjv Svo Swa/Aei/T/v Spa^/xas TO re fafrttXoptvov
TrpoVcpov avrjvryKav Trpos avrov." This account is supposed by
Salinas (see Appendix A, p. 167) and Garrucci (Munete dell'
Italia ant., p. 182) to refer to the Rhegians whom, according

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 357

is due, records another and still more outrageous fiscal
operation carried out by Dionysios at Syracuse, which has
moreover a special reference to tetradrachms. Having
levied a forced loan for the construction and equipment of
his fleet, he repaid it by forcing on his creditors tin coins
of the nominal value of four drachmae, but which in reality
were only worth one.14 The scarcity of silver 15 is expressly
alleged as the reason for this procedure of Dionysios.
Otherwise he might simply have repeated his former
operation. It is possible, as has been suggested by M.
Six,16 that the tin thus utilised was acquired from the
loot of Motya.

Of these tin, or possibly debased silver tetradrachms,
which may, perhaps, be compared with the potin coinage
of Lesbos, no example is known to exist.17 They may

to the preceding paragraph, Dionysios had sold as slaves, after
robbing them of everything that they possessed. But, if this
was the case, how could he borrow of them ? And, if he did
borrow of them, is it likely that he repaid even half his debt ?
The TToAmu referred to were certainly his own citizens — the
Syracusans.

14 Aristot., Oekon. ii. 20, and Pollux ix. 79. (Cf. Boeckh,
Staatshaushaltung der Athener, i. 690; Holm, Greschichte Siciliens
im Alterthum, ii. 145, 445.)

15 Ou/c euTropoii/ ctpyvpiou.

16 Num. Chron., 1875, p. 29.

17 M. Six (Num. Chron., 1875, p. 28 seqq.) supposes that
bronze pieces are referred to, and identifies them with the large
bronze coins of Syracuse with the head of Pallas, weighing
about 8 Attic drachms (see infra, pp. 262, 263). He suggests that
these coins may have contained 1 drachm of tin and 7 of copper,
and that Dionysios passed them off as containing 4 drachms of
tin and 4 of copper. He assumes that 4 drachms of tin would
be the equivalent of a copper litra weighing 50 drachms. The
value of the coin actually struck, with only 1 drachm of tin in
place of 4, was, however, about 20 copper drachms, so that
30 copper drachms would be gained on . each. The theory is

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 A

358 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

either have been called in on some subsequent occasion by
the Syracusan Mint officers, or have been melted down for
what good metal they contained. It would probably be
too charitable a view to regard them as having been
intended as tokens gradually redeemable by the Treasury,
such as were undoubtedly the iron pieces (Siddreoi) of
Byzantium, struck for inland circulation.

Yet a certain amount of analogy may be detected between
the two cases. The Byzantines were reduced to an iron
currency among themselves because their silver was required
to purchase corn of the Pontic merchants. The Syracusan
Treasury was drained of its specie owing to the constant
demands of Dionysios for the payment of his foreign mer-
cenaries. It is obvious that, as in the parallel case, however
much Dionysios' own subjects might be put off with baser
metal, the mercenaries required their pay in sterling coin.
The dekadrachms were hardly coined in sufficient numbers
to suffice by themselves for this purpose, and it seems
probable that — in addition to the imported "Peyasi" — the
Siculo-Punic and Carthaginian tetradrachms, the types of
which so closely approach those of the Syracusan
" medallions," to a great extent supplied Dionysios' re-
quirements, especially in dealing with the Gauls, Iberians,
and other strange troops in his service. It is even
possible that some of the uninscribed coins of this class,

ingenious, but it does not seem to meet all the circumstances
of the case. The operation effected on this occasion by Dionysios
was only an aggravated form of what he had done on the
former occasion. He had levied his former loan in silver, and
he repaid it in coins that at least simulated silver tetradrachms.
These bronze pieces, however, with the dolphins and stellar
device, have no visible relation to the silver issues of Syracuse,
though they represent in a changed form traditional devices of
the earlier bronze coinage.

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS*' AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 359

executed in a specially fine style, were actually struck by
his direction.

The fact that Dionysios was responsible for a tetra-
drachm coinage in base metal, suggests at least a possible
explanation for the cessation of the silver tetradrachm
issues shortly after his accession to power. It would
even appear that during the last years of his reign the
" medallions " themselves may have ceased any longer to
be coined. The first issue of Evsenetos' silver pentekonta-
litra has been approximately referred to the year 406, and
assuming that the later activity of this artist continued
for another two decades, he may have engraved his last
"medallion" dies about 385 B.C. From the cracked and
oxidized character of some of these at the time that the
" medallions " themselves were still being struck, it is pro-
bable, as has already been suggested, that the dies them-
selves continued to be used at a time when the engraver
himself had ceased to work. But, even allowing for this
prolonged use of these celebrated dies, it is impossible to
suppose that they could have been serviceable for any
length of time, and it is difficult to believe that the
" medallions " were still issued later than at most 360 B.C.

Was the silver coinage of Syracuse then altogether in
abeyance ? It is possible that for a few years this may
have been the case, and that the Syracusans were reduced,
for a while, at least, to draw on their earlier currency,
and on the " Pegasi " or ten-litra staters, as they were
known in Sicily, of the Corinthian mother-city and
the sister colonies. But if so, there are, I venture to
think, good reasons for believing that the want of an
independent mintage was soon supplied by the issue by
Syracuse herself, and with her own civic inscription, of
"Pegasi" copied from the Corinthian models.

360 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

With regard to the date of the first issue of these
Syracusan Pegasi, various opinions have been put forward.
Raoul Rochette,18 the Due de Luynes,19 and more recently,
Mr. Head,20 have connected the first appearance of this
Corinthian type upon the Syracusan dies with the expedi-
tion of Timoleon (344 B.C.). M. Six,21 on the other hand,
would refer the earliest issue of coins of this type to the
reign of Dionysios I., and considers that they were struck
with a view to the commercial interests of Syracuse on the
East Adriatic coast, on which Dionysios had planted his
colonial foundations of Issa and Lissos.

But the style of these staters is hardly early enough for
the reign of Dionysios the Elder, while on the other hand
it still seems to he separated by too long an interval from
that of the Agathokleian " Pegasi" to be well brought down
as late as Timoleon's time. The occurrence on some
examples of the early orthography 3 YPAKO ^ ION also
points to a comparatively early date. On the whole then,
it seems preferable to adopt the view put forward by
Padre Romano,22 and to connect the first appearance of
these coins with Dion's successful expedition of 357 B.C.
Dion on his exile had transported the moveable part
of his large patrimony to Corinth,23 and that city became
•both the financial and military base of the expedition that
he subsequently led to Sicily from Zakynthos.24 In this

18 Annali delV Inst. di Arch., 1829, pp. 334—5.

19 Eev. Numismatique, 1843, p. 8.

20 Coins of Syracuse , pp. 28 — 29 ; but in the B. M. Cat.,
" Corinth," Introduction, p. 1., Mr. Head prefers " to leave the
question of the exact date an open one."

21 Num. Chron., 1875, pp. 27—28.

22 Sopra alcune Monete scoverte in Sicilia (Paris, 1862), p. 23.

23 Plutarch, In Dione.

24 Diodoros, lib. xvi., c. 6.

AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 361

connexion the contemporary appearance of a Leontine
Pegasos in precisely the same style as the earliest
Syracusan, and with the civic legend in the archaic form
A EON TIN ON, has a special significance. Leontini, in
fact, specially distinguished itself by the aid that it had
afforded to Dion's cause. This city had seized the oppor-
tunity of his descent on Syracuse to throw off the
Dionysian yoke ;25 with Syracusan aid it had successfully
repulsed the attempt of Dionysios II's general, Philistos, to
recover it for his master, and shortly afterwards, on Dion's
temporary withdrawal from Syracuse, it had afforded him
a welcome rallying point for his mercenaries.26 It is
highly probable that the appearance of these two sister
types of Corinthian origin at Leontini and Syracuse is to
be referred to this moment of close alliance and revived
autonomy.

At the time of Timoleon's expedition, on the other
hand, the part played by Leontini was very different. It
was at this time the rallying point of the tyrant instead
of the deliverer. It was not indeed till 340 B.C. that
Timoleon was able to make himself master of the city and
drive out Hiketas. Leontini, unlike nearly all the other
Sicilian cities, so far from being restored to independence
was incorporated in the Syracusan territory and its
inhabitants transplanted to Syracuse.27 These alliance
pieces with the Corinthian type cannot certainly be
referred to Timoleon's time.

It seems to me that the archaic form taken by the
inscription on these parallel pieces, which conflicts with

25 Diod., lib. xvi., c. 16.

26 Diod., lib. xvi., c. 17.

27 Diod., lib. xvi., 82; Plutarch, Timoleon, 32. Cf. E. H.
Bunbury, Smith's Diet, of Geogr, s.v. Leontini.

362 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

their decidedly later style, finds its most rational explana-
tion in the gap which, as has been shown, existed to the
Syracusan coinage. Had the Syracusan tetradrachms been
struck during the Dionysian period, the later epigraphy,
such as we find it on the "medallions," would by this time
have taken such firm root at Syracuse, that to revive the
earlier O for H in the civic legend would have savoured
of pedantry. But such, as we have seen, was not the case.
The native silver coins of this denomination on which the
Syracusans, and for that matter the Sikeliote Greeks in
general, still drew, so far as their needs were not supplied
by the imported currency or by the great pentekontalitra,

Tigs. 11 and 12. — "Pegasi" struck by Leontini and Syracuse in alliance,
357 B.C.

had none of them been issued in the immediately preceding
period. The date of their issue went back per saltum over
a generation to a time when the newer letter forms had
not yet finally taken root. Among the Syracusan and
Sicilian tetradrachms such as we find them in hoards of
coins dating from the Dionysian period the coins with the
older form of epigraphy are still in the majority. Hence,
from the point of view of the die-sinker and money er, who
simply reproduced the most frequent form of the civic
inscription as he found it on the current coins of Syracuse
still in use in this day, nothing was more natural than
to write it in the older form 3 YPAKO £ ION.

To the same period as these early "Pegasi" must

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 363

unquestionably be referred the large bronze pieces of
Syracuse, presenting a head of Pallas in an olive-
wreathed helmet on their obverse and the two dolphins
and " webbed" star on the reverse,28 as well as the smaller
bronze pieces, in which the head of the same Goddess is
associated with a sea-horse. That these coins belong to
an earlier date than Timoleon's time may be further
inferred from the extremely fine copy of Evaenetos' head
of Persephone with which the larger of the two coins29
was over-struck at Kentoripa (PL VI. fig. 4),30 and which
from the character of the art displayed it is difficult to
bring down later than to the middle of the Fourth

Century B.C.

ARTHUR JOHN EVANS.

28 Head, Coins of Syracuse, PI. VII., 1, and p. 30. It is
there referred to Timoleon's time.

29 Op. cit., PI. VII., 2, and p. 30.

30 The coin from which the prototype on PI. VI., fig. 4,
was taken, was obtained by me at Centorbi itself. The helmet
of the original Pallas is clearly visible on it. I am unable to
agree with Mr. Head (Coins of Syracuse, p. 36) that the Kore
as she appears on these coins bears the stamp of the Agathok-
leian Period.

APPENDIX A.

ON A HOARD OF COINS RECENTLY DISCOVERED
IN WESTERN SICILY.

THE remarkable hoard recently found in Western Sicily (ac-
cording to my own information at a place called Contessa), and
described by Professor Salinas in the Notizie degli Scavi for
1888,1 has such an important bearing on our present subject as
to demand some special notice, the more so as nothing more
than brief references to it have appeared in any numismatic
publication.

The hoard itself may be summarised as follows : —

Athens.

1. Tetradrachms of fine archaic style . ... 2

Leukas.

2. Several Pegasi belonging to the earliest class of

Leukadian Pegasi x

Rhegion — Tetradrachms .

3. Obv,— Seated Demos and insc. £ONID3£.

Rev. — Lion's scalp 1

4. Obv. — In later style with head of Apollo to r.,

resembling those signed by Kratisippos ; in
front PHFINON ; behind two leaves and
berry.

Eev. — Do. 1

1 Ripostiglio Siciliano di Monete Antiche di Argento. Thanks
to the courtesy of Prof. Salinas, I had an opportunity of
inspecting these coins when at Palermo.

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 365

Akragas.

5. Archaic tetradrachm, worn 1

6. Tetradrachm of fine style, with obv. two eagles de-

vouring hare.

Rev.— Skylla beneath crab ; Insc., AKPAfANTI-

NON. (Fine condition) .... 1

— 2

Kamarina. — Tetradrachm.

7. Obv.— Bearded head of Herakles. Insc., qAMAX

Rev. — Victorious quadriga galloping. (Style of

Eumenes.) Swan below. (Somewhat worn) 1

Katane. — Tetradrachm.

8. Obv.— Head of Apollo. Transitional style. KATA-

NAION.

Rev. — Slow quadriga. Two vars. (One in good con-
dition, one rather worn) . ... 2

9. Obv.— Head, less archaic, KATANAION.

Rev. — Victory above slow quadriga . . .1

Eryx. — Tetradrachms.

10. Obv. — Seated Aphrodite holding dove, and Eros ;

EPYKINON.

Rev. — Victorious quadriga (fast). In fresh condition 4

Gela.

11. Transitional tetradrachms. Insc., CEAA^ and

£AA3D ... ... 8

Later tetradrachm —

12. Obv.— Insc. CEAA*.

Rev. — Fast quadriga crowned by Nike. The head of

the charioteer turned back . 1

(All 9 tetradrachms of Gela were " anterior to the
period of developed art," and somewhat worn.)

, — 9

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 B

366 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Himera. — Tetradrachm .

18. Obv. — Nymph sacrificing at altar, and Seilenos bath-

ing at fountain. (Fine style.)
Rev. — IMEPAION; slow quadriga crowned by

Nike. (In fine condition) .... 1

Leontini. — Tetra drachms.
14. Obv.— Head of Apollo.

Rev.— Lion's head and four grains of corn. Insc.,

MOMITMOB'V, and
AEONTINON. (Worn) ... 3

Messana. — Tetradrachms.

15. Ofov—Haretor., spray below MESS NOINAwith

seated driver.

Rev. — Biga of mules walking ; leaf below . . 1

16. Similar, without spray on obv ...... 1

17. Do. insc. ME 3 3ANOIN ..... 2

18. Do. obv. insc. ME^ CAMION ; beneath hare a

dolphin.

Eev. — Driver standing, Nike above ; in ex. leaf and

berry ....... 3

19. Do. Nike stands on reins ..... 2

20. Do. Nike reaches fillet to mules ; in ex. two dolphins 2

21. Do. fly beneath hare.

Rev. — Leaf and berry in ex ...... 1

22. Do. ear of corn beneath hare.

Eev. — Female charioteer; above ME^ ^ANA; in

ex. two fishes ...... 1

23. Do. cicala beneath hare NOINA £ £ 3M.

Rev. — Same ........ 1

24. Do. dolphin beneath hare (N)OINA £ £ 3M.

R*v. — Same. Insc. A . . . £ 3M round . . 1

25. Do. eagle seizing serpent beneath hare. Above to r.

in small letters ME ^ ^ AN I JIN.
Rev. — Biga of mules walking. Nike holds out a ca-
duceus in r. hand, and with 1. offers the
charioteer a wreath. In ex. dolphin. On
exergual line the signature Kl MflN is clearly
visible.2 (Brilliant condition) . . .1

Motya. — Tetradrachms.

26. Obv. — Eagle with closed wings; r. above insc.

2^-tfH^ (Ha Motua).

Eev. — Crab, fish beneath in concave field . . .1

27. Do., but without fish on reverse .... 1

[These coins are copied from those of Akragas ; but the
fish on the reverse shows the influence of a somewhat
later Akragantine coin than that from which the obverse is
taken. It is found coupled with the crab on an
Akragantine tetradrachm, presenting on the obverse an
eagle tearing a hare (B. M. Cat., Agrigentum, No. 59), of
the finest period of art. This fact has an important bear-
ing on the chronology of these Motyan types].

28. Obv. — Female head in net to r., copied from the

Arethusa of Kimon's later " medallion," type
II. ; insc.

Rev. — Crab ........ 1

29. Obv. — Female head in net to 1. (inferior copy of pre-
ceding), but with three dolphins round.

Rev.— Crab ........ 3

(On these coins see pp. 271, 272). — 6

Segesta. — Tetradrachm.

80. Obv. — Naked male figure to r. before term : two
dogs at his feet.

Rev. — Persephone in galloping quadriga crowned by
Nike. In ex. cicala and insc. ZELE(^)
TAX I A . . . . . . .1

2 This fact is not noted in Signer Salinas' description. I
ascertained it by a personal inspection of the coin.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Selinus. — Tetradrachm .

81. Obv. — Naked Eiver-God sacrificing before altar and
holding branch. Before altar a cock ; in field
celery-leaf, ^EAINONTION.
Rev. — Apollo and Artemis in slow quadriga, wreath

above ; below, fish 1

Syracuse. — Tetradrachms.
Archaic types with legend £ YR AKO * IO/V.

82.': Obv. — Female head bound with diadem. 4 vars . 4

33. Obv. — Female head with hair hanging down. Same

inscr., four dolphins bound .... 1

34. Obv. — Female head in less archaic style, hair bound

with diadem. Same inscr. &c. . . .1

85. Obv. — Similar, bat hippocamp in ex. of rev. . . 1

86. Obv.— Female head in sakkos. Same inscr. . . 1

37. Obv. — Female head with hair bound by a broad

band. 3 YPAKO 3 ION. . 1

38. Obv. — Female head with spiral earring and hair bound

tutulus fashion. Same inscr. &c. . . 2

89- Obv. — Do. with hair bound up on top of head, same
legend. Galloping quadriga. In ex. hippo-
camp 1

40. Obv.— Do. diademed to 1. ^ YPAKO * ION. Same

rev. but two fishes in ex. . . .1

41. Obv. — Do. with spiral earring to 1. ; hair bound with

sphendone, the front adorned with star ; be-
neath, signature EYMENOY-

Rev. — Galloping quadriga drawn by nude winged

figure. In ex. Skylla and signature EY0 . 1

42. Obv.—- Do. hair flying up. Type of Eukleidas.

Rev. — Galloping quadriga, &c. ; in ex. dolphin . . 3

43. Ob.v. — Do. with opisthosphendone . 4> . . on ampi/x

(Phrygillos.) Inscr. * YPAKO * ION. '

Rev. — Nike above fast quadriga, holding wreath and
aplustre. In ex. ear of barley and signature
EYAPXIAA. (Figured in Num. Chron.,
1890, p. 301) 1

44. Obv. — Do. in opisthosphendond bound in front with a

fillet (fiocco}. She wears a circular earring
with various pendants (" ha un orecchino a
cerchio e vari pendenti"), and a necklace with
a small globe.

Rev. — Female driver, in galloping quadriga, crowned

above by Nike. In ex. ear of corn . . 1

45. Obv. — Do. with spiral earring and opisthosphendone to 1.
Rev. — Galloping quadriga, &c. In ex. ear of corn . 1

46. Obv. — Do. in starred opisthosphendone with earring of

three drops, to 1. Inscr.[ ^ YPAKO] 3 IHN.
Rev. — Galloping quadriga, &c. In ex. ear of corn . 2

47. Dekadrachm of Kimon. Head of Arethusa in the net

in high relief. Type II. (Slightly worn.) . 1

48. Dekadrachm of Eva3netos. Head of Persephone, &c.

No symbol. The lower part of the coin where
the signature EYAINE probably stood is
wanting.

Rev. — Quadriga, &c. Horses in fairly high action . 1
(Brilliant condition.)

49. Do. Beneath chin A. Under lowermost dolphin

EYAINE.

Rev. — As preceding. AOA A visible beneath panoply

in ex. (Brilliant condition.; . . .2

26

Siculo-Punic.

50. Obv. — Forepart of bridled horse r., crowned by Vic-

tory ; grain of barley in front.

Rev.— Date palm and inscr. ^^p*^^* . Kart-

Chadasat ........ 2

51. Obv. — Same. Traces of inscr. beneath horse.

Rev. — Same, but no inscr. . . . 1

370 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

52. Obv. — Same inscr. Kart-Chadasat beneath horse.
Eev.— Same inscr. ^B^ (Machanat.) .

53. Obv. — Forepart of horse without bridle r., Victory

above placing wreath on its head ; grain of
barley in front.

Rev. — Same, inscr. Kart-Chadasat .

54. Obv.— Same, but to 1.

Rev. — Same, inscr. Kart-Chadasat . ...

55. Obv. — Same; two pedestalled cups beneath horse

interrupting the inscr. Kart Chadasat.

Rev. — Same, inscr. Machanat ....

56. Obv. — Same.

Rev. — Same, inscr. Kart-Chadasat .

57. Qbv. — Free horse galloping r., crowned above by Vic-

tory.
Rev. — Date palm ......

58. Obv. — Female head with hair flying up and opiitho-

sphendone, copied from Syracusan type of
Eukleidas (cf. No. 42) (Salinas reads K ____
on the ampyx, and \f'»*(v = Ziz, in front of
head.)
Rev. — Galloping quadriga. In ex. maeander

59. Obv. — Female head in net, copied from Kimdn's early

" medallion," type II.

ReVt — Galloping quadriga, &c. In ex. hippocamp, and
inscr. ^v^y|v

60. Obv. — Female head in net, copied from Kimon's later

" medallion," type II.
Rev. — Same ......

61. Obv. — Female head to 1., with diadem, on front of

which is a Swastika.
Rev. — Same ..... •

62. Obv.— Same, higher relief.

Rev. — Same . . „ ,

24

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 371

(The Siculo -Punic coins were all in a fine state of preserva-
tion.)

ANALYSIS OF HOARD.

Athens 2

Leukas 1

(Several others not described)

RhSgion 2

Akragas 2

Kamarina .... 1

KatanS 3

Gela 9

Eryx 4

Brought forward ... 24

Himera 1

Leontini 8

Messana 15

Motya 6

Segesta 1

Selinus 1

Syracuse .... 26
Siculo-Punic . 24

24 101

Professor Salinas,3 noting that the later of the two tetra-
drachms of Rh^gion found, though in brilliant condition, only
weighs 15 '22 grammes instead of the normal weight of some-
what over 17 grammes, attempts to explain this deficiency by a
financial expedient recorded of Dionysios.

Aristotle,4 after relating the shameful behaviour of Dionysios
to the Rhegians, whom he first plundered and then despite his
promises sold into slavery, proceeds in the following paragraph
to relate how he cheated " the citizens " by levying a forced loan
on them and repaying it in money stamped in such a way that
every drachm had a fictitious value attached to it of two drachms.
This passage Grarrucci,5 Sambon,6 and after them Salinas, apply
to the Rhegians, but as shown above 7 the TroAtrai referred to
are Dionysios' own citizens, the Syracusans. The Rhegians
had been already treated in a much more drastic fashion. The
transaction mentioned by Aristotle could not indeed in any case
be taken to explain the comparatively slight deficiency of weight
in the present tetradrachm. Dionysios' fraud was of a much
more wholesale character, and brought him in 100 per cent,
profit, not merely 12 per cent., as in this instance. The words
of Aristotle, moreover, do not at all imply that Dionysios went
through the expensive and tedious process of issuing a new

3 Op. cit., pp. 10, 11.

4 Oeconomica, II. xx.

5 Le Monete deW Italia Antica, p. 162.

6 Recherches sur les Anciennes Monnaies de I'ltalie Meridionale,
pp. 215, 221.

7 See p. 857.

372 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

coinage, but rather that he countermarked 8 in a certain way
the existing coins. The tetradrachm itself, which still displays
the earlier orthography PHFINON, is by no means the latest
of the Rhegian series,9 and should on grounds of style be re-
ferred to a date many years earlier than Dionysios' capture of
the city.

The solitary argument adduced for bringing down the date of
the deposit of this hoard to after 387 B.C., the date of the cap-
ture of Rhegion, will not bear the test of examination. It is,
indeed, in the highest degree improbable that any tetradrachms
at all were struck at Rhegion so late as the above date.

However this light-weight Rhegian coin is to be explained,
it is evident from a general survey of the contents of the hoard
that it was withdrawn from circulation at a considerably earlier
date.

Amongst 66 Sicilian Greek coins found in this deposit, in-
cluding specimens from Akragas, Kamarina, Katane, Gela,
Eryx, Himera, Leontini, Messana, Segesta, Selinus, and Syra-
cuse, H appeared only on a single coin (out of 15) of Messana,
and on two tetradrachms and four dekadrachms of Syracuse.
The coin of Messana on which it appears is the remarkable
piece bearing Kimon's signature on the exergual line of the
reverse, and the design of the biga of mules here executed by
this artist seems to me to be distinctly earlier in style than that
which appears on his earliest dekadrachms. This coin is there-
fore in all probability not later than about 413 B.C. The three
" medallions " of Evaenetos found belong to his earlier works of
this class.

Among the coins found of Akragas, Gela, Kamarina, Katane,
Himera, and Selinus, in no case were the latest types of these
cities represented.

Making every allowance for the comparative rarity of the
later issues belonging to the troubled period of Sicilian history
that begins with the Carthaginian invasion of 409, as also for
the fact that this hoard was found in the Western and Punic or
Elymian part of the Island, it seems impossible, in view of this
conspicuous deficiency in the latest types of so many cities, to
bring down the date of this deposit much later, say, than the
overthrow of Akragas and Gela in 406 — 5 B.C.

Among the latest coins found in the hoard are, as might be
expected, the brilliantly preserved Siculo-Punic series, with the

9 Cf., for instance, the type published by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer,
Monnaies Grecques, PI. A, 9.'

SYRACUSAN " MEDALLIONS " AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 373

legends Kart-Chadasat and Machanat, representing the first
issues of the Carthaginian " camp money," struck about 406 —
405 B.C. To these must be added the equally well-preserved
coins of Motya with Phoenician legends, and those inscribed
Ziz, which must in all probability be referred to the Panor-
mitis.

The imitations of both the first and second types of Kimon's
dekadrachms which appear on these latter, show that the
deposit must have taken place some few years at least after the
earlier issues of the Syracusan " medallions " by this artist.
The brilliant condition of all the Siculo-Punic coins discovered
forbids us, however, to believe that any of them had been long
in circulation at the time when this hoard was deposited.

On the other hand, the noteworthy absence of that numerous
class of Siculo-Punic coins presenting copies of the head of
Kore on the " medallions " of Evsenetos, makes it improbable
that the hoard was deposited after 393 B.C., about which date
the Carthaginian coins rendering artistic homage to the Per-
sephone of Syracuse were in all probability first issued.

Taking one indication with another, we may regard 400 B.C.
as approximately the latest date at which this West Sicilian
hoard could have been withdrawn from circulation.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 C

APPENDIX B.
ON TEE DATE OF THE GREAT NAXOS DEPOSIT.

IT has been assumed by Padre Giuseppe Komano (Sopra alcune
Monete scoverte in SicUia, Paris, 1862), and by Professor Salinas
(Notizie degli Scavi, 1888, p. 802), that the great hoard of over
two thousand Sicilian Greek coins discovered on the site of
Naxos (Schiso) in 1853, was deposited at the time of Dionysios'
destruction of that city (c. 403 B.C.). Were this view correct,
the entire absence of Syracusan dekadrachms in this deposit
might be urged as an argument for bringing down their first
emission at least to the last three years of the Fifth Century.

Miserable, however, as are our sources for the contents of
this great hoard, they at least afford conclusive evidence that
it was withdrawn from circulation several years before 403.

The first account of this discovery was given in a short com-
munication to the Roman Institute by Padre Pogwisch (Bull,
deir Inst., 1853, p. 154), which was afterwards supplemented
(Bull. dell. Inst., 1853, pp. 155—7) by a somewhat fuller,
though quite summary, report by Don Giuseppe Cacopardi,
who, however, groups another find recently made at Reggio
with the Naxos hoard.

In 1854 Riccio (Bull. delV Inst., 1854, p. xxxix. segq.} basing
his account on various consignments of recently discovered
coins that had passed through his hands at Naples, gave what
professed to be an account of three finds made in 1852 — 3 in
the neighbourhood of Reggio, Messina, and on the site of
Naxos. Riccio, however, once more jumbles the separate finds
into one account, and even this strange hotch-potch is not, as
far as can be judged, very scrupulously described — witness his
splendidly vague citation of Castelli's plates. To cap this dis-
creditable performance, moreover, he throws in with the rest
yet another find that had been recently made at Noto, consist-
ing chiefly of coins of Hieron II. and Philistis (Cf. Romano, op.
cit., p. 51). Finally, Cavedoni (Bull. delV Inst., 1855, viii.)
gravely supplies a commentary on Riccio's jumble without

SYRACUSAN "MEDALLIONS" AND THEIR ENGRAVERS. 375

detecting anything remarkable in the mixture of the finest Fifth
Century types with those of a date two centuries later, or even
observing the absence of intermediate issues.

To arrive at a basis for obtaining some knowledge of the
latest types in the Naxos hoard, we have the following con-
siderations to guide us : —

1. The Reggio hoard is described by Cacopardi as consisting

exclusively of " bigas " (sic). It follows, therefore, that
the coins described as exhibiting " quadrigas," i.e. dis-
playing the four horses clearly distinguishable from their
high action, belong to one of the other finds.

2. The Noto coins consisting of Hierons, Philistideia ,

Ptolemies, &c., may be easily eliminated.

3. In the case of Eiccio's jumble the Messina hoard still

remains an unknown quantity.1 It is obvious, however,
that when (the Third Century coins of the Noto find
having been eliminated) the types of any city do not
come down to a certain date, it shows that the examples of
those types represented in the Naxos find do not come
down beyond this term, though they do not necessarily
reach down to it.

The crucial test of the date of the Naxos deposit is certainly
supplied by the coins belonging to Naxos itself, which were
specially numerous. Of those described by Cacopardi, there
were many of " seconda grandezza," representing Dionysos in
" Etruscan style," in other words, the earliest of the Naxian
types struck before c. B.C. 480. The next class, with the head
of Dionysos in Transitional style, was also numerously repre-
sented. Of those of the finest style, upon which the head of
Dionysos is seen surrounded with an ornamental diadem, Caco-
pardi only noticed a single example. Out of 170 Naxian coins
seen by Riccio there were about 20 of the earliest class with
the pointed beard, but the bulk were of the Transitional style.
Only 6 were of the fine period. From both accounts it appears
that not only were the tetradrachms of the fine style very
sparsely represented, but that the later Naxian types, on which
the ivy-crowned head of the young Dionysos and the laureate
head of Apollo make their appearance, were entirely absent.

1 Cacopardi seems to regard the coins found near Messina as
of very late date, bordering, in fact, on the Norman period.
Riccio, however, leads us to infer that a find of early Greek
coins had been made at Messina.

376 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The bulk of the Katansean coins again were of the ordinary,
i.e. Transitional style. There were two or three examples of
later coins engraved by Evsenetos in his early " manner" (the
head of Amenanos and of Apollo with Delphic fillet). Two facing
heads occur, but full-facing heads had appeared at Selinus and
Syracuse before 409. The works of Herakleidas and Choirion
that characterize the last period of the Katanaean coinage, were
apparently conspicuous by their absence.

The quick quadrigas of Himera struck by 409 B.C. were un-
represented. The only coin of Eryx was a small Transitional
piece, and no tetradrachm was found. The coins of Segesta
seem to have been mostly of earlier types, and no tetradrachms
of this city occurred.

Not a single gold piece was found ; but the gold coinage had
been introduced at Akragas, Gela, and Syracuse, about the time
of the Athenian siege, or earlier.

On all these grounds it seems to me that it would be highly
unsafe to bring down the date of the Naxos deposit later than
410 B.C. The account of the Syracusan coins discovered in the
hoard is vague and unsatisfactory — Riccio referring to whole
pages of Castelli at a time ! It appears certain, however,
that one specimen of Eukleidas' tetradrachm with the three-
quarter head of Pallas was discovered : an interesting indica-
tion of the comparatively early date of this type. As a
matter of fact, this design by Eukleidas is coupled at times
with a reverse design, probably from the hand of Evarchidas,
and greatly resembling those in which Nike holds an aplustre,
in commemoration of the sea victory over the Athenians in
413 B.C.

XV.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760.

(Continued from page 104.)

(See PI. XVI.)

SAMUEL GARBETT.
MEMORIAL, 1796.

Obv. — Bust to right, in tie-wig, close-fitting coat, &c.
Leg. SAMUEL GARBETT.

Rev. — Plain. Wreath edge.
1-1. MB. M. M.

This is probably the unfinished flan for a half-penny
token. It is supposed to have been executed by J. G.
Hancock. I have not been able to find any particulars
about Samuel Garbett.

ALAN, ADMIRAL LORD GARDNER, 1742 — 1809.
His ELECTION FOE WESTMINSTER, 1796.

Obv. — Small full-length figure of Admiral Gardner, stand-
ing facing, in uniform ; his left foot tramples on
the tri-colour, his right hand rests on cannon be-
hind him. Inner Leg. ADMIRAL GARDNER,
Outer Leg. WORTHY THE FLEET OR
THE SENATE. ELECTION TOKEN.

Rev. — A fox holding staff with his paws and in his mouth
scroll inscribed NO MAIESTY BUT THAT OF
THE PEOPLE, standing on three blocks of
stone inscribed CORRESPON6 SOCIETY,
RIGHTS OF MAN, WHIG CLUB; the top-
most of the three blocks is propped up by an-
other inscribed SEDITION and is held by a man
in academical dress, from whose mouth proceeds

378 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

a scroll, on which is written THIS IS YOUR
ONLY PROP. On left is an obelisk surmounted
by crown, sword, and sceptre, and inscribed
BILL OF RIGHT MAG CHA ; on either side,
oak leaves. Leg. SOME OF THE FOXES
TRICKS ON A WESTMINSTER POLL. In
the exergue, 1796.

1-8. MB. M.

Alan, Lord Gardner, Admiral, son of Lieut. -Colonel
Gardner, born at Uttoxeter, in Staffordshire, entered the
Navy at the age of fourteen, and saw much service till
1762, when he was appointed Commander of the fireship
Raven. In 1778 he was sent to join Lord Howe, on the
coast of North America, and brought to that Commander
the first intelligence of the approach of the French fleet.
He took an active part in the battle of Grenada, 6th July,
1779, and in 1781 accompanied Sir George Rodney to
the West Indies, when he shared in the glories of the
12th April, 1782. Returning to England he was ap-
pointed to a seat at the Board of Admiralty, sat in
Parliament for Plymouth, and later on, in 1796, was
returned for Westminster. Gardner was present in Lord
Howe's action of the 12th June, 1794, and for his services
on that occasion was created a baronet. At the time of
the mutiny at Spithead, in 1795, he had his flag in the
Royal Sovereign, and on that occasion he is said to have
lost his temper, and handled rather severely one of
the delegates on board the Queen Charlotte. He was pro-
moted to be Admiral of the Blue in 1799, appointed
Commander-in- Chief on the coast of Ireland in the follow-
ing year, and soon after created a peer of Ireland by the
title of Baron Gardner, and in 1806 raised to the
dignity of a peer of the United Kingdom as Baron
Gardner of Uttoxeter. Gardner sat in parliament for

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 379

Plymouth from 1790—1796, and for Westminster from
1796 — 1806. His chief opponent at the general election
of 1796 was Charles James Fox, who headed the poll.
He died 1st January, 1809.

DAVID GARRICK, 1716—1779.
TRIBUTE TO, 1772.

1. Obv. — Bust of Grarrick to right, draped, hair en queue.
Leg. DAVID GARRICK . L . PINGO . F.

Rev. — Figure of Music standing facing, between Tragedy
on left and Comedy on right. Leg. HE UNITED
ALL YOUR POWERS. In the exergue,
MDCCLXXII.

1-55. MB. JR. m. PI. XVI. 1.

The silver specimen has a ring for suspension, and the
edge is inscribed JAMES \VILLIAM DODD TO HIS FRIEND

CAPT. JOHN FOX.

David Garrick, " the greatest of English actors," born
at Hereford, 28th Feb., 1716, was educated at Lichfield
under Dr. Johnson, with whom, in 1736, he set out for
London, where both arrived with only a few pence in
their pockets. Garrick adopted the stage as a profession,
and in 1741 made his debut at Ipswich in the tragedy of
Oroonoko. In the same year he appeared for the first
time on the London stage at the Goodman's Fields
Theatre as Richard III. Pope thus described him to
Lord Orrery, " That young man never had his equal as
an actor, and never will have a rival." When, in 1742,
he was acting in Dublin, the crowds that gathered to see
him were so great as to produce an epidemic called in
jest "the Garrick fever." In 1747 he became joint-
patentee of Drury Lane, and sole-patentee in 1773. The
powers of Garrick were universal, excelling equally in

380 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the sublimest tragedy, the most refined comedy, and the
broadest farce. He died 20th January, 1779, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey. At the time that this
and the following medal were struck, Garrick was at
the height of his popularity.

TRIBUTE TO, 1772.

2. Obv. — Bust of Garrick to left, in doublet, with lace collar.
Leg. DAVID GARRICK. i . KIRK . p.

Rev. — Musical instruments, crown, books, masks, and
other theatrical properties. Leg. THE ENG-
LISH ACTOR. In the exergue, MDCCLXXII.

1-5. MB. M.

MEMORIAL, 1773.

8. Obv. — Bust of Garrick to left, in close-fitting cloak and
tie-wig. Below, KIRK . F.

Rev.— Inscription in three lines, D. GARRICK ESQUIRE
1773.

1. MB. M.

This medalet is one of a series of thirteen which were
given away with as many numbers of a magazine called
The Sentimental, published in the years 1773—1775.
Some were struck in silver and given as prizes.
His RETIREMENT, 1776.

4. Obv. — Bust of Garrick to left, in embroidered coat, waist-
coat and tie-wig. Leg. DAVID GARRICK.

I . KIRK . F.

Rev. — Musical instruments, crown, &c., similar to No. 2.
Leg. ILLE HISTRIO ANGLICANUM (sic). In
the exergue, MDCCLXXVI. i . KIRK . F. The
whole within floral border.

1-45. MB. M.

This medalet was probably struck to commemorate
Garrick's retirement from the stage. During the spring

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 381

of 1776 he played for the last time a round of his
favourite characters. His last appearance on the stnge
was made on the 10th June as Don Felix in The
Wonder.

GENERAL ISAAC GASCOYNE, 1770—1841.
LIVERPOOL ELECTION, 1812.

Obv.— Inscription in two lines, GENERAL GASCOYNE.
Above and below, oak and rose branches.

Rev.— Inscription in three lines, TOWN & TRADE OF
LIVERPOOL. Above and below, oak and rose
branches.

1-8. MB. ST.

Isaac Gascoyne, third son of Bamber Gascoyne the
elder, and grandson of Sir Crisp Gascoyne, was appointed
an ensign in the 20th foot, and being transferred to the
Coldstream Guards, served in the West Indies and in
Flanders, being present in the brilliant engagement at
Lincelles in 1793, where he was wounded, and again
when covering the retreat of Sir Ralph Abercromby's
corps from Monvaix to Roubaix in the following year.
He subsequently commanded in Ireland at the close of
the rebellion, and in 1808 was promoted to the rank of
Lieut. -General, being then in command of the Severn
district. Gascoyne, who had a seat at E/aby Hall, near
Liverpool, was returned to Parliament for that borough
in 1796, and on seven subsequent occasions. The contest
at Liverpool in 1812 was a very severe one, and excited
much interest throughout the count ry, as on the side of
the Tories were George Canning and General Gascoyne,
and on that of the Whigs, Henry Brougham, Thomas
Creevey, and Mr. Tarleton. Canning and Gascoyne

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 D

382 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

headed the poll. In politics he was a strong Conser-
vative, and a consistent supporter of all measures for
benefiting the army. He died at his residence, 71,
South Audley Street, 26th August, 1841.

BENJAMIN GASKELL.
MALDON CHARTER CLUB, 1810.

Obv. — Arms of Maldon, within badge of the Garter, sur-
mounted by crest, a bird holding branch ; the
field is radiate.

Rev. — Inscription around, and in seven lines across field,
CHARTER RESTORED TO THE BORO' OF
MALDON BY BENJAMIN GASKELL ESQ.
AND THE REST OF THE CHARTER CLUB
9th OCTR. 1810.

1-45. MB. M.

The charters of incorporation given by Henry II. and
Mary to Maldon were forfeited in the fourth year of Gfeorge
III., and the town remained without a charter for forty-
six years.

CHARLES LEWIS METZLER VON GIESECKE, 1761 — 1833.

His ARCTIC VOYAGES, 1817.

Obv. — Bust of Giesecke to right ; on shoulder, MOSSOP . F.
Leg. C . L . GIESECKE . EQV . AVRAT .
MIN. PROF. S. HON. S.D.A. HIB. R. S. &c.

Rev. — Bear in the foreground; in the distance, sea and
icebergs. Ley. HYBMES . VII . SUB . ARCTO .
TOLERAVIT . INGENTI . NATURAE . PER-
CULSUS . AMORE . MDCCCXVII.

1-7. MB. M. PI. XVI. 2.

Charles Lewis Metzler von Giesecke, a distinguished
mineralogist and collector, son of a wine merchant of the

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 383

name of Metzler, at Augsburg, where he was born, 6th
April, 1761, studied at the University of Gottingen, and
soon earned a great reputation as a mineralogist. He
assumed in his youth his mother's name of Giesecke.
After visiting the various mines of Northern Europe, he
entered the Austrian service, and his appointment as
Assistant-Secretary to Prince Metternich, at Constanti-
nople, afforded him an opportunity of visiting the mineral
districts of Eastern Europe, in 1805. Charles VII., of
Denmark, sent him in 1805 on a geographical and miner-
alogical survey to Greenland. In 1811, Giesecke shipped
a quantity of valuable minerals for Copenhagen, but these
being captured by a French privateer, and re-taken by an
English vessel, were conveyed to Leith and sold, a portion
being purchased by the Dublin Society to enrich their
museum. When Giesecke landed at Hull, in 1813, he
heard of the fate of his former cargo, and proceeded to
Edinburgh to reclaim them. As the Dublin Society was
about to establish a professorship of mineralogy, they had
the justice to acknowledge Giesecke's claim, and in order
to make some compensation for his unjust treatment, they
appointed him Professor of Mineralogy and Director of
the Museum, in December, 1813. Before entering on his
duties, Giesecke visited Denmark, and was knighted by
Frederick VI. In 1817, he visited the Continent for the
purpose of collecting mineralogical specimens for his
Museum, and returning to Ireland in 1819, did not again
leave that country. He died at Dublin, 5th March, 1833.
This medal was struck by the Dublin Society in his honour,
and as an acknowledgment of his services.

384 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

JAMES WILLIAM GILBART, F.R.S. 1794—1863.

FOUNDATION OF THE LONDON AND WESTMINSTER BANK COMMEMO-
BATED, 1834.

Obv. — Head of Gilbart to left, bare; on neck, w. J. TAYLOR ;
below, 2E . 59. Leg. J. W. GILBART, F.R.S.

THE FIRST MANAGER OF THE FIRST JOINT STOCK
BANK ESTABLISHED IN LONDON.

Rev. — Inscription in fourteen lines, THE LONDON & WEST-

MINSTEB BANK OPENED MAR. 10, 1834. WESTMIN-
STER BRANCH MAR. 10, 1834. BLOOMSBURY BRANCH
JAN. 4, 1836. EASTERN BRANCH JAN. 4, 1836.
SOUTHWARK BRANCH FEB. 29, 1836. ST. MARY-LE-
BONE BRANCH JUNE 15, 1836. WORKS BY J. W.
GILBART, F.R.S. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BANKING.
THE HISTORY & PRINCIPLES OF BANKING. LECTURES
ON ANCIENT COMMERCE. LOGIC FOR THE MILLION.
1853.

2. MB. M. PL XVI. 3.

James William Gilbart, of Cornish extraction, was
born in London, 12th March, 1794; and at an early age
entered a London banking-house, in which he remained till
its failure in 1825. Two years later he published his
Practical Treatise on Banking, and soon after was appointed
manager of the branch of the Provincial Bank of Ireland
at Kilkenny, and later at Waterford. When joint- stock
banks were established in London, there was a competition
for his services, and he agreed to become manager of the
London and Westminster, 10th October, 1833, the bank
opening its doors 10th March, 1834. He held that office
till 1860, and on his retirement was elected a director.
During his term of office he managed the affairs of the
bank with great success, and was mainly instrumental in
the passing of the Bank Charter Act of 1844, which enacted
that joint-stock banks could sue and be sued by their
public officer, and could accept bills at six months after

ENGLISH .PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 385

date. As a member of the Statistical Society, he took a
prominent part in the International Statistical Congress of
1860. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society. Died
at Brompton Crescent, 8th August, 1863. Gilbart was
the author of numerous works and pamphlets on Banking,
Commerce, the Law of Currency, &c.

THE EIGHT HON. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE, M.P.
His SEVENTIETH BIETHDAY, 1879.

Obv. — Bust of Gladstone to right, in frock-coat, &c. ; on
shoulder, L. c. WYON. r. Leg. WILLIAM EWART
GLADSTONE AET. 70.

Rev. — Within wreath of palm and olive branches, 29TH
DECEMBER 1879— LIVERPOOL— . Around,
SERUS IN COELUM REDEAS DIUQUE
LAETUS INTERSIS POPULO. HUNT & KOS-

KELL D.

1-7. MB. JE. PI. XVI, 4.

This medal was struck to commemorate the seventieth
anniversary of Mr. Gladstone's birthday. On the 29th
December, a great reception was given to him at Liver-
pool, when he was presented by the Liberal Association
with an address and a silver casket.

TRIBUTE TO, 1882.

2. Obv. — Bust of Gladstone, three-quarters to right. Leg.
W. E. GLADSTONE 1882.

Rev.— Inscription in one line, FIDE . ET . VIRTVTE.
4-4. MB. M. Cast.

This large medal was executed by Prof. Legros. It is
modelled and cast after the style of the Italian medals of
the fifteenth century.

386 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

LORD GEORGE GORDON, 1751 — 1793.
No POPEEY RIOTS, 1780.

1. Obv. — Bust of Lord George Gordon to left, in broad-
brimmed hat and coat.

.to.— Inscription, LORD GEORGE GORDON, 1780.
1-15. MB. M.

Lord George Gordon, political agitator, son of Cosmo
George, third Duke of Gordon, born 26th December, 1751,
entered the navy when young, but quitted it on account
of some dispute with Lord Sandwich. In 1794, Gordon
took his seat in Parliament for Ludgershall, and soon dis-
tinguished himself by some strange speeches against the
ministry ; but what brought him into notice was his
opposition to the bill for granting further toleration to
Catholics, he being at that time President of the Pro-
testant Association. His intemperance on this occasion
proved the cause of the "No Popery Riots" in 1780, for
which he was tried and acquitted (see the next medal).
In 1786, he took up the cause of Cagliostro, who had
come to England after the " diamond necklace " affair, and
published a couple of paragraphs in the Public Advertiser,
for which in June he was convicted of libel, but escaping
to Amsterdam, eluded capture. A little time after he
returned to England, and was captured at Birmingham in
the disguise of a Jew, whose religion he had adopted,
and was committed to Newgate, where he died 1st Novem-
ber, 1793. His last moments were embittered by the
knowledge that he could not be buried among the Jews,
although he had zealously performed the rites and duties
of their religion.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 387

His TRIAL AND ACQUITTAL, 1781.

2. Obv. — Bust of Lord George Gordon to left, in close-
fitting coat. Leg. L. G. G. P. P. A.

Rev. — Within ornamented compartment, inscription in
seven lines, L . GEO . GORDON TRIED AND
HONOURABLY ACQUITTED BY A VIR-
TUOUS JURY FEBRY 5 1781.

1-7. MB. M. PI. XVI, 5.

His DEATH, 1793.

8. Obv. — Bust of Lord George Gordon to left, in broad-
brimmed hat and coat. Leg. LD GEO GORDON
DIED IN NEWGATE NOV 1 1793.

Hev. —Facade of building. Leg. SESSIONS HOUSE
OLD BAILY.

1-15. MB. M.

There is in the Museum a specimen of this medalet
which has, for reverse type, the obverse type incuse.

SIR WILLIAM DUFF GORDON, BART,, 1772—1823,
WORCESTER ELECTION, 1818.

Obv. — Inscription in two lines, between oak and rose
branches, SIR . W . D . GORDON.

Rev. — Inscription in five lines, between oak and rose
branches, THE ZEALOUS SUPPORTER OF
THE COMMERCIAL INTEREST OF THE
COUNTRY.

1-75. MB. ST.

At the Worcester election in 1818, the candidates were
Sir William Gordon, who had represented the borough
during the last twelve years, Lord Deerhurst, and Col.
Da vies. The contest was a severe one, and the successful
candidates were Lord Deerhurst and Col. Davies. Sir
William Gordon, who had retired during the contest, was
somewhat unpopular in the borough, because he had

388 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

absented himself from the House for long periods during
the previous Parliament, and had also voted against
Brougham's motion for a commission to inquire into the
public funds.

Sir William Duff Gordon was the son of Alexander
Gordon, third son of William, Earl of Aberdeen. On the
decease of his uncle, Sir James Duff, in 1815, he succeeded
to the baronetcy, and was authorized by royal licence to
take the name and arms of Duff, in addition to that of
Gordon. He died 8th March, 1823.

JOHN GOULD.
BEVERLEY BROTHERLY SOCIETY, ESTABLISHED 1776.

Obv.— Arms of Beverley. (?) Leg. THE . BEVERLEY .
BROTHERLY . SOCIETY . ESTABLISHED .
1776.

Rev.— Inscription in two lines, JOHN GOULD FATHER.
1-4. MB. M.

This Society was founded for protecting the interests of
the city of Beverley both commercially and morally. In
1820 it numbered nearly 400 members.

JOHN MANNERS, MARQUIS OF GRANBY, 1721 — 1770.
BATTLE OF MINDEN, 1759.

1. 06v. — Bust of Granby to right, in armour ; ribbon of the
Garter. Leg. THE MARQUIS OF GRANBY
Q THE BRITISH HERO ®

Rev. — Heart surmounted by crown, between olive

branches.
1-05. MB. JE.

John Manners, Marquis of Granby, the eldest son of
John, third Duke of Rutland, was educated at. Eton
and Cambridge, and entering the army, raised a regiment
of foot at his own expense, to serve against the rebellion of

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 389

1745, and accompanied the Duke of Cumberland into
Scotland. In 1759, he obtained the rank of Lieutenant-
General, and went to Germany as second in command
under Lord George Sackville, whom he succeeded as
commander-in-chief after the battle of Minden. He
greatly distinguished himself throughout the Seven Years'
War, more particularly at the battle of Warburg in 1760,
at Kirchdenkern in 1761, and at Graebenstein and Hom-
burg in 1762. After the peace of 1763, he was named
Master-General of the Ordnance, and in 1766 Commander-
in-Chief of the army. He died 20th October, 1770.

At the battle of Minden, when Lord George Sackville
hesitated to charge the retreating French according to
orders sent by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, the Mar-
quis of Granby, who commanded the second line, made the
advance and acted with such alacrity, that he almost
recovered the opportunity lost by his chief in command.
For his prompt action he was highly commended by
Prince Ferdinand, who paid him the compliment by
saying, that "if he had had him at the head of the cavalry
of the right wing, the decision of that day would have
been more complete and brilliant." This action added much
to the popularity of Granby, which was not lessened by his
attitude at the subsequent trial of Lord George, when his
testimony was marked by compassionate tenderness,
softening and suppressing so far as truth allowed all evidence
brought against the prisoner ; this tenderness being the
more admired since at the army Granby and Sackville
had been far from friends.

APPOINTED A MEMBER OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL, 1760.

2. Obv.— Bust of Granby to left, in scale armour, orna-
mented with lion's head on shoulder, and mantle;

VOL. XI. THIRD SEBIES. 3 E

390 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

head bare. Leg. THE RIGHT HONORABLE
THE MARQUIS OF GRANBY.

Eev. — Monogram of J. MANNERS.
4. MB. M.

From the age of the portrait, this medal was most
probably struck to commemorate Granby's appointment as
a member of the Privy Council which took place in 1760,
during his absence at the head of his troops in Germany.

SUCCESSES OF 1760 AND 1761.

3. Obv. — Granby on horseback to left, sword in right hand ;

horse galloping. Leg. TO THE MARQUIS OF
GRANBY. HASTE . AWAY.

Eev. —Trophy of arms, flags, &c. Leg. A TROPHY OF
ARMS. In the exergue, 1761.

1-3. MB. JE.

This medal evidently refers to the important battles of
Warburg and Kirchdenkern. It is a cheap medalet, made
for sale in the streets. The Marquis of Granby was very
popular at this period, as is evidenced by the frequency with
which his portrait was used as a sign to public-houses.

PRIZE MEDAL, 1765.

4. Obv. — Bust of George III. to right, laureate : on neck,

T . PINGO . F. Leg. AVSPICIIS GEORG. III.
OPT . PRINC .P.P.

Rev. — Minerva standing towards left, leaning on spear and
: holding palm branch in right hand : at her feet,

owl and shield. Leg. PREMIA LAVDI. In
the exergue, D. M. GRANBY MAG. GEN.
ORD. MDCCLXV.
1-4. MB. JR. M.

His DEATH, 1770.

5. Obv. — Bust of Granby to right, in scale armour ; head

bare : on shoulder, L . PINGO . F. Leg. GRANBY.

DEN AT. A. D. 1770. JET. 50.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 391

Eev. — Within radiate laurel wreath, inscription in three
lines, COM. MILITVM AMOR.

1-6. MB. M. PL XVI, 6.

His DEATH, 1770.

6. Obv. — Bust of Granby to left, draped ; head bare. Below,

L . p . F. (L. Pingo fecit). Leg. GRANBY.

Eev. — Soldier seated to left, looking right, holding spear
in right hand and resting left arm on shield
which bears the arms of Manners and is placed
on cannon and French flags. Leg. MILITVM
DVX ET AMICVS. In the exergue, NAT .
MDCCXX . M . MDCCLXX.

1-55. MB. M. M.

MEMORIAL, 1774.

7. Obv. — Bust of Granby to left, in military dress ; head

bare : in field, KIRK FEC.

Eev.— Inscription in four lines, MARQUIS OF GRANBY
1774.

1. MB. m.

A medalet of the same series as that of Garrick,
described at p. 380, No. 3.

ANNA JULIA, LADY GRANT DUFF.
PRIZE MEDAL OF THE MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE, 1886.

Obv.~ Bust of Lady Grant Duff to right. Leg. ANNA
JULIA GRANT DUFF.

Rev. — Within olive wreath, inscription in eight lines, TO
THE BEST FEMALE STUDENT THE LADY
GRANT DUFF MEDAL FOUNDED BY
HINDU AND MUHAMMADAN LADIES
MDCCCLXXXVI.

1-9. MB. M. PI. XVI. 7.

This medal, in gold of the value of £10, is presented
annually to the best female student of the College. The
prize was founded in 1886 by Lady Grant Duff, wife of

392 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the Rt. Hon. Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff, late Governor
of Madras. The obverse was modelled by the Countess
Feodora Gleichen, and the reverse by Miss M. Berry.
From these models dies were executed by Mr. John
Pinches, the engraver.

HENRY GRATTAN, 1746—1820.
His DEATH, 1820.

1. Obv. — Bust of Grattan to right, draped ; on shoulder,
MOSSOP. Leg. HENRICVS GRATTAN.

Rev. — Within wreath of oak and laurel entwined with
shamrock, inscription in six lines, PRO PATRIA
ET VIVERE ET MORI. Below, NATVS DVB :
1746. OB. LOND: 1820.

1-55. MB. M. PI. XVI. 8.

Henry Grattan, Statesman, was a native of Dublin, of
which city his father was Recorder. He studied for the
bar, but soon relinquished that profession for the senate,
being elected into the Irish Parliament in 1775. By his
powerful eloquence he obtained for his country a parti-
cipation in the Commerce of Britain, and in 1790, being
returned for the city of Dublin, he became the active
leader of the Opposition till the Union, which measure
he resisted with all his eloquence, but when it was
effected he accepted a seat in the Imperial Parliament
for Mai ton. He supported the Government during the
war ; but his principal exertions were called forth to
advocate the Catholic claims ; and he fell a martyr to
the cause by leaving Ireland in an exhausted state to
carry the petition, with which he was entrusted, to
England. He died soon after his arrival in L ndou,
14th May, 1820, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

The above medal is one of Mossop's series of illustrious

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 393

Irishmen. It was struck in 1821, and is the only one
of the entire number of which he finished and hardened
the dies and struck impressions.

MEMORIAL, 1827.

2. Obv. — Bust of Grattan to right, draped. Below, GALLE F.
Leg. HENRY GRATTAN.

Rev.— Inscription in nine lines, IN MEMORY OF THE
SHORT PERIOD OF IRELAND'S INDE-
PENDENCE. "I SAT BY ITS CRADLE, I FOL-
LOWED ITS HEARSE " GRATTAN.

1-9. MB. M.

The last portion of the inscription occurred in Grattan's
maiden speech in the English House of Commons, in which
he concisely summed up the result of his own labours in
the Irish Parliament. " Of that assembly I have a
parental recollection. I sate by her cradle, I followed her
hearse. In fourteen years she acquired for Ireland what
you did not acquire for England in a century — freedom
of trade, independency of the legislature, independency
of the judges, restoration of the final judicature, repeal
of a perpetual Mutiny Bill, Habeas Corpus Act, Nullum
Tempus Act, a great work ! "

The above is one of a large series of medals of illustrious
persons of all countries, issued by Denon, of Paris. The
obverse is copied from the preceding medal by Mossop.
Tom Moore went to Mossop, and having obtained a cast of
his medal, sent it to Denon, at Paris, to be copied. In
Moore's diary, under date 23rd September, 1832, mention
is made of a visit to Denon' s to pay the medallist one thou-
sand francs, the price agreed for the medal; but the
medallist insisted on fifty louis, and was paid that sum
in English money. Finally, in the diary, 28th October,

394 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

1832, Moore mentions having gone to the Mint, received
his fifty medals, and having the die broken. (Memoirs,
vol. iii., p. 12.)

THOMAS GRAHAM, LORD LYNEDOCH, 1750 — 1843.
FRENCH COLOURS TAKEN AT BARROSA, 1811.

Obv. — Eagle facing and standing on scroll inscribed,
BARROSA. Below, MARCH 5 1811. Leg. THE
FRENCH IMPERIAL EAGLE.

Rev.— Inscription in seven lines, TAKEN AT BARROSA
BY THE BRITISH TROOPS COMMANDED
BY GENL. GRAYHAM (sic).

1. MB. M. M.

This medalet refers to the heroic vigour of General
Graham, at Barrosa, in attacking a French force of much
greater strength than his own. In less than an hour
and a half from the commencement of the action the
enemy was in full retreat on all parts, leaving behind
an eagle, six pieces of cannon, many prisoners, and
the field covered with arms and dead bodies. Although
this battle was among the minor actions in the Peninsular
War, yet in no instance was British valour more con-
spicuously displayed, and General Graham acquired
universal approbation for the ability and firmness of his
conduct, and, thenceforth, ranked amongst our most popular
commanders. On his return to England, Graham was
raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Lynedoch, of
Balgowan, in Perthshire. Previous to the Peninsular
War Graham had served with the British troops at
Toulon, obtained a commission in the Austrian Army
against the French on the Rhine in the campaign of 1796,
took part in the reduction of Malta, and accompanied Sir

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 395

John Moore, as Aide-de-Camp, to Sweden in 1808,
and subsequently to Spain. The last years of his life
were passed in retirement in Italy.

JOHN EDWARD AND MARIA EMMA GRAY.
MEMORIAL, 1863.

Obv. — Jugate busts of Dr. and Mrs. Gray to right ; he,
bare ; she, with cap and drapery over shoulders.
Behind, I. E. AND M. E. GRAY. BeJow, o. G.
ADAMS, sc. 1863.

Rev. — Within laurel wreath, inscription in three lines,
TRUST IN THE LORD AND DO GOOD.

2-25. MB. M, PI. XVI. 9.

John Edward Gray, the naturalist, born at Walsall,
12th February, 1800, was educated for the medical pro-
fession, but took to the study of natural history, and in
1824 was appointed an assistant in the Natural History
Department of the British Museum, and rising by gradual
promotion, succeeded, in 1840, to the post of Keeper of
the Zoological Collection, which he held till 1875. He
assisted in the foundation of the Zoological, Entomolo-
gical, Geographical, Microscopical, and Palseontological
Societies, was elected F.R.S. in 1832, and was a fre-
quent contributor to the Transactions of these societies ;
besides being the author of numerous works on Natural
History in all its branches. In 1826, he married Maria
Emma Gray, the widow of his cousin, a lady who
assisted him in all his studies, and who was the author of
Figures of Molluscan Animals, Selected from Various
Authors. Dr. Gray died in 1875, and Mrs. Gray in the
following year.

396

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

CHARLES GREEN, 1785—1870.
BALLOON JOURNEY FROM LONDON TO WEILBURG, 7 Nov., 1836.

Obv. — Head of Green to left ; below, w. j. TAYLOR. Leg.
CHARLES GREEN AERONAUT.

Rev. — View of Weilburg and the river Lahn ; above city,
balloon. Leg. FROM LONDON NOVEMBER
7, 1886. In the exergue, IN COMPANY WITH
ROBT. HOLLOND, M.R, & M. MASON, ESQli.
TO WEILBURG GERMY. IN 18 HOURS.

1-65. MB. m. Pi. XVI. 10.

Charles Green, aeronaut, son of Thomas Green, a
fruiterer, who lived in the Goswell Road, entered his
father's business on leaving scbool, but at an early age
took great interest in all matters relating to ballooning.
His first ascent was made from the Green Park, on 19th
July, 1821, by order of the Government at the coronation
of George IV., in a balloon filled with carburetted-hydro-
gen gas, he being the first person who ascended with a
balloon so inflated. After that time he made 526 ascents.
In 1836 he constructed the Great Nassau balloon for
Gye and Hughes, proprietors of Vauxhall Gardens, from
whom he subsequently purchased it. His third ascent
in this balloon took place from Yauxhall Gardens on
the 7th November, 1836. In this celebrated ascent he
was accompanied by Robert Holland, M.P. for Hastings
and Monck Mason. They left the gardens at 1.30 P.M.,
and crossing the Channel from Dover the same evening,
descended the next day at 7 A.M., at Weilburg, in Nassau,
Germany, having travelled altogether 500 miles in
eighteen hours. During his long experience he made
many improvements in ballooning. After living in retire-
ment many years, he died at his residence in Tufnell
Park, 26th March, 1870.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 397

BICHARD GREENE, 1716 — 1793.
MEMORIAL, 1800.

Obv. — Bust of Greene to left, in close-fitting coat and
tie-wig : on shoulder, i . G . H. (John Gregory
Hancock). Leg. RICHARD GREENE COL-
LECTOR OF THE LICHFIELD MUSEUM
DIED JUNE 4 1793 AGED 77.

Rev.— View of porch. Leg. WEST PORCH OF LICH-
FIELD CATHEDRAL. In the exergue, 1800.

On edge, PENNY TOKEN PAYABLE BY RICHARD
WRIGHT LICHFIELD.

1-45. MB. M.

Richard Greene, antiquary and collector of curiosities,
was born at Lichfield, and was related to Dr. Johnson.
He lived and died as a surgeon and apothecary, practising
in his native place. He deposited his curiosities in the
ancient registry office of the bishops, at Lichfield, and the
fame of the collection spread far and wide. It was rich
in coins, armour, crucifixes, watches, and specimens of
natural history and ethnography. A few years after
Greene's death, which occurred 4th June, 1793, the collec-
tion was broken up ; the armour, which was especially
fine, being incorporated with the Meyrick and Tower of
London collections.

The above is a penny token issued by the town of
Lichfield in 1800.

WILLIAM WYNDHAM, LORD GRENVILLE, 1759 — 1834.
CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, 1810.

Obv.— Inscription in seven lines, IN COMMEMORATION
OF THE INSTALLATION OF LORD GREN-
VILLE AS CHANCELLOR OF THE UNI-
VERSITY OF OXFORD JULY 1810.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 F

398 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rev. — Within laurel wreath, inscription in three lines,
TEMPLA QUAM DILECTA.

1-6. MB. M.

William Wyndham, Lord Grenville, third son of
George Grenville, prime minister, entered Parliament, for
Buckingham, in 1782, and through his friendship with
Pitt, was appointed Paymaster- General in 1783, Speaker
of the House of Commons and Home Secretary in 1789,
and being removed to the House of Lords in 1790 by a
patent of peerage, became there the echo of Pitt. He
resigned with Pitt on the Catholic Emancipation question
in 1801, afterwards formed the Opposition, and was Prime
Minister of " All the Talents " 1806—7. After this time
he held no public appointments, but continued his efforts
for Catholic Emancipation. On the 14th December, 1809,
Grenville was elected Chancellor of the University of
Oxford, in the place of the Duke of Portland who had
died in the previous October. The contest was a severe
one, but the division of the Tory interest secured Gren-
ville's election ; the votes recorded for Grenville being 406,
for Lord Eldon 393, and for the Duke of Beaufort 288.
Grenville was created D.C.L. by diploma, on 23rd
December, and was duly installed as Chancellor on the
10th July, 1810. He died 12th January, 1834.

SIR ROGER GRESLEY, BART., 1799—1837.
LICHFIELD ELECTION, 1826.

Obv.— Inscription in six lines, THE FREE AND UN-
BOUGHT ELECTORS WHO VOTED FOR
SIR ROGER GRESLEY BART. Above,
branches of oak ; below, branches of laurel.

Rev.— Inscription in nine lines, LICHFIELD ELECTION
1826 KING & CONSTITUTION THE

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 399

TRUE BLUE INTEREST FOR EVER —

OTTLEY MEDALLIST.

1-8. MB. ST.

This medal is pierced for suspension.

Sir Roger Gresley, or Greisley, as he usually wrote his
name, was the son of Sir Nigel Bowyer Gresley, whom he
succeeded in 1808. In 1826 Gresley made an unsuccess-
ful attempt to obtain a seat in Parliament, at Lichfield,
his successful opponents being Sir George Anson and Mr.
G. G. Y. Vernon. He was returned for Durham city in
1830, New Romney, in Kent, in 1831, and South Derby-
shire in 1835; but failed at the election of July, 1837.
He was a moderate Tory. He was the author of several
works, mostly relating in some way to Catholic Eman-
cipation, and an F.S.A. He died 12th October, 1837.

SARAH GRETTON.
MEMOEIAL, 1796.

Obv. — Bust of Sarah Gretton facing, draped. Leg. SARAH
GRE1TON NATA OB. DEC. 1796.

No reverse.

1-55. MB. lead. PI. XVI. 11.

This is a proof of an unfinished die. The inscription
on the obverse is merely scratched in with a pointed
instrument. I have not been able to find any further
particulars about this lady nor to identify the medallist.

CHARLES, SECOND EARL GREY, 1764 — 1845.
PRIME MINISTER, 1830.

1. Obv.— Head of Grey to left. Leg. EARL GREY.
BRITONS BE TRUE TO YOUR KING.

400 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rev. — Horseman to right, attacked by two lions ; the
reins are loose and broken. Leg. BY TRAMP-
LING ON LIBERTY I LOST THE REINS .
1830.

•85. MB. M.

Charles, Second Earl Grey, son of General Sir Charles
Grey, first Earl, was educated at. Eton and King's College,
Cambridge, and at the age of twenty-one entered Parlia-
ment as member for Northumberland, joining the Whig
party, of which he soon became one of the most prominent
members. His first success as an orator was made as one
of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings,
in which he was associated with Fox, Burke, and Sheridan.
In 1792 he became a member of the great political con-
federation, known as the " Friends of the People," and
subsequently promoted the " Secession/' On the death of
Pitt, in 1806, Grey, now Lord Howick, was appointed
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, but the Whig Ministry
was soon dismissed, Parliament was dissolved, and on the
death of Lord Ho wick's father, in 1807, he entered the upper
House. Grey remained out of office till the abrupt
termination of the Wellington Administration in 1830,
when in obedience to the wish of William IV., he assumed
the reins of Government, and during his four years of
office had the supreme satisfaction of seeing the two mea-
sures, for which he had so long fought, successfully carried
through Parliament, viz.: Parliamentary Reform, and the
Abolition of Slavery in the British possessions. After his
retirement he took no further part in politics, and spent
his remaining years chiefly at Howick, where he died in
1845.

It is unfortunate that the long series of medals which
bear the name of Earl Grey is headed by a " mule." The

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 401

reverse of the above was originally made for a medalet
commemorating the failure of the Wellington Adminis-
tration, and has, therefore, no connection with Grey, who
had succeeded to the head of affairs, and could certainly
not be accused of " trampling on liberty."

PAELIAMENTARY REFORM ADVOCATED, 1830.

2. Obv. — Head of Grey to right : on neck, HALUDAY . F.

Leg. RT. HONBLE. EARL GREY.

Eev. — Within floral wreath, inscription in eight lines, THE
ENLIGHTENED AND PERSEVERING DE-
FENDER OF THE CIVIL & RELIGIOUS
RIGHTS OF HIS COUNTRY AND OF MAN-
KIND. BORN MAR. 18, 1764.

1-5. MB. ,33. PL XVI. 12.

In the new Parliament formed after the dissolution on
30th June, Grey took his place as leader of the Opposition
and warmly advocated Parliamentary Reform, but the
Duke of Wellington in his reply declared the existing
system of representation to be as near perfection as pos-
sible, and thus Reform was handed over to the Whigs.

MEETING OF PARLIAMENT, 1831.

3. Obv. — Head of Grey to right ; below, BAIN . F.

^'.—Inscription in seven lines, RT. HONBLE. CHARLES
EARL GREY, FIRST LORD OF THE
TREASURY. MDCCCXXXI ®

•75. MB. Si.

Though Grey was appointed head of the Government in
November, 1830, Parliament did not meet before 3rd
February, 1831.

THE REFORM BILL, 1831. '

4. Obv.— Medallions with busts of H.M.G. MAJESTY WIL-

LIAM HIL, EARL GREY, LD. CHANCEL

402 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

BROUGHAM, LD. JOHN RUSSEL, united by
bands ; below, anchor on which scroll inscribed,
THE CONFIDENCE OF THE PEOPLE.

HALLIDAY D.

Rev. — Inscription in twelve lines, three on scrolls, THft
DESIRE OF THE PEOPLE THE REFORM
BILL TRIENNIAL PARLIAMENTS NO
STANDING ARMY NO UNMERITED PEN-
SIONS NO TITHES — NO CORN LAWS -
NO STAMP TAXES --NO EAST INDIA
MONOPOLY — NO COLONIAL SLAVERY.

1-8. MB. M.

This medal sets forth the principal questions of the day
which were before the public, 'and concerning which reforms
were advocated. Of these, however, the Reform Bill was the
chief one. As soon as Grey was placed at the head of affairs,
a select committee of the Cabinet, consisting of Lords
Durham and Duncannon, Lord John Russell, and Sir
James Graham, was formed to prepare a scheme of reform.
Lord Brougham, as Lord Chancellor, was also a principal
adviser. The Bill was introduced into the House of
Commons on the 1st March, and the second reading
carried by the bare majority of one, on the 22nd March ;
shortly after, the ministry suffering a defeat, Parlia-
ment was dissolved ; but the Reform party returning with
a much increased majority, the bill was re- introduced and
was passed by the Commons by a majority of 138 on 8th
July. Grey then introduced it into the Lords, but it was
thrown out by forty-one.

THE REFORM BILL PASSED, 1832.

5. Obv. — Heads jugate to left of Lords Grey, Russell, and
Brougham ; below, HALLIDAY F. Ley. GREY
RUSSEL BROUGHAM THE CONFIDENCE
OF THE PEOPLE.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 403

Rev. — Inscription in eleven lines, two of which are on
scrolls, THE DESIRE OF THE PEOPLE .
THE REFORM BILL NO TITHES NO CORN
LAWS NO UNMERITED PENSIONS NO
GAME LAWS NO STAMP TAXES NO EAST
INDIA MONOPOLY NO COLONIAL SLA-
VERY.

1-5. MB. M.

6. Obv. — Medallions with busts of William IV., &c., as

No. 4.

Eev. — Inscription in eleven lines, two on scrolls, THE
DESIRE OF THE PEOPLE THE REFORM
BILL (sprigs of rose, shamrock, and thistle) NO
UNMERITED PENSIONS NO TITHES —
NO CORN LAWS — NO GAME LAWS —
NO STAMP TAXES — NO EAST INDIA
MONOPOLY — NO COLONIAL SLAVERY.

1-8. MB. M.

7. Obv. — William IV. seated facing under a canopy; to right

and left, stand Lords Grey, Russell, Brougham,
and Althorpe. In the exergue, I ADVOCATE
THIS BILL AS A MEASURE OF PEACE
AND CONCILIATION.

Eev. — Earl Grey standing to right and presenting to Eng-
land, Scotland, and Ireland, with their attributes,
a scroll inscribed [RE]FORM BILL. At his
feet, cornucopias, with fruit, &c. In the exergue,
THANK GOD WTE HAVE SUCCEEDED.

1-6. MB. M.

After the defeat of the Reform Bill by the Lords (see
ante, No. 4), it was again introduced and passed by the
Commons, and passed its second reading on the 14th
April, 1832, in the Lords by a majority of nine. Having
been referred to a Committee of the whole House, further
progress was delayed till May, when the1 king gave Grey
his written authority to create the necessary peers to CD sure
its passage, and the mere threat overcame the resistance of

404 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the Lords, who saw that a further opposition would be
hopeless. It was passed by the Lords on the 4th of June,
and received the royal assent three days afterwards.

8. Obv. — William IV., standing before his throne, holds

in his left hand a scroll inscribed, REFORM
BILL. On either side stand Lords Grey,
Brougham, Russell, and Althorpe ; before
them is the British lion ; and in the exergue,
1832. T. w. INGEAM BIRMM. Ley. THE
PURITY OF THE CONSTITUTION RE-
STORED BY WILLIAM IViH.

Jfer.— Within floral wreath, THE ENGLISH REFORM
BILL PASSED UNDER THE ADMINISTRA-
TION OF EARL GREY JUNE 7ra 1832
MAJORITY HOUSE OF COMMONS 116,
HOUSE OF LORDS 84.

1-74. MB. m.

9. Obv.— Head of Earl G-rey to right. Inner Leg. RT.

HONBLE. EARL GREY THE FRIEND OF
THE PEOPLE. Outer Leg. in two circles, THE
REFORM BILL PASSED THE COMMONS
MARCH 23. THE LORDS JUNE 4. RE-
CEIVED THE ROYAL ASSENT JUNE 7
1832.

Rev. — Patriotism, as St. George, slaying with his spear
Corruption, as a demon, holding mask and bag
of money ; above, radiate triangle enclosing
inscription, KING LORDS COMMONS. Leg. THE
GENIUS OF PATRIOTISM DRIVING COR-
RUPTION FROM THE CONSTITUTION,
1832.

1-25. MB. M.

10. Obv.— Head of Earl Grey to right. Leg. RT. HONBLE.
EARL GREY. Around, in concentric semi-
circles, THE REFORM BILL PASSED THE COMMONS
MARC 23. THE LORDS JUNE 4. RECD. THE ROYAL
ASSENT JUNE 7. 2ND> WILLIAM IV. 1832. | 56
BOROUGHS DISFRANCHISED 30 OLD BOR. TO RETURN
1 MEMBER EA. 22 NEW BOR. TO RET. 2 MEM. EA.
21 NEW BOR. 1 MEM. EA. | THE ELECTIVE FRAN-

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 405

CHISE VESTED IN FREEHOLDERS COPYHOLDERS OF
£10 P. AN. LEASEHOLDERS ^50 P. AN. HOUSE-
HOLDERS £10 P. AN.

Rev. — Britannia driving Corruption, holding bag of money
and mask, into the sea : at her feet, scroll inscribed
GATTON SARUM ; behind her stand Justice and
Mercury ; above, radiate triangle enclosing KING-
LORDS COMMONS. Leg. BRITANNIA SUP-
PORTED BY JUSTICE DRIVES CORRUP-
TION FROM THE CONSTITUTION. In the
exergue, MDCCCXXXII HALLIDAY p.

2. MB. JE.

This reverse was issued with different obverses, one
being the portrait of William IV., another, a record of the
Hotherham political union, &c.

11. Obv. — Head of Earl Grey to left ; below, DAVIS. Leg.

RT. HONBLE. EARL GREY REAPPOINTED TO

OFFICK THROUGH THE UNANIMOUS VOICE OF THE
PEOPLE MAY 15, 1832.

Rev. — The British lion reclining to right ; in front, shield
of St. George ; behind, scroll inscribed REFORM
BILLS, fasces, cornucopiae, and staff with cap of
liberty. Background, radiate. Leg. MAJORITY
84. ENGLISH REFORM BILL FINALLY-
PASSED THE HOUSE OF LORDS JUNE 4,
1832.

1-7. MB. M.

12. Obv. — Heads of Lords Grey, Brougham, Russell, and

Althorpe, jugate to right. Leg. EARL GREY
LORD BROUGHAM LORD JOHN RUSSELL
& LORD ALTHORPE. WE HAVE CARRIED THE

PALM BUT NOT WITHOUT LABOUR 1832.

Rev. — Within wreath of oak and laurel, inscription in five
lines, ROYAL ASSENT TO THE REFORM
BILL JUNE 1832. Above, crown.

1-75. MB. M. PI. XVI. 13.

13. Obv.— Jugate heads to left of EARL GREY, LORD

BROUGHAM, LORD JOHN RUSSELL and
LORD ALTHORPE.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 G

406 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

fiev. — Radiate crown above two columns on rock and bear-
ing tablets inscribed LORDS COMMONS ; between
beam of scales and columns scroll inscribed,
REFORM BILL. Leg. REFORM BILL PASSED
THE HOUSE OF LORDS JUNE 4 1832.
In the exergue, MAJORITY 84.

1-35. MB. M.

14. Qbv. — Four medallions bearing busts of EARL GREY,

LORD BROUGHAM, LORD JOHN RUSSELL
and LORD ALTHORPE. In centre, the British
flag radiate. Leg. THE ZEALOUS & SUC-
CESSFUL PROMOTERS OF REFORM.

BM. — Radiate crown above two columns placed on rock
in sea and inscribed, LORDS MAJY. 84 COM-
MONS MAJY. 116. Between columns, beam
of scales : in foreground, recumbent lion. Leg.
THE PURITY OF THE CONSTITUTION
RESTORED. In the exergue, 1832.

1-9. MB. &.

15. Obv. — Four medallions bearing busts of EARL GREY,

&c., same as the preceding.

flev. — Within wreath of laurel and palm, shield with scroll
above inscribed REFORM BILL PASSED
JUNE, 1832, and bearing two right hands joined
above heart ; above shield, eye of Providence ;
the whole within cable border.

1-9. MB. m.

16. Obv.— Four medallions with busts of EARL GREY, Ac.,

same as No. 14.

ffeVt — Within laurel wreath, two right hands joined. Ley.
UNION IS THE BOND OF SOCIETY.

1-9. MB. M.

17. Obv.— Heads jugate to left of Lords Grey, Russell, and

Brougham ; below, HALLIDAY F. Ley. GREY
RUSSELL BROUGHAM TiJE CONFIDENCE
OF THE PEOPLE.

Her. — Lion trampling on hydra ; on ground, loose chain.
Below, THE REFORM BILL PASSED JUNE

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 407

7, 1832. Above, on scroll, COERUPTION DE-
STROYED, PURITY RESTORED.

1-5. MB. M.

18. Obv. — Heads jugate to left of Lords Grey, Russell, and

Brougham, similar to the preceding.

Rev. — Within floral wreath, inscription in six lines, THE
REFORM BILL PASSED JUNE . 7 . 1832 .
II. WILL. IV. Outer Leg. CORRUPTION DE-
STROYED PURITY RESTORED.

•95. MB. Brass.

This and Nos. 19 — 21 are cheap memorials of the
event commemorated.

19. Obv. — Heads jugate to left of Lords Grey, Russell, and

Brougham, &c., same as No. 17.
Rev.— Within floral wreath, THE REFORM BILL.

Outer Ley. THE DESIRE OF THE PEOPLE.
•95. MB. Brass.

20. Obv. — Heads jugate to left of Lords Grey, Russell, and

Brougham, &c., same as No. 17.

Rev.— Bust of William IV. to right. Leg. WILLIAM IV.
KING OF G. BRIT.: Outer Ley. in semi-
circles, THE REFORM BILL PASSED & RE-
CEIVED THE ROYAL ASSENT JUNE 7
1832. LONG LIVE THE KING.

•95. MB. Brass.

21. Obv. — Heads jugate to left of Lords Grey, Russell, and

Brougham. Leg. THE BRITISH HOUSE OF
COMMONS REFORMED JUNE . 7 . 1832.

Rev.— Inscription in thirteen lines, THE INVINCIBLE
CHAMPIONS OF THE REFORM BILL
WHICH AFTER A MOST VIOLENT CON-
TEST OF 15 MONTHS BECAME LAW JUNE
7ra 1832 AMIDST THE ACCLAMATIONS OF
AN UNITED PEOPLE. Around, EARL GREY
LORDS BROUGHAM & RUSSEL.

1-05. MB. Brass.

22. Obv. — Busts of Earl Grey and Lord Russell, jugate, to

left. Ley. EARL GREY LORD JOHN RUS-

408 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

SEL THK UNWEARIED SUPPORTERS OF PARLIAMEN-
TARY REFORM AND NATIONAL FREEDOM.

Rev. — Angel holding olive branch and cap of liberty on
staff; at her feet, dead bodies. Leg. THEY
TRAFFICS IN THE PEOPLE'S ^RIGHTS.
In the exergue, BOROUGHMONGERS DE-
FEATED BY LIBERTY.

1-8. MB. ST.

23. Obv. — Busts of Earl Grey and Lord Russell, jugate, to

left. Leg. GREY & RUSSELL DEFEATERS
OF THE BOROUGHMONGERS.

Rev. — Inscription in four lines, THE BILL THE
WHOLE BILL & NOTHING BUT THE
BILL.

•85. MB. Brass.

24. Obv.— Head of Earl Grey to right. Leg. RT. HONBLE.

EARL GREY THE FRIEND OF THE
PEOPLE. Outer Leg. THE REFORM BILL
PASSED THE COMMONS MARCH 23 THE
LORDS JUNE 4 RECEIVED THE ROYAL
ASSENT JUNE 7, 1832.

Rev. — Within wreath of oak and laurel, lion left, tramp-
ling on hydra. Leg. CORRUPTION DE-
STROYED, PURITY RESTORED.

1-6. MB. M.

25. Obv.— Bust of Earl Grey to left, in frock-coat, &c. Leg.

EARL GREY THE JUST RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE

OBTAINED.

Rev. — Lion to right trampling on hydra ; behind, English
flag. Leg. CORRUPTION & THE TYRANNY
OF A FACTION OVERTHROWN REFORM
BILL PASSED JUNE 7, 1832.

1-5. MB. m.

SCOTTISH REFORM BILL PASSED, 1832.

26. Obv. — Jugate heads to left of EARL GREY, &c., same as

No. 13.

Rev. — Within wreath of thistles, cornucopiae, fasces, and
scroll inscribed SCOTCH REFORM BILL;
above, rays. Leg. THE GOOD OF THE

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 409

PEOPLE IS THE FIRST GREAT LAW
PASSED 13 JULY 1832.

1-35. MB. &.

There is a similar medal to the above, but with the
obverse as No. 11. (MB. M.)

The carrying of the English reform bill insured a
rapid course to the reform bills for Scotland and Ireland.
Resistance on any point which either party deemed of
importance was now ascertained to be useless. The
Scottish bill was read a second time in the Commons on
the 21st May, passed the Lords on the 13th July, and
received the royal assent on the 17th of the same month.

27. Ok-.— Jugate heads to left of EARL GREY, &c., same as

No. 13.

Eev. — ^On St. Andrew's cross, radiate, oval shield, bearing
a dove holding olive branch in its beak and sup-
porting cap of liberty, standing on fasces, below
which thistle, and inscribed SCOTCH KEFORM
BILL RECD. ROYAL ASSENT JULY 17.
Above shield, crown ; on base of cross and in
angles is inscribed GREY BROUGHAM RUS-
SELL ALTHORPE. NATIONAL POLITICAL
UNION. Below, DAVIS . BIBM.

1-4. MB. M.

28. Obv.— Four medallions with busts of EARL GREY, &c.,

same as No. 14.

pi6Vt — Within wreath of thistles, fasces, cornucopiae and
scroll inscribed SCOTCH REFORM BILL,
&c., same as No. 26.

1-9. MB. M.

29. Obv. — Heads jugate to left of Lords Grey, Russell, and

Brougham, &c. Same as No. 17.

Eev.— Thistle branch; above, CORRUPTION DE-
STROYED JULY 17 1832. Leg. THE RE-
FORM BILL FOR SCOTLAND REC . THE
ROYAL ASSENT.

•95. MB. Brass.

410 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

30. Obv.— On scroll, GREY RUSSELL BROUGHAM; below,
THE REFORM BILL FOR SCOTLAND
PASSED JULY 17 1832.

Rev, — Scottish royal shield, surrounded by thistle branch.
Leg. THE RIGHTS OF SCOTLAND ESTAB-
LISHED.

•85. MB. Brass.

A heart-shaped badge with loop for suspension.
ENGLISH, SCOTTISH, AND IBISH REFOEM BILLS PASSED, 1832.

81. Obv.— Medallion with portrait of EARL GREY sur-

rounded by branches of roses, shamrock, and
thistle ; around, on scroll, JUBILEE TO COM-
MEMORATE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
THE RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE.

Rev. — Shields of England, Scotland, and Ireland, sus-
pended from raised border on which is inscribed
FOR ENGLAND JUNE 7. SCOTLAND JULY
17. IRELAND AUGUST 7. Below shields,
THE REFORM BILLS PASSED 1832.

1-35. MB. ST.

A heart-shaped badge with loop for suspension.

The Irish reform bill passed the Commons on the 18th
July, was read a second time in the Lords on the 23rd
following, and received the royal assent on the 7th
August.

82. Obv. — Medallion with portrait of GREY ; surrounded by

branches of roses, shamrock, and thistle; below,
THE REFORM BILLS PASSED. And on
raised border, FOR ENGLAND JUNE 7.
SCOTLAND JULY 17. IRELAND AUG. 7
1832.

Rw. — Inscription in nine lines, JUBILEE IN COM-
MEMORATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE.

•9. MB. ST.
A heart-shaped badge as the preceding.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS FROM 1760. 411

NICHOLAS GRIMSHAW.
JUBILEE OF THE MERCHANTS' GUILD OF PRESTON, 1822.

1. Obv. — Bust of Grimshaw to right, wearing gown with fur
collar, &c. Leg. NIGH8. GRIMSHAW ESQR5.
MAYOR OF PRESTON AT THE GUILDS
OF 1802 & 1822.

Rev. — Two Shields with the arms of Grimshaw and the
city of Preston : with mottoes, CAUTE SED IM-
PAVIDE . INSIGNIA VILL.E DE PRESTON.

1-9. MB. Si. &. PI. XVI, 14.

The Merchants' Guild of Preston, which was established
for the protection of the trade of the city, as well as for
the regulation and settlement of its affairs, was legalised
by their charter in the reign of Henry Y. It numbered
amongst its members all the chief leaders of the town.
It had been the custom since the reign of Elizabeth to
hold a jubilee festival of the guild every twenty years.
These festivals appear at first to have been held at irregu-
lar periods and at different times of the year, but since
the incorporation of the select body or council of the
borough by the charter of Elizabeth, they have always
commenced on the first Monday after the decollation of
St. John at the end of every twenty years. In 1822 the
festival was held with great pomp and feasting, and for
a period of nearly a fortnight, from September 2nd to
14th, the city was in a state of excitement with processions,
public breakfasts, banquets, balls, masquerades, theatrical
entertainments, concerts, races, games, &c. Nicholas
Grimshaw, who had served the office of bailiff in the
Guild of 1782, and mayor in that of 1802, was chosen
by the jury, out of his regular turn, to be mayor on
the recurrence of the festival in 1822.

412 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

JUBILEE OP THE MERCHANTS' GUILD OF PRESTON, 1822.

2. Obv. — Two Shields with the arms of G-rimshaw and the
city of Preston united by bands. Leg. NICH8.
GIUMSHAW ESQEE. MAYOR OF PRESTON
AT THE GUILDS OF 1802 & 1822.

Rev.— Church. L«y. IN COMMEMORATION OF THE
JUBILEE HELD AT PRESTON 1822.

1-4. MB. JE.

A special memorial service was held in the parish
church on the second day of the festival. It was attended
by all the official personages and the illustrious visitors.

SIR BERKELEY WILLIAM GUISE, BART., M.P., 1775 — 1834.
GLOUCESTER ELECTION, 1812.

Obv. — Within oak wreath, inscription in eight lines, SIR
BERKELEY WILLM. GUISE, BART. AND
THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORS OF THE
COUNTY OF GLOUCESTER A.D. 1811.

Rev.— Inscription in seven lines, MAY THE SPIRIT OF
BRITISH FREEDOM PROTECT THE ELEC-
TIVE FRANCHISE FROM THE CORRUP-
TIONS OF ARISTOCRACY.

1-75. MB. ST.

Sir Berkeley William Guise was the eldest son of John,
first Baronet. He succeeded to the title in 1794, and
was returned to Parliament as member for Gloucester-
shire at the general election of 1812, and continued to
represent that county till his death. His opponents in
the election of 1812 were the Hon. H. F. Moreton and
Mr. Codrington. Sir William Guise headed the poll. He
was favourable to the Reform in Parliament, and advo-
cated the immediate abolition of slavery. He died 23rd
July, 1834.

H. A. GRUEBER.

MISCELLANEA.

FIND OF COINS AT COLCHESTER. — During some excavations
lately made at Colchester a small hoard of Roman silver coins
was found, the bulk of which came into the hands of Mr.
Charles Golding of that town, who kindly submitted them to
me for examination. The coins, rather more than thirty in
number, range over a period of about a hundred years, from the
reign of Hadrian to that of Severus Alexander, the majority
having been struck under Septimius Severus and his family.
The date of the last coin in the hoard is A.D. 223, so that its
deposit cannot have been before that date, though probably but
a year or two later. As will be seen from the following list
none of the coins are of special interest or rarity. There is one
slight variety of Antoninus Pius (Cohen, No. 582) omitting
the P.P. after his name and titles ; and among the coins of
Caracalla is one of those of large module, the binio or double
denarius, known as the argenteus Antoninianus. These pieces
were first issued in A.D. 215, and with the intermission of the
reigns of Severus Alexander and Maximinus, continued to be
struck until, under Gordian III., they became the most abun-
dant of the silver coins. The Colchester specimen is one of
the first year of their issue, and weighs 79£ grains = 5-15
grammes, or rather less than double the weight of the later
denarii of Caracalla. The weight aimed at, assuming that the
Antoniniani were struck at the rate of sixty-four to the pound,
was 5*12 grammes.1

The coins comprised in this hoard, especially those of later
date, were as a rule in good condition.

JOHN EVANS.

1 Hist, de la Monn. Rom., Mommsen and Blacas, vol. iii. 70.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 H

414 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

LIST OF COINS FOUND AT COLCHESTER, 1891.
HADRIANUS.

Obv.— HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS. Bare head r.
ffefl —ROMA FELIX COS. III. P. P. Rome seated. (Cob.
1,307.)

ANTONINUS Pius.

Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS. Bare head r.
J&y.—CONSECRATIO. Funeral pile. (Coh. 164.)

Obv.— ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS P.P. TR. P. XV. Laureate
bustr. (Var. of Coh. 582.)

Rev.— COS. IIII. Fortune standing. (Coh. 267.)

Obv.— IMP. CAES. T. AEL. HADR. ANTONINVS AVG.
PIVS. Laureate bust r.

Rev.— PAX. (in exergue) TR. POT. XIIII COS. IIII. Peace
standing holding branch and sceptre.

FAUSTINA I.

Obv.— DIVA FAVSTINA. Bust r.
Rev.— AVGVSTA. Ceres (?) standing. (Coh. 93 ?)

MARCUS AURELIUS.

O/^.—AVRELIVS CAES. AVG. PII F. Bare head r.
tf^.— VIRTVS COS. II. Valour standing. (Coh. 1,006.)

Lucius VERUS.
Obv.— L. VERVS AVG. ARMENIACVS. Bare head r.

Rev.— ARMEN. (in exergue) TR. P. IIII IMP. II COS. II.
Armenia seated. (Coh. 8.)

Obv.— L. VERVS AVG. ARM. PARTH. MAX. Head
laureate r.

Rev.— PAX (in exergue) TR. P. VI IMP. IIII COS. II.
Peace standing. (Coh. 126.)

Obv. — As last. Head laureate r.

y(V,.._TR. P. VIII DIP. V COS. III. Equity seated.
(Coh. 318.)

MISCELLANEA. 415

COMMODUS.

Obv.— M. COMM. ANT. P. FEL. AVG. BRIT. P.P. Lau-
reate head r.

Rev.— LIB. AVG. P.M. TR. P. XV COS. VI. Liberty
standing. (Coh. 282.)

Obv.— M. COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG. Laureate
head r.

jRw.— TR. P. VII IMP. IIII COS. in P.P. Salus at
altar. (Coh. 833.)

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.

Obv.—L. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. XI. PART.
MAX. Laureate head r.

Rev.— COS. II P.P. Victory 1. (Coh. 96.)

Obv.— IMP. CAE. L. SEP. SEV. PERT. AVG. Laureate
head r.

Rev.— COS. in P.P. Victory 1. (Coh. 100.)

Obv.— SEVERVS PIVS AVG. Laureate head r.
.R*t>.— FVNDATOR PACIS. Severus standing. (Coh.
205).

Obv.— IMP. CAE. L. SEP. SEV. PERT. AVG. Laureate
head r.

Rev.— LIBERAL. AVG. COS. Liberality standing. (Coh.
281.)

Obv.— SEVERVS PIVS AVG. Laureate head r.

Rev.— PART. MAX. P. M. TR. P. VIII. Trophy with
two captives at foot. (Coh. 370.)

JULIA DOMNA.

Obv.— IVLIA AVGVSTA. Draped bust r.

Rev.— PIETAS AVGG. Piety at altar. (Coh. 150.)

CAR AC ALL A.

Oil-. —ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Laureate head r.
Rev.— LIBERALITAS AVG. VI. Liberality standing.
(Coh. 128.)

416 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS FEL. AVG. Laureate head r.
Rev.— MARTI PROPVGNATORI. Mars. (Coh. 151.)

Obv.— IMP. CAE. M. AVR. ANT. AVG. P. TR. P. Draped

and laureate bust r.
Eev.— MINER. VICTRIX. Minerva and trophy. (Coh.

159.)

Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. GERM. Laureate head r.

Eev.— P.M.TR.P.XVn COS. IHI P.P. Apollo seated.
(Coh. 242.)

Obv. — As last. Radiate bust r.

Rev.—V. M. TR. P. XVIII COS. ITU P.P. The sun standing
(Antoninianus). (Coh. 287.)

Obv.— ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS. Laureate bust r.
Rev.— PONTIF. TR. P. HI. Standing figure. (Coh. 413.)

Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Laureate and draped

bust r.
Rev.—VOT. SVSC. DEC. PON. TR. P. V COS. Caracalla at

altar. (Coh. 686.)

GETA.

Obv.— P. SEPT. GETA CAES. PONT. Bare bust r.
Rev.— NOBILITAS. Nobility standing. (Coh. 90.)

Obv.— P. SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES. Bare bust r.
Rev.— PONTIF. COS. H. Geta sacrificing. (Coh. 119.)

Obv. — As last.

Rev.— PROVID. DEORVM. Providence standing. (Coh.
170.)

Obv.— P. SEPT. GETA CAES. PONT. Bare bust r.
Eev.— SECVRIT. IMPERH. Security seated. (Coh. 188.)

Obv. — As last. Bare bust r.

Rev.— VICT. AETERN. Victory 1. (Coh. 206.)

MISCELLANEA. 417

ELAGABALUS.

Obv.— IMP. CAES. M. AVR. ANTONINVS AVG. Laureate

bust r.
Bev.—~P. M. TR. P. COS. P.P. Rome seated 1. (Coh. 125).

Obv.— IMP. CAES. ANTONINVS AVG. Laureate bust r.

Rev.— P. M. TR. P. II COS. II P.P. Rome seated 1.
(Coh. 136.)

SEVERUS ALEXANDER.

Obv.— IMP. C. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG. Draped
and laureate bust r.

Rev.— P. M. TR. P. COS. P.P. Mars standing. (Coh. 207.)

Obv.— IMP. C. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG. Draped
and laureate bust r.

Eev.—P. M. TR. P. II COS. P.P. Jupiter standing. (Coh.
229.)

TITYEOS OB TISYROS. — My friend, Mr. A. Skias, Deputy
Professor of Greek Literature at the University of Athens, who
is at present engaged on a study of the Cretan dialect, has, on
reading my article, " The Inscription TIZYPOI on Coins of
Gortyna " (published in the Num. Chron. for 1887, pp. 126 —
181), directed my attention to a passage in the Scholiast on
Theocritus, iii. 2 (ed. Ahrens), that has hitherto escaped the
notice of all who have written on Cretan history, geography, or
numismatics.

S' OVOfJia KliplOV 6 TlTVpOS, TLVeg [St] <f>a<TlV,

TO SiA-tyvos 6 SiKeAtornys' "AAAoi Se TOV<S rpdyovs. ertpot
Toi)s Sarupous' li/tot ovof^a TroAecos

It will be seen that this passage completely confirms my
previous supposition that the inscription TIZYPOI had an
ethnic significance. From the close resemblance in type and
fabric of the TIZYPOI coins to the didrachms of Gortyna,
I was formerly led to believe that TArvpoi must be one of the

418 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

names (like Kopvo-Tiw and Kapre//,w'8es) borne by the Gorty-
nians. It must be remembered, however, that different towns
sometimes issued coins that were identical in type and fabric.
The coinage by Gortyna and Phaestus of the well-known
didrachms inscribed Fop-Twos TO Trat/xa and <I>aio-Tia>v TO Trai/xa
is an instance of this (Svoronos, Num. de la Crete, PI. XII.
21 ; PI. XXII. 34). The TiVupot coins need not, therefore, be
assigned to Gortyna, but must belong to the town of Turupo<
or Tirvpos, the existence of which we learn from the important
passage above cited. The workmanship of the coins, if closel}
examined, will be found, moreover, to be somewhat less careful
than that of the Gortynian money. To the long list of Cretai
towns we have thus to add yet another name.

JOHN N. SVORONOS.

AN UNPUBLISHED PENNY OF ARCHBISHOP CRANMER. — In the
autumn of 1887, I purchased a penny of Henry VIII, which
was shown to me as I was standing for a moment watching the
pulling down of an old house not far from the Market Square
in Cambridge. It proved to be a penny of the second coinage
of Henry VIII, the so-called sovereign type, with the king
enthroned, with the legend H. D. G. ROSA SINE SPIN A,
and mint-mark Catherine wheel. The reverse reads CI VITAS
CANTOR ; in the centre the shield with the royal arms. On
either side of the shield are the letters T. C., Thomas Cranmer.
It weighs 10£ grs. Troy. Hawkins does not assign any pennies
of the second issue to Canterbury, although of course the half-
pence with the initials T. C. and Catherine-wheel mint-mark
are well known.

WILLIAM RIDGE WAY.

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.

The Revue Numismatique, 1891, Parts I. — III. contain the
following articles : —

1. PRINCE PETER OF SAXE-COBURG. On rare and unpublished
Greek coins.

This paper contains nothing specially worth noting. On the
coin of Byzantium (PI. I., No. 2), the object which the write"

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 419

calls an instrument de peche fusiforme is now known to be a tall
torch.

2. SAGLIO (E.). On a denarius of Hostilius Saserna, and on
the primitive worship of Diana in Italy. The author justly
remarks that the archaic image of Diana on the reverse of this
coin is not, as has been generally supposed, that of the Epbe-
sian Artemis, but of the old Italic Diana of Latium.

8. GUIFFEEY (J-). On some medals of the Carrara, Lords of
Padua, circ. A.D. 1390. These medals, formerly supposed to
be later restitutions, are here proved to be of the time, and to
be, therefore, the earliest Italian medals.

4. BABELON (E.). On four bronze medallions of Asia Minor
struck at Cyzicus, Ephesus, and Acmonia. The reverses of the
coins of Cyzicus, which are both of Commodus, are respec-
tively, the galley of the Proconsul, showing the iccAev<ro?s seated
in the stern, and the eponymous hero of the city, Kyzikos,
whose statue, one of the ornaments of the town, was restored
at great expense in the second century of our era. The coin
of Ephesus is of Macrinus, and represents five figures sacrific-
ing before his temple. That of Acmonia is of Gordian, and
exhibits on the reverse a finely-executed group of Rhea-Amal-
thea, with the infant Zeus upon her knee, protected on either
side and at the back by one of the Corybantes or Curetes.

5. PROU (M.). On a silver coin of the sixth century, with
the legend DONO DEI. This coin, on the obverse of which is
a monogram, is assigned by the writer to Childebert I.

6. CASTAN (A.). A* concession by Charles the Bald of the
right of coining money to the metropolitan Church of Be-
saneon.

7. BLANCHET (J. A.). The Book of the money-changer,
Duhamel. The writer here gives an interesting description of
a curious manuscript, written before the year 1521, containing
short indications of the values of different coins then and pre-
viously current, and illustrated by rubbings from some of the
specimens.

8. SORLIN DORIGNY (A.). Aurelian and the revolt of the
monetarii. This is a paper which will well repay further study.
Its object is to prove that previous writers, including Momm-
sen, have mistaken the causes of the rebellion of Felicissimus
and his moneyers ; a rebellion which cost Aurelian seven thou-
sand of his soldiers. It is generally supposed that Aurelian's
monetary reforms, by which the workmen in the mint were
deprived of the illegitimate profits which they made by debasing
the coinage, were the immediate cause of the revolt. It is
contended by the writer, first, that any such profits could have

420 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

been only infinitesimal ; secondly, that the revolt preceded and
did not follow the reform of the coinage ; and, lastly, that the
expression used by Aurelius Victor, nummariam notam corrosis-
sent, does not mean that they had debased the metal, but that
they had issued a seditious currency. The discussion turns
upon the meaning of the word nota, which the author would
limit to a type, sign, or inscription on a coin.

9. PROU (M.). On barbarous silver coins found in the Mero-
vingian cemetery of Herpes.

10. HEISS (A.). An essay on the coins of the Suevi. The
writer classifies the Suevian coinage as follows : — The earliest
issues are imitations of the Triens of Honorius. During the
reign of Valeutinian III, the Suevi modified the reverse type of
the imperial coinage, and developed therefrom what may be
called a characteristic national variety. Their earliest and their
later coins were struck at Bracara, in Galicia, which they con-
quered in A.D. 409, and which they lost, together with their
nationality, in 584. Between 430 and 457 their principal mint
was Emerita, in Lusitania, but when that province was recon-
quered by the Visigoths the Suevian money was once more
restricted to Galicia.

11. BLANCHET (J. A.). The Book of the money-changer,
Duhamel (continuation).

12. LIENARD (F.). Note on a hoard of coins discovered in the
neighbourhood of Verdun, consisting of episcopal deniers of
Verdun, ranging from 1089—1129.

13. MARCHEVILLE (M. de). Restitution of a Tournai groat
to John IV, Duke of Brittany.

14. DROUIN (E.). Remarks on the coins struck in the first
centuries of the Christian era by the Turanian princes of Turk-
estan, eastern Iran, and north-west India, before the Moham-
medan conquest.

15. SCHLUMBERGER (G.). On three seals of the Holy Land,
attributed to Renaud, Count of Sidon, 1165—1204, to Peter, a
Latin Patriarch of Antioch, and to Sergius, an abbot of the
famous monastery of St. Paul, at Antioch.

16. PRINCE PETER OF SAXE-COBURG. On rare and unpublished
Greek coins (second article).

17. LE BLANT (E.). On a silver medal (charm or amulet)
of the time of Charles VII.

18. DE MARCHEVILLE (M.). On a Burgundian coin of John
Duke of Normandy.

19. MOWAT (R.). On the so-called heads of Pallor and Pavor,
on denarii of L. Hostilius Saserna.

20. BAPELON (E.). Aradus. In this interesting paper the

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 421

author gives, for the first time, a thoroughly satisfactory expla-
nation of the Phosnician letters Wft on the coins of Aradus. He
begins by showing that the interpretation suggested by M.
Clermont Ganneau, and adopted by Six and Head (Hist. Num.
p. 666), viz. [TT)]S["|b]E " Rex Aradi" is not in conformity
with the usage of antiquity. M. Babelon next shows, from
numerous instances, that the letter fa is a prefix indicating
locality, and that the M is the initial letter of Aradus. The
legend Wft is equivalent therefore to ex Arado. On coins of
Tyre and Sidon the letter b is used in the same sense, e.g. "rf?i
22127. The author then proceeds to classify the coins of
Aradus in chronological order in the following periods : I. B.C.
400 — 350, coins chiefly with the type of the sea-god Dagon.
II. B.C. 350—382, coins with the head of Melkarth and the
letters Nft followed often by isolated letters, or by dates ranging
from 10 — 17, which are probably the years of the reign of King
Gerostratus, B.C. 350— 332. III., B.C. 832—237, coins with the
types of Alexander the Great ; from 332 — 298 without dates,
and from 298 — 237 with dates reckoned from the Seleucid era,
B.C. 312. It will be seen from the above resumd that M. Babelon
differs from M. Six, not only with regard to the dates of the
earlier series bearing the types of Dagon and Melkarth, but in
substituting the Seleucid era (312) for the era of Aradus (259)
as the starting point of the dated coins of the Alexandrian type.
The arguments adduced by M. Babelon seem to us to be un-
answerable, and we shall look forward with much interest to the
completion of his valuable monograph.

21. GUIFFREY (J.). On the Medal Mint. A metallic history
of Louis XIV and Louis XV, from unpublished documents in
the national archives. This is the last of a series of articles on
this subject which commenced in 1887.

ROSCHER (W. H., Jun.). On the equestrian statue of J. Caesar,
in the Forum Julium, and the ITTTTOS ySporoTrovs on a coin of
Gordian III, struck at Nicsea in Bithynia. Reprint from the
Berichten dcr Konigl. Sachs. Gesellscha/t der Wissenschaften. June,
1891.

In the Historia Numorum (p. 443) the coin here discussed
is thus described : " ITTTTON BPOTOTTOAA NIKAI-
EliN, Divinity riding on a horse whose right foreleg is formed
like a human arm, which grasps the serpent staff, and whose
left foreleg ends in a human foot. The tail of the monster is a
serpent." This strange coin-type has always been a puzzle to
numismatists, and we congratulate Herr Roscher on having had
the good fortune to light upon its explanation. This is, in the
main, furnished by a passage in Pliny (H. N. viii., 155) : " Nee

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 I

422 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Caesaris Dictatoris quemquam alium recepisse dorso equus
traditur, idemque humanis similes pedes priores habuisse, hac
effigie locatus ante Veneris G-enetricis aedem." Suetonius also
(Div. Julius, 61) writes : " Utebatur autem equo insigni, pedibus
prope humanis et in modum digitorum ungulis fissis, quern
natum apud se, cum haruspices imperium orbis terrae signi-
ficare domino pronuntiassent, magna cura aluit nee patientem
sessoris alterius primus ascenclit, cujus etiam instar pro
aede Veneris G-enetricis postea dedicavit." Caesar, in encourag-
ing the credulity of the ignorant and their belief in his won-
drous horse, did but follow, from political motives, in the foot-
steps of Alexander the Great. Caesar's horse was a mere
plagiarism of Bucephalus. Herr Roscher supposes that, after
the victory at Zela which relieved Bithynia, with its capital
Nicaea, from the danger with which it was threatened at the
hands of the cruel Pharnaces, the city of Nicaea set up in its
TtjLtei/oe of the Divus Julius an equestrian statue of Caesar,
deified in the likeness of the Phrygian god M//I/ ' Ao-io^/os, or
'AoTKatos (cf. Ascanius), in allusion to his Trojan descent. The
peculiar attributes of Caesar's marvellous horse were copied
from the statue which the Dictator had himself caused to be
erected at Rome, other symbols being added, such as the
serpent-tail and the serpent-staff, which are also characteristic
of the worship of the god Men. In illustration of his theory,
Herr Roscher has compiled a most valuable and exhaustive
monograph on the cultus of the Moon -god, Men, which widely
prevailed in western Asia Minor among the ethnologically allied
races of Phrygians, Mysians, Lydians, and Carians. This
interesting treatise is accompanied by a good index, which will
render the work extremely useful for reference. We may here
see at once what attributes belong to the worship of Men, and
what distinctive titles and epithets he bore in the various
localities in which his worship flourished. These latter, it will
be noticed, are not less numerous than they are strange, e.g.,
'A£toTT?7vos, 'Acncr/vos, 'Ao-Kcuos, Ka/mpc/n;?, Kapou, Ovpai'ios,
IleTpaeiTjys, Sct)8a<nos, Tta/xov, Tupavvos, <$>apva.KOV, <I>a)cr0opos, etc.
Four excellent plates accompany the essay in which the different
types of the Asiatic Moon-god are figured.

B. V. HEAD.

" Les Monnaies et la Chronologic des rois de Sidon sous la
domination des Perses Achemenides," par E. Babelon. (Bulletin
de Correspondance hellenique, 1891, p. 293.)

Among the many unsolved problems that have for years past
exercised the curiosity of numismatists, there are few which have

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 423

so thoroughly baffled their ingenuity as the Phoenician letters
337, 37D, 3737, on the large octadrachms which M. Six (Num.
Chron., 1877, p. 195) was the first to attribute to the city of
Sid on. Hence although M. Six's theory as to the origin of
these coins met with very general acceptance, he cannot be
said to have advanced any absolute proof of its soundness.
Such proofs are, however, at last forthcoming, and the credit of
adducing them is due to the keen insight of M. Babelon, the
learned assistant-keeper of the Cabinet des Medailles in the
Bibliotheque nationale. M. Babelon's brilliant discovery not
only places beyond all doubt the attribution of the coins in
question to Sidon, but settles several knotty points in chronology
which had been in dispute with regard to the names and the
number of the monarchs who reigned in Sidon before the time
of Alexander the Great. The following, from a numismatic
standpoint, are the main results of M. Babelon's researches : —

The coins with the Phoenician galley in full sail (Hist. Num.,
fig. 352) he attributes to the King of Sidon who reigned from
about B.C. 400 to 374, and who fought at Cnidus under the
orders of Conon and Pharnabazus. Unfortunately we do not
know the name of this king, and his coins are uninscribed.

The second group, distinguished by the letters 337 (which,
however, only occur on some of the didrachms, the octadrachms
being still uninscribed), has on the obverse a galley lying under
the fortified wall of a city (Hist. Num., fig. 353). These are
assigned to King Strato I (B.C. 374—362), the letters n37 being
the initials of his Phoenician name Abdashtoreth (rnnLZ737"TD37),
of which " Strato " is a corruption. The successor of Strato I
was Tennes (B.C. 362 — 350), to whom M. Babelon ascribes the
series of which the types are, obv. a galley with rowers at sea
and dates ranging from 1 to 4 ; rev. king driven slowly by
charioteer, with an attendant walking behind the chariot in
Asiatic costume. The inscription on the coins of this class is
37D. The Phoenician name of this king is not known ; possibly
it was not Semitic, as Tennes was a prince imposed upon Sidon
by the King of Persia after the revolt of Strato. After four
years Tennes himself revolted from Persia, but subsequently
submitted, leaving Ochus to wreak his vengeance upon Sidon,
which he pillaged and burnt in B.C. 350.

The most important discovery of M. Babelon is, however, his
explanation of the strange combination of Phoenician letters 3737,
which is characteristic of the series which follows next in order.
These he believes to be the first two letters of the Phoenician
form of the Greek name Evagoras (STU3737). Evagoras II,
ex-king of Salamis in Cyprus, was appointed by the Great King
(according to Diodorus, xvi. 46) to a sovereignty in Asia even

424 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

more important than that which he had lost in Cyprus. This
sovereignty is identified by M. Babelon as Sidon, the throne of
which city had fallen vacant in B.C. 350 on the death of Tennes.
Evagoras reigned at Sidon only three years, B.C. 349 — 346,
when he was expelled in favour of a scion of the ancient royal
race, Strato II, B.C. 346 — 332. To Strato II belongs the
largest series of Sidonian coins. In type they resemble those
of his predecessors, Tennes and Evagoras, and they are distin-
guished by the inscription SB, the two first letters of Strato's
Phoenician name Abdashtoreth. According to the dates which
these coins bear Strato II must have reigned at least thirteen
years, and here again the testimony of history is confirmed by
the coins.

After Alexander's conquest the coins of Sidon were struck in
his name and with his types.

In addition to the above-described coinage of Sidon itself, the
Sidonian types were adopted by the Persian satrap Mazaeus,
whose name "nttt in Aramaic characters distinguishes a series
of octadrachms which, judging from the form of the letters, can
only have been struck in one of the ports of the Cilician coast.
Mazaeus became satrap of Cilicia circ. B.C. 360. He helped to
put down the revolt of Tennes, and ultimately betrayed Darius,
and opened the gates of Babylon to Alexander, who left him in
possession of the satrapy of Babylon, where he died in B.C. 328.
His coins with Sidonian types seem to have been issued
during three separate periods of his rule, doubtless on the
occasion of maritime expeditions, for they bear the dates of his
reign, 1, 2, 3, then, after an interval, 9, 10, 11, 12, and lastly,
after another interval, 19, 20, and 21.

There is still one more group of octadrachms which remains
to be mentioned. These are of finer work than any of the
others. They are distinguished by their heavier weight, by
their edges, which are rounded, and by the fact that the
attendant who follows the king's chariot wears an Egyptian
costume. The octadrachms and didrachms of this group have
on the obverse the letter 3, while the obols have 1 on the
obverse and y on the reverse. No dated specimens are known.
M. Babelon would attribute the coins of this class to the period
between B.C. 346 and 343, while Artaxerxes Ochus was engaged
in the conquest of Egypt. The letters 372 and 3 stand for the
name of Bagoas, a eunuch of Egyptian origin, who rendered
invaluable assistance to the king of Persia in subduing and
pacifying Egypt. In B.C. 343 he returned with his master to
Babylon, and was succeeded in Egypt by the satrap Pheren-
dates.

NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 425

The bronze coins and a few of the obols of the above classes
are uninscribed and can therefore be only conjecturally distri-
buted among the various reigns.

We have thought it well to dwell somewhat at length on
M. Babelon's interesting article, partly because it has not
appeared in a numismatic periodical, but chiefly because we
regard it as one of the most important contributions to the
science of numismatics which has come under our notice of late
years. It is important, not only to numismatists, who are
enabled now for the first time to classify the coins in their
proper order, but to Semitic scholars and historians, who may
gather from it new data for the nomenclature and the chrono-
logy of the kings of Sidon, and who may learn from it for the
first time the part which Evagoras II of Cyprus took in the
political changes which ensued upon the burning of Sidon after
the revolt of Tennes, B.C. 350.

B. V. HEAD.

Numismatica. By Dr. Solone Ambrosoli. Milan, 1891.

This is a volume in the large series of elementary manuals
published by Hoepli of Milan. It is illustrated by photographs
of about a hundred coins, and its cost is only a lira and a half.
The attempt to write a manual of ancient, mediaeval, and modern
numismatics within the limits of 209 small pages is a tour de
force which must be leniently judged. On the whole, Dr.
Ambrosoli has made a judicious use of the space at his dis-
posal, and his book will be useful to beginners who can read
Italian ; while at the same time its bibliographical details
(especially full in the Italian sections), and its handy lists of
emperors, doges, &c., will render it of some service even to
experienced numismatists. In another edition, the chapter on
Roman coins would be improved by inserting the approximate
dates of the various issues. The bibliography of " Inghilterra "
and "Scozia" also needs revision. The names of Cochran-
Patrick and Burns should be added to that of Lindsay, and
the works of Evans, Hawkins, Kenyon, and Montagu might
surely be substituted for The English Coins and Tokens of Jewitt.

W. WROTH.

INDEX.

A.

Aegina, coin of, 127
Aenus (Thrace), coin of, 118
Aetolian League, coin of, 126
Agrippa, large coin of, 153
Akragas, coins of, 365
Alexander the Great, coin of, 122
Alexander, tyrant of Pherse, coin

of, 124
Alexander, Severus, coins of, 417

,, medallions of, 158

Amadocus II. (?), coin of, 119
Ambrosoli, So lone, his Numis-

matica noticed, 425
Antonia, coin of, 200
Antoninus and Aurelius, coin of,

146
Antoninus Pius, coin of, 414

,, medallion of, 154

Aptera (Crete), coin of, 128
Aradus (Phoenicia), coin of, 133
Aramaic coin, 133
Archaic coins, 1
Arethusa, head of, 243
Artist, a new Syracusan, 231
Athens, c>ins of, 126, 22J, 364
A9AA on medallions, 213, 239
Augustus, coins of, 199

,, Cypriote coin of, 146
Aurelius, M., coin of, 414

,, medallion of, 156

B.

BABELON, E. : —

His Catalogue des monnaies
Grecques, Hois de Syrie, noticed,
113
His Monnaies des rois de Sidon,

etc., noticed, 422
Bithynian coin, 130
BLANGHET, M. J. ADRIEN : —
Inedited gold crown of James V.,
with the name of John, Duke
of Albany, 203

Bodleian Collection, Gupta coins
in, 60

British Museum, Greek coins ac-
quired by, 116, 117

Bury, Bishop De, Durham pennies
of, 164

C.

Caligula, coins of, 200

Camperdown, Viscount, medals of,
65

Caracalla, coins of, 415, 416

Carthage, coins of, 302, 304

Chandra Gupta I , coins of, 52

Chandra Gupta II., cuins of, 54

Chester, the mint of, 12

Citium, coins of, 142

Claudius, coins of, 201

,, Cypriote coin of, 146

Clazomense, coins wrongly attri-
buted to, 9

Cnidus, coin of, 131

Commodus, coins of, 415

,, medallion of, 157

Cranmer, penny struck under, 418

Crete, coins of, 109, 128

CROWTHER, REV. G. F., M.A. : —
Pennies of William I. and II.,

25

On a Pax penny attributed to
Witney, 161

Cyprus, coins of the kingdom of,
147

Cyprus, coins found in, 140

Gyrene, coins of, 1

D.

Damareteion, the history of the, 325
Demeter, head of, 310
Diunysios, the tin coinage of, 351
Dubnovellaunus, new coin of, 198
Duppa, llichard, medal of, 68
Durham pennies of Bishops De

Bury and Hatfield, 164
Dyce, William, medal of, 69

INDEX.

427

E.

Earrings, their varieties, 282
Eaton, D. I., medal of, 70
Edmonds, G-., medal of, 71
Edward IV., arrangement of th

coins of, 180

Edward VI., coins of, 202
Effingham, Earl of, medal of, 72
Egerton, J., medal of, 72
Elagabalus, coins of, 417
Eldon, Earl of, medals of, 73
El is, coin of, 127
Elizabeth, coins of, 203
Elliott, G. A., medals of, 74
Elphinstone, Mountsiuart, medal

of, 76

Engel and Serrure, their Traite
de Numismatique du Moyen Age
noticed, 114

Englefield, Sir H. C., medal (,f, 77
Eon, Chevalier d', medal of, 78
Erskine and Gibbs, medals of, 79
Eryx, coins of, 366
Euinsr, W., medal of, 81
Eurrienes, the engraver, 263
Eupolemus, coins of, 134
EY9, the engraver, 264
Evsenetos, the engraver, 208, 258

,, his artistic coins, 289
Evagoras, coin of, 143
EVANS, ARTHUR JOHN, F.S.A. : —
Syracusan " medallions " and

their engravers, 205
Appendix A, 364
Appendix B, 372
Evans, Rev. C., medal of, 82
Evans, J., medal of, 82
EVANS, JOHN, D.C.L., P.S.A. : —
On some rare or unpublished

Roman medallions, 152
A new coin of Dubnovellaunus,

198

Find of coins at Colchester, 413
Exmouth, Viscount, medal of, 83

F.

Faustina I., coin of, 414

„ medallion of, 154

Fellowes, R., medal of, 85
Fereday, S., medals of, 85
Ferguson, R., medal of, 86
Ferguson, Sir R. C., medals of, 87
Ferguson, Rt. Hon. R. C., medal
of, 88

Ferrie, A , medal of, 89
Fielding, Sir J., medal of, 90
Finds of coins : —

Colchester, 413

Cos, 1

Naxos, 374

Santa Maria di Licodia, Sicilv,
217

Vt-llalore, Southern India, 199

"Western Sicily, 364

Whaplode, 202

Fitzwilliam, Earl, medal of, 91
Flaxman, J., medal of, 92
Fordyce and Hunter, medal of, 92
Fothergill, J., medal of, 93
Fox, C J., medals of, 94
Franklin, B., medals of, 100
Franks, A. W., jeton of, 103
Fuller, J., medals of, 103

G.

Garbett, Samuel, medal of, 377
Gardner, Lord, medal of, 377
GARDNER, PROP. PERCY, F.S.A. :—
Notice of Babylon's Monnaies

Grecques, Rois de Syrie, 113
Garrick, David, medals of, 379
Gascoyne, Gen., medal of, 381
Gaskell, Benjamin, medal of, 382
Gela, coins of, 303, 365
Geta, coins of, 416
Giesecke, Charles Von, medal of

382

Gilbart, J. W., medal of, 384
Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., medals

of, 385
Gordon, Lord George, medals of,

381

Gordon, Sir W. Duff, medal of, 387
Gortyna, coins of, 417
Gould, John, medal of, 388
Graham, Gen., medal of, 394
Granby, Marquis of, medals of, 380
Grant Duff, Lady, medal of, 391
Grapes, bunch of, on coins, 1
Grattan, Henry, medals of, 392
Gray, J. E. and M., medal of, 395
Greek archaic coins, 1
Greek coins acquired by the British
Museum, 117; corrections, 116
Green, Charles,' medal of, 396
Greene, Richard, medal of, 397
Grenville, Lord, medal of, 397
Gresley, Sir Roger, medal of, 398

428

INDEX.

Gretton, Sarah, medal of, 399
Grey, Earl, medals of, 399
Grimshaw, Nicholas, medal of, 411
GKUEBER, H. A., F.S.A. :—
English Personal Medals from

1760, 65, 377

Treasure-trove, Whaplode, Lin-
colnshire, 203

Guise, Sir B. W., medal of, 412
Gupta coins, 48
Guy de Lusignan, coin of, 150

H.

Hadrian, coin of, 414

,, medallion of, 153
Harpies, representations of, 6
Hatfield, Bishop, Durham pennies

of, 164

HEAD, BARCLAY V., D.C.L.,
Ph.D. :—
Archaic coins probably of Gyrene,

1

Notice of Revue Nunrismatique
and Zeitschrift f. Numismatik,
105, 418
Notice of Svoronos' article in

Ephemeris, 110
Notice of Ramsay's Asia Minor,

111
Notice of Bahelon's Monnaies

des rois de Sidon, 422
Henries, coins of the, 193
Henry VI., quarter-noble errone-
ously attributed to, 189
Henry VI., coins of, 180
HenfV VII., coins of, 34
Henry VIII., penny of, 418
Herakles, head of, 8
Himera, coins of, 274, 366
Hyrtacina (Crete), coin of, 129

I.

Isaac Comnenus, coin of, 147
Itanus (Crete), coins of, 128
lulis (Ceos), coin of, 129

J.

James II. of Cyprus, coin of, 151
James V. of Scotland, and John

Duke of Albany, gold crown of

203

John II. of Cyprus, coin of, 150
Julia Domna, coin of, 415

K.

Kacha, Gupta coins of, 53
Kamarina, coins of, 292, 365
Katane, coins of, 292, 365
Kimon, the engraver, 207

,, his dekadrachms, 255
Kore. the head of, 211
Kumara-Gupta, coins of, 58
Kylix, Cyrenean, 5
Kyrene, coins of, 266

L.

Latus (Crete), coin of, 128
LAWRENCE, L. A., ESQ. : —

English silver coins issued be-
tween 1461 and 1483, 180
Leicester, the mint of, 12
Leontini, coins of, 360, 366
Leukas, coins of, 364
Lisus (Crete), coins of, 129
Lycceius, coin of, 121

M.

Mary, coin of, 203
Medallions, Roman, 152

„ Syracusan, 205
Mende, coin of, 2
Messana, coins of, 221, 366
Moagetas of Paphos, coins of (?),

141
MONTAGU, H., F.S.A. :—

The Anglo-Saxon mints of Lei-
cester and Chester, 12
Notice of Engel and Serrure's
Numismatique du Moyen Age,
114

On the Durham pennies of
Bishops de Bury and Hatfield,
164
Motya, coin of, 222, 272, 367

N.

Neapolis, coins of, 279

Nero, coins of, 202

Nero Drusus, coins of, 200

Nicomedes II. (?) of Bithynia, coin

of, 130
Nike on Syracusan medallions, 236,

350

INDEX.

429

0.

Olba (Cilicia), coin of, 132

P.

PACKE, A. E., ESQ. :—

Some Notes on the coins of

Henry VII., 34
Panorama, coins of, 269
Pausanias of Mace don, coin of, 122
PAX pennies of William I. or II.,

25, 161

Persephone, head of, 231, 244
Persian coin, 133
Pherae (Thessaly), coins of, 123
Philippopolis (Gomphi), coin of,

123

Phrygillos, the engraver, 223, 264
Pnytagoras (?), coin of, 142
Praesus (Crete), coin of, 129
Praxippus, coin of, 144
Probus, medallion of, 159

K.

Eamsay, Prof. W. M., his His-
torical Geography of Asia Minor
noticed, 111

EAPSON, E. J., ESQ., M.A. :—
Notes on Gupta coins, 48

Revue Numismatique noticed, 105,
418

Ehaucus (Crete), coin of, 129

Ehegion, coins of, 364

Eidgway, W., unpublished penny
of Cranmer, 418

Sable, Eobert de, of Cyprus, coin

of, 148

Salamis, coins of, 141
Salmacis, coins assigned to, 140
Samuda-Gupta, coins of, 63
Scione (Macedonia), coin of, 121
Segesta, coins of, 259, 294, 367
Selinus, coin of, 222, 265, 277, 368
Severus, Sept., coins of, 415
Severus Alexander, see Alexander

Severus.

Siculo-Punic coins, 268, 369
Sidon, coins of the kings of, 422
Silphium on coins, 7
Sosion, the Syracusan engraver, 263

Sparadocus, coin of, 118
SVORONOS, J. N. : —

His Numismatique de la CrHe
ancienne noticed, 109

Ephemeris Archaeologike no-
ticed, 110

Ti tyros or Tisyros, 417
Syracuse, coins of, 117, 221, 368
Syracusan coinage, chronology of

the, 348
Syracusan " medallions " and their

engravers, 205
Syracusan medallions, weight of,

249
Syracusan medallions, history of,

325

T.

Tarsus, coin of, 300
THUKSTON, EDGAR, ESQ. : —

A further discovery of Eoman

coins in Southern India, 199
Tiberius, coins of, 199
Timarkos of Paphos, coin of, 145
Tityros or Tisyros, 417
Tricca (Thessaly), coin of, 125

V.

Verus, Lucius, coins of, 414

W.

WARREN, COL. FALKLAND, C.M.G. :
Notes on coins found in Cyprus.

140

William I. and II., coins of, 25
Wind-gods, representations of, 6
Witney or Wilton, PAX pennies

attributed to, 161
WROTH, WARWICK, F.S.A. :—
Notice of Svoronos' Crete an-
cienne, 109
Corrections as to Greek coins in

the British Museum, 116
Greek coins acquired by the

British Museum in 1890, 117
Eupolemus, 135

Notice of Ambrosoli's Numis-
matica, 425

Z.

Zeitschrift fur Numismatik noticed,
106

END OF VOL. XI.

PRINTED BY J. S. VIETUK AND CO., LIMITED, CITY EOAD, LONDON.

VOL. XI. THIRD SERIES. 3 K

PBOCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY.

SESSION 1890—1891.

OCTOBER 16, 1890.

JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Treas.R.S., P.S.A.,
President, in the Chair.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—

1. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 20 — 41.
From the Publishers.

2. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Parts I— II, 1890. From the Society.

3. Royal Irish Academy. Cunningham Memoir No. V. Pro-
ceedings, 3rd series, vol. i, No. 3. From the Academy.

4. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest.
ler trimestre, 1889. From the Society.

5. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic, 1889,
Part IV, and 1890, Parts I— in, with Tillrog, 1889. From the
Society of Northern Antiquaries of Copenhagen.

6. Memoires de la Societe royale des Antiquaires du
Nord, 1889. From the Society.

7. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. xi, Parts VI —
VII. From the Institute.

8. Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik. Band XVII, Part II. From
the Editor.

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

9. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica. Fasc. II, 1889. From
the Editor.

10. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in "Wien.
Nos. 82—85. From the Society.

11. Annuaire de la Societe franchise de Numismatique.
May — August, 1890. From the Society.

12. Sitzungsberichte der K. Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften. Parts I— XIX, 1890. From the Academy.

13. Catalogue of the Oriental Coins in the British Museum.
Vol. ix. From the Trustees of the British Museum.

14. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 3e and 4e livraisons,
1890. From the Society.

15. Bulletin historique de la Societe des Antiquaires de la
Morinie. 154e livraison. From the Society.

16. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Vol. xiii, No. 1. From the Society.

17. The Numismatist. No. 7. From the Publisher.

18. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. VoL xi, No. 1. From
the Society.

19. Smithsonian Report. 1886, Part II; 1887, Parts I— H.
From the Institute.

20. Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens
Manadsblad, 1888. From the Academy.

21. Rare Copper Coins of Akbar. By C. J. Rodgers, Esq.
From the Author.

22. Vetulonia et ses Monnaies. By J. Falchi. From the
Author.

23. L'Usuria di Roma. By the same.

24. Archseologia ^Eliana. Vol. xv, Part I. From the
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Mr. L. A. Lawrence exhibited three coins of Stephen, the
first of which presented on both sides the ordinary bust of the
king. The second was of the type of Henry II's first issue,
the interest lying in the letters on the obverse FNREX . A.
On the reverse was ON LIN, proving the coin to have been

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3

struck at Lincoln. The third coin presented a~ new reverse
type, a double cross confined within an inner circle, and in
each angle a pyramid surmounted by an annulet. The obverse
type was the same as Hawkins, PL XXI, 276.

Mr. A. J. Evans read a paper " On some New Artists' Signa-
tures on Sicilian Greek Coins." This is printed in full in Num.
Chron., vol. x, p. 285.

NOVEMBER 20, 1890.

JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Treas.R.S., P.S.A.,
President, in the Chair.

The following gentlemen were elected Members of the
Society : —

Colonel M. G. Clerk, and Mr. C. D. Furdoonjee.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :

1. The Coins of the Ancient Britons. Supplement. By John
Evans, F.R.S., P.S A. From the Author.

2. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 42 — 46. From
the Publishers.

3. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. xi, Part VIII.
From the Institute.

4. Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens
Manadsblad, 1889. From the Academy.

5. Catalogue of the Central Asiatic Coins, collected by A.
F. de Loessoe. From Dr. C. F. K. Hoernle.

6. Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im
Rheinlande. Heft LXXXIX. From the Society.

7. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Nos. 86, 87. From the Society.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

8. Ammaire de la Societe francaise de Numismatiquc. Sept.
—Oct., 1890. From the Society.

9. Catalogue of a Collection of Antique Coins made in Syria.
By M. G. Morel. From Hyde Clarke, Esq.

10. The Monist. Vol. i, No. 1. From the Publisher.

11. The Stanley Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
in bronze. From the Society.

The President exhibited a bronze medal bearing a portrait
of Charles Darwin, executed by Mr. Allan Wyon for the Royal
Society, and another with a portrait of the late Mr. C. Roach
Smith, executed by Mr. J. Pinches for the " Roach Smith Fund."

Mr. H. Montagu exhibited a proof in copper of Blondeau's
half-crown of the Commonwealth, dated 1651, with plain
edge.

The Rev. G. F. Crowther read a paper on the coins of
William I and II, in which he suggested a rearrangement and
redistribution of the pennies struck by them. See Num. Chron.,
vol. xi. p. 25.

Mr. A. E. Packe read a paper on the coinages of Henry VII,
which is printed in Num. Chron., vol. xi, p. 84.

DECEMBER 18, 1890.
H. MONTAGU, ESQ., F.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following gentlemen were elected Members of the
Society : —

W. Beresford Smith, Esq., and C. J. Spence, Esq.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—

1. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de Picardie, 1889,
No. 4, and 1890, No. 1. From the Society.

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 5

2. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, Nos. 47 — 50, 1890.
From the Publisher.

3. Sitzungsberichte der K. Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften. Nos. 20 — 40. From the Academy.

4. Catalogo da Colleccao de moedas visigodas. By E. A.
Allen. From the Author.

5. Bulletin de Numismatique et d'Archeologie. Vol. vi.
Derniere livraison. By E. Serrure. From the Author.

6. Medal in commemoration of the Seven-hundredth Anni-
versary of the Mayoralty of the City of London. From the
City Corporation.

Mr. Montagu exhibited six remarkably fine Greek coins,
including a specimen of the extremely rare and beautiful silver
stater of Pheneus in Arcadia, struck about B.C. 362, obv., head
of Demeter ; rev. <£ENEQN, Hermes carrying in his arms the
infant Arkas ; and tetradrachms of ^Enus in Thrace, Amphipolis
in Macedon, and Rhodes, all of the finest style, dating from
about B.C. 400, and with full-faced heads of Hermes and
Apollo.

Mr. W. Wroth read an account of the principal Greek coins
acquired by the British Museum during the year 1889 ; which
is printed in the Num. Chron., vol. x, p. 311.

JANUAEY 15, 1891.

H. MONTAGU, Esq., F.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
W. Heaton Jacob, Esq., was elected a Member of the
Society.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—

1. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Nos. 51 and 52 of
1890, Nos. 1 and 2 of 1891. From the Publishers.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

2. The Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. xi, Part X.
From the Institute.

3. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Nos. 88, 89. From the Society.

4. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest.
3e trimestre de 1890. From the Society.

5. Revue Beige de Numismatique. le livraison, 1891. From
the Society.

6. The Royal Mints of Tamworth, Warwick, and Coventry.
By W. A. Cotton. From J. Cotton, Esq.

7. Traite de la Numismatique du Moyen-age. By A. Engel
and R. Serrure. Paris, 1891. From M. A. Engel.

Mr. Montagu exhibited a collection of rare patterns for the
copper coinage struck in pewter in the reign of Charles II,
including an unpublished one with the rose within the Garter
and PER MARE ET TRRAS (sic) on the obverse, and the harp
within the Garter and PER MARE ET TERRAS on the reverse.
Mr. Montagu also exhibited a specimen of the German rupee
struck for the German East India Company.

Mr. Lawrence exhibited a penny of Stephen of the usual
type, but with a double cross on the reverse ; a noble, a groat,
and a half-groat of Edward III, with Roman M's and E's ; and
also a groat of Henry VII's second coinage, with mint-marks, a
greyhound's head on the obverse, and a rose on the reverse.

Mr. Prevost exhibited a bronze medal struck by the Swiss
Numismatic Society to commemorate its annual meeting, Oc-
tober 18th, 1890.

The Rev. G. F. Crowther communicated a paper on a " Pax "
penny of "JVilliam I, reading on the reverse SEFMROI ON
WITI, which had been attributed to the Witney Mint. The
writer was of opinion that this coin as well as others with
similar inscriptions were struck at Wilton and that no Mint
ever existed at Witney. See Num. Chron., vol. xi, p. 161.

Mr. Montagu read a paper on the confusion existing among
numismatic authors, particularly Hildebrand, Ruding, Kenyon,

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7

and others, between the Anglo-Saxon mints of Chester and
Leicester, and pointed out that in many cases these had been
reversed and the coins of one town attributed en bloc to the
other. The paper is printed in the Num. Chron., vol. xi, p. 12.

FEBRUARY 19, 1891.

JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Treas.R.S., P.S.A.,
President, in the Chair.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—

1. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 1891. Nos. 3 — 7.
From the Publisher.

2. Annuaire de la Societe fran£aise de Numismatique.
November — December, 1890. From the Society.

3. Boyne's Trade Tokens issued in the Seventeenth Century.
Vol. ii. Ed. by G. C. Williamson. From the Editor.

4. Bulletin de Numismatique. January, 1891. From the
Publishers.

5. Zeitschrift fur Numismatik. Bd. XVII. Heft III and
IV. From the Editor.

6. Numismatische Zeitschrift. 2tes Halbjahr, 1889. From
the Numismatic Society of Vienna.

7. The Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. xii, Part I.
From the Institute.

8. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 90. From the Society.

9. Archseologia ^Eliana. Part XXXVIII. From the Society
of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.

10. Manuale Hoepli. Numismatica. By Dr. S. Ambrosoli.
Milan, 1891. From the Author.

11. Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. xi, No. 2. From the
Hellenic Society.

8

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

12. Foreningen til Norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring.
Memoirs, 1889. From the Society.

13. Om Lysekloster og dets Ruiner. By N. Nicolaysen.
Supplement II to Kunst og Haandverk fra Norges Fortid.
1890. From the Society.

14. Under sogelser i Trondhjem. By 0. Krefting. Being
Supplement I of the same. From the Society.

15. Catalogo della Collezione del. Dott. Tommaso Capo,
1891.

The President read a letter from the President of the Royal
Numismatic Society of Belgium, announcing a congress at
Brussels for the 5th of July, 1891, in commemoration of the
fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the society, and in-
viting the co-operation of members of the Numismatic Society
of London.

Mr. L. A. Lawrence read a paper on the heavy and light
coinages of Edward IV and Henry VI, in which he sought to
fix the sequence of the issues by the style of the workmanship
and the mint-marks. See Num. Chron., vol. xi, p. 180,

MARCH 19, 1891.

JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Treas.R.S., P.S.A.,
President, in the Chair.

The Rev. G. C. Allen, A. W. Dauglish, Esq., and M. R.
Serrure were elected Members of the Society.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—

1. Leake's Numismata Hellenica, with Supplement. London,
1856. From the Delegates of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cam-
bridge.

2. Sitzungsberichte der K. Preussischen Akad. d. Wissen-
schaften zu Berlin. Parts XLI — LIII. From the Academy.

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9

3. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 1891. Nos. 8 11.

From the Publishers.

4. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. xii, Part II.
From the Institute.

5. Kivista Italiana di Numismatica. Fasc. Ill and IV,
1890. From the Publishers.

6. Le Monete dei Trivulzio. By F. and E. Gnecchi. From
the Authors.

7. La Numismatique feodale de Dreux et Nogent au XIe
Siecle. By E. Serrure. From the Author.

8. Catalogue des monnaies grecques de la Bibliotheque
Nationale. Les rois de Syrie, d'Armenie, et de Commagene.
By E. Babelon. From the Author.

9. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Nos. 91, 92. From the Society.

10. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Vol. xiii, No. 2. From the Society.

11. Numismatische Zeitschrift. Part I, 1889. From the
Society.

12. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. Part
II, 1890. From the Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copen-
hagen.

13. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Last quarter, 1890. From the Society.

Mr. L. A. Lawrence exhibited eight pennies of Cnut (Type
VII of Hawkins, Type E of Hildebrand), with large quatrefoil
on both sides, struck at Gloucester, Chester, and Exeter, exhi-
biting several small varieties in the field in front of the King's
head not described in the text-books.

Mr. H. Montagu read a paper on the Durham pennies of
Edward III, attributed to Bishops De Bury and Hatfield, in
which he supported the old attributions in opposition to the
views lately expressed by Dr. Evans. The paper will be found
in Nam. Chron., vol. xi, p. 164.

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

APRIL 11, 1891.

JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Treas.R.S., P.S.A.,

President, in the Chair.

James Kirkaldy, Esq., was elected a Member of the Society.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table : —

1. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 1891. Nos. 12
— 15. From the Publishers.

2. Annuaire de la Societe fra^aise de Numismatique.
January — February, 1891. From the Society.

8. Bulletin de Numismatique. Part II, 1891. From the
Editor.

4. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de Picardie. Nos.
2, 3, 1890. From the Society.

5. Catalogue raisonne de la Collection de Deniers merovin-
giens de M. Arnold Morel Fatio. By M. A. Chabouillet. From
the Author.

6. Revue Beige de Numismatique. Part II, 1891. From
the Society.

7. Smithsonian Institute Report, 1888 ; Smithsonian Na-
tional Museum Report, 1888. From the Institute.

8. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. xii, Parts III
and IV. From the Institute.

The President exhibited a series of solidi of the emperors
Gratian, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, Arcadius, Honorius, and
Constantine III, found at Eye, in Suffolk, in May, 1781. From
a Minute of the Society of Antiquaries, it appeared that the
hoard of which these formed part comprised some six hundred
gold coins.

Mr. L. A. Lawrence exhibited a half-groat of the last coinage
of Edward III, with the inscription on the obverse EDWARD .
DI . GRA . REX . ANGL . Z . FR. The words DI . GRA
were previously not known to occur on half-groats.

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11

Dr. B. V. Head communicated a paper on a small find of
archaic Greek coins, attributed by him to Cyrene. The hoard
consisted of tetradrachms of the Euboic standard, having on the
obverses of all the specimens a bunch of grapes, and on the
reverses (1) a helmet, (2) a head of Heracles, and (3) a running
winged figure identified by Dr. Head as one of the Boreades.
See Num. Chron., vol. xi, p. 1.

Mr. W. Wroth communicated a paper on the coins of Eupo-
lemus, a general of Cassander, only known to us from two
passages of Diodorus Siculus. It is printed in Num. Chron.,
vol. xi, p. 135.

MAY 21, 1891.

JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Treas.RS., P.S.A.,
President, in the Chair.

M. Ernest Babelon and M. J. N. Svoronos were elected
Honorary Members of the Society.

The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—

1. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 1891. Nos. 16—20.
From the Publishers.

2. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
1889—90. From the Society.

3. Memoires de la Societe royale des Antiquaires du Nord,
1890. From the Society.

4. Contributions of Alchemy to Numismatics. By Dr. H.
Carrington Bolton. From the Writer.

5. Journal of the Institute of Bankers. Vol. xii, Part V.
From the Institute.

6. Annuaire de la Societe" franchise de Numismatique.
Mars — Avril, 1891. From the Society.

7. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. 4e tri-
mestre de 1890. From the Society.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

8. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. i, No. 5. From the Society.

The Rev. G. C. Allen exhibited a tetradrachm of Gyrene
struck between B.C. 430 and 322, similar to Head, Hist. Num.,
p. 730.

Mr. H. Montagu exhibited a unique silver medallion, or
double denarius, having the bust of Julia Mamsea and the
legend IVLIA MAMAEA AVG. MAT. AYGVSTI on one side,
and on the other the busts facing each other of Severus Alex-
ander and his wife Orbiana, with the legend IMP. SEV.
ALEXANDER AVG. SALL. BARBIA ORBIANA AVG.;
conclusively proving (in common with some rare bronze medal-
lions) the relationship to Severus Alexander of the Empress
Orbiana, who is absolutely unknown except on coins and marble
inscriptions.

Col. F. Warren communicated a paper on coins procured by
him during his residence in Cyprus, comprising specimens of
the ancient Cypriote and Phoenician as well as of the Greek,
Roman, and mediaeval periods. See Num. Chron., vol. xi, p.
140.

Dr. Evans read a paper on some rare or unpublished Roman
medallions in his own cabinet, and exhibited specimens of
Agrippa, Faustina I, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Alexander
Severus, and Probus. See Num. Chron., vol. xi, p. 152.

JUNE 18, 1891.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING.

JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Treas.R.S., P.S.A.,

President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed.

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13

Mr. Albert Charles Clausen, Lord Grantley, and Signer
Giuseppe Nervegna were elected Members of the Society.

The Report of the Council was then read to the meeting as
follows : —

GENTLEMEN, — The Council again have the honour to lay
before you their Annual Report as to the state of the Numis-
matic Society.

With great regret they have to announce our loss by death
of the following four Ordinary Members : —
John Butler, Esq.
The Rev. S. S. Lewis, F.S.A.
The Rev. Canon Marsden, B.D.
Robert Spence, Esq.

And of one Honorary Member : —

C. Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A.
Also by resignation of six Ordinary Members : —

J. G. Hall, Esq.

W. Lees, Esq.

Lieut. H. Walters Morrison, R.A.

C. H. Nash, Esq.

H. Phillips, Esq.

J. S. Pitt, Esq.

The following name has also been erased from our list of
Ordinary Members : —

E. H. Willett, Esq.

On the other hand the Council have much pleasure in record-
ing the election of the following twelve Ordinary Members : —

The Rev. G. C. Allen.

Albert Charles Clauson, Esq.

Col. Clerk.

A. W. Dauglish, Esq.

C. D. Furdoonjee, Esq.

Lord Grantley.

W. Heaton Jacob, Esq.
J. Kirkaldy, Esq.
Signor Giuseppe Nervegna.
M. Raymond Serrure.
W. Beresford Smith, Esq.
C. J. Spence, Esq.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

And of two Honorary Members : —

M. Ernest Babelon. M. J. N. Svoronos.

According to our Secretary's Report our numbers are, there-
fore, as follows : —

Ordinary. Honorary. Total.

June, 1890 ....

.... 258

30

288

Since elected

12

2

14

270

32

302

Deceased ....

.... 4

1

5

Resigned

.6

6

Erased

1

1

June, 1891 . 259 81 290

The Council have further to announce that they have
unanimously awarded the Medal of the Society to Dr. C.
Ludwig Miiller, Director of the Cabinet of Coins and of the
Museum of Classical Antiquities at Copenhagen, for his distin-
guished services to the Science of Numismatics, more espe-
cially in connection with the coinage of the Kings of Macedon
and Thrace and with that of Northern Africa.

The Treasurer's Report — which showed a balance of
£226 10s. 7d. as compared with £193 17s. of last year— is as
follows : —

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16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

At the conclusion of the reading of the Report of the Council,
the President addressed Mr. Grueber, as follows : —

Mr. Grueber, I have much pleasure in handing to you for
transmission to Dr. Ludwig Miiller, of Copenhagen, the medal
of this Society, which has been awarded to him by the Council,
in recognition of his distinguished services to the science of
numismatics, especially in connection with the regal coinage
of Macedonia and Thrace, and with the various coinages of
Northern Africa. It was in 1855 that he published his
Numismatique d'Alexandre le Grand, which was speedily fol-
lowed by his Miinzen des Thracischen Koniys Lysimachus, both
of which works remain standard authorities on the subjects of
which they treat.

His other great work, the Numismatique de Vancienne Afrique,
had already been, to some extent, prepared by Falbe and Lind-
berg ; but for the three volumes and the supplement, issued
from 1860 to 1874, we are mainly indebted to the labours of
Dr. Miiller. Of his other publications, one of which, at least,
dates so far back as 1833, I need hardly speak, nor need I
do more than refer to the excellent arrangement of the cabinet
at Copenhagen that has been so long under his charge. While
we must deeply regret the attack of illness under which he is
suffering, and which entirely precludes him from being present
among us to-day, we all join in wishing him a speedy
recovery and many future years of numismatic usefulness.

In reply, Mr. Grueber said : —

Mr. President, — I have very much pleasure in receiving, on
behalf of Dr. Ludwig Miiller, the medal of the Numismatic
Society, which the Council have this year awarded to him for
his valuable services to numismatics. I regret very much that
Dr. Miiller is prevented from being present this evening to
receive the medal himself. Besides being well stricken in
years, seeing from what you have told us that his published

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17

works date so far back as 1833, and being afflicted with deaf-
ness, which makes a long journey a hazardous undertaking, he
has this year been attacked by that unenviable malady,
influenza, which has left him in a very weak state of health.
In sending Dr. Miiller the medal, I will give him the substance
of the complimentary remarks which you have made this
evening on his services to numismatics. I should like to express
Dr. Miiller's thanks in his own words, so, with your permission,
I will read a translation of a letter which he wrote to you in
reply to yours announcing to him the fact of the Council having
awarded to him the medal for 1890—1891.

Copenhagen, 30 May, 1891.

DEAR SIR AND HONOURED COLLEAGUE, — By a letter, dated
22nd May, you have informed me that the Council of your
Numismatic Society, at its last meeting, has awarded me the
medal of the Society. I appreciate highly the honour which
has been conferred upon me by this award, and I return to
you and to your colleagues my sincere thanks.

You also inform me that the medal will be presented at the
annual meeting on the 18th June.

I should much like to be able to avail myself of this oppor-
tunity to present myself to your Society, and personally to
tender to you and to your colleagues my thanks. But an
obstinate attack of influenza prevents my undertaking a journey
during the month of June. I know of no one in London who
could be present at the meeting to receive the medal in my
name, and I accept, therefore, willingly your proposal to send
it to me by one of the Secretaries of the Society.

Pray accept, Mr. President, the assurance of my most sincere
esteem.

(Signed), L. MULLER.

To Mr. John Evans,
President of the Numismatic Society of London.

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The President then delivered the following address :—

In again addressing this Society on the occasion of its anni-
versary meeting, I am glad to be able to renew those congratu-
lations which, on many former anniversaries, I have fortunately
been able to offer.

Our Society, both as regards numbers and finances, is in a
highly satisfactory condition. The Report of the Council shows
that, while of our ordinary members we have, by death or
from other causes, lost eleven, the new members elected have
been twelve, so that our numbers are now 259, as against 258
at our last anniversary.

Of our honorary members we have lost one, while two have
been added to our list.

Among all those who have been removed from our ranks by
death, I must place foremost that veteran antiquary and numis-
matist, Mr. Charles Roach Smith, who, for upwards of fifty
years, took a warm interest in the welfare of this Society, of
which, since 1852, he had been an honorary member. In
my anniversary address this year to the Society of Antiquaries
I have given some account of his life and archaeological labours.
Biographical notices of him have also already appeared in the
Journal of the Archaeological Association and elsewhere, and
he has left an autobiography in the shape of three volumes of
Retrospections, Personal and Archaeological. My notice of his
life need, therefore, be but short, and I shall, in a great
measure, confine myself to the numismatic side of his labours.
Charles Roach Smith was born at Sandown, in the Isle of
Wight, in 1807 ; and, after rejecting other careers that had
been set before him, ultimately settled in the City of London,
about the year 1828. From a boy he had a passion for coins
and antiquities, and he soon became known as a diligent col-
lector, around whom gathered a circle of archaeological friends.
His collection of London antiquities, eventually acquired for the
British Museum, comprised a considerable number of Roman

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 19

coins, some of great rarity, as well as a large series of tokens.
In the first List of Members of this Society, which, as is well
known, was founded in 1837, the name of Charles Roach Smith
occurs ; and in 1841 he became one of our Honorary Secre-
taries, though, owing to the pressure of business, he resigned
his office at the end of three years. His communications to the
Society appear to have begun in 1839,1 when he called atten-
tion to two small brass coins of Constantius II, with P . LON
in the exergue. There are, however, in the first series of the
Numismatic Chronicle, seven other papers from his pen relating
to various finds or unedited varieties of Roman coins, and in
addition, an account of the hoard of ancient British coins found
at Weston, in Norfolk, as well as notices of Anglo-Saxon and
Merovingian coins found at York and Canterbury.

To the second or new series of the Chronicle he furnished
five articles, principally relating, as before, to Roman numis-
matics, but one to an unpublished penny of Ciolvulf, now in my
cabinet. He likewise contributed five papers on various finds
of Roman coins, and on a Legionary coin of Allectus to the
third series of the Chronicle. His last paper in the Chronicle
on the discovery of a hoard of Roman coins at Springhead,
appeared at the close of 1887.

Besides an immense number of archa3ological papers, Mr.
Roach Smith published several on numismatic subjects in the
Journals of the Archaeological Institute and the British Archa?o-
logical Association, of which latter he was one of the founders.

Of his numerous communications to the Society of Anti-
quaries, one only was of a purely numismatic character, and
related to some ancient British coins found at Chesterford.3

It was in the Collectanea Antigua, a publication undertaken
by Mr. Roach Smith in 1843, and of which the seventh and
last volume did not appear until 1880, that his principal numis-
matic essays, were published. In the earlier volumes are

1 Num. Chron. i. p. 217. 2 Arch, xxxii. p. 355.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF Till

several plates of ancient British coins, containing many
hitherto unpublished types. A considerable miinluT of Saxon
and Merovingian coins found in England are also engraved,
and full descriptive accounts of all are given. In the
fourth volume hegins a series of plates of coins of Carausius
and Allectus, which extended to six in number, five of which
were engraved by Mr. Roach Smith's old friend, Mr. Fairholt.
The coins figured are upwards of seventy, and present, for the
most part, novel types, and no student of Roman coins relating
to British history should fail to consult these plates. In Mr.
Roach Smith's accounts of the antiquities of Richborough,
Roculver, Lymne, and Pevensey, the coins found receive
proper consideration, and in the plates that are attached,
figures of numerous coins of the British Emperors Carausius
and Allectus are engraved.

About the year 1855, Mr. Roach Smith retired from London
to a residence that he had purchased at Temple Place, Strood,
near Rochester, where he devoted himself to numismatic, anti-
quarian, literary, and horticultural pursuits.

It was from this retreat that he was called in 1888 to receive
the first numismatic medal that was ever awarded by this
Society. It was conferred upon him in recognition of his
services to numismatic science, more especially in connection
with the Romano-British series, and the award was alike satis-
factory to the Society and to the recipient. Of Mr. Roach
Smith himself two medals have been struck, each bearing his
portrait ; the first, dated 1858, commemorates his having saved
the Roman walls of the town of Dax from destruction, through
the intervention of his friend, the Abbe Cochet, with the
Emperor Louis Napoleon ; the second, of larger size, and dated
1890, bears on the reverse the inscription — " To Charles
Roach Smith, F.S.A., from Fellow Antiquaries and Friends in
recognition of life-long services to archaeology."

Of the value of these services the short notice that I have
here given will, in some measure, enable you to judge. Of the

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 2t

worth of his friendship and of tho noblo and disinterested
features of his character, those who, like myself, enjoyed a
personal acquaintance of upwards of forty years, can best form
an opinion.

The Rev. Samuel Savage Lewis was well known as a diligent
antiquary, numismatist, and collector, both of coins and gems ;
and during his long residence at Cambridge, where ho held a
Fellowship in Corpus Christi College, and for some years was
Secretary of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, he did much
to foster a taste for archaeological studies in that University.
He was the third son of Mr. William Jones Lewis, surgeon, of
Croydon, and through his mother was of Huguenot descent.
After a distinguished career in the City of London School, he
entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1854 ; but, after
becoming a prizeman in the following year, he was, through
failing eyesight, compelled to give up for a time his University
career. After some years spent in farming pursuits, both in
England and Canada, he re-entered at St. John's in 1865, but
soon migrated to Corpus Christi College, where he obtained an
exhibition and scholarship. In 1868, notwithstanding the dis-
advantages of defective eyesight, he was bracketed ninth in the
First Class of tho Classical Tripos, and the next year he was
elected a Fellow of his College. His Cambridge career has been
fully set forth by Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, in his Presidential
Address to the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, and I need hero
only speak of his numismatic work.

It was in February, 1870, that he was elected into this
Society, and, in 1876, he communicated to the Numisumin-
Chronicle a short paper upon a coin, up to that time, unknown —
the shekel of the fifth year, which ho had recently added to his
fine collection of Jewish coins. In tho following year ho guvc
us a note on a small hoard of Roman coins found at Knapwell,
near Cambridge; and, in Ib82, he served upon our Council.
Mr. Lewis was not only a good classical scholar, but an accom-
plished linguist, well versed in many modern and ancient

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

languages. His attachment to ancient gems brought him into
close contact with the late Mr. C. W. King, whom he assisted in
preparing his work on " The Gnostics and their Remains," and
of whose " Antique Gems and Rings " he saw a second edition
through the press. His own fine collections will, I believe, find
a lasting home in the library of Corpus Christi College, to
which he was much attached. His death was sudden, on the
31st of March last, at the age of fifty-four years. A more
enthusiastic lover of all that related to glyptic art, or a man
with a larger fund of general knowledge and erudition, which he
was ever ready to place at the disposal of others, it will indeed
be difficult to find.

The Rev. John Howard Marsden, B.D., Rector of Great Oakley,
Essex, and at one time Canon of Manchester, was also a Cambridge
man. He was the son of a distinguished father, the Rev. W.
Marsden, the author of the Numismata Orientalia, and graduated
at Cambridge in 1825, in the second class of the Classical Tripos,
and, in 1826, in the first class of the Mathematical Tripos. He
obtained, soon afterwards, a Fellowship at St. John's, and was
Hulsean lecturer in 1843. As an antiquary he was best known
as having held the Disney Professorship of Archaeology at
Cambridge, from 1851 to 1865. A volume of his Introductory
Lectures in that capacity was published in 1852, and in 1854
he took an active part at the Cambridge meeting of the Archaeo-
logical Institute, to the journal of which he was an occasional
contributor. He was elected a member of the Numismatic
Society in 1863, but never favoured us with any communica-
tion. He died at the age of eighty-seven.

Our medal, as you have heard, has this year been bestowed
on a veteran numismatist, Dr. Ludwig Miiller, of Copenhagen,
whose labours have now extended over a period of over fifty
years, and whose principal numismatic works still hold their
position as standard books of reference.

With regard to our domestic affairs, there is only one point
to which it seems desirable to refer. Owing to the expiry of

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 23

the lease under which this house has been held by the Royal
Asiatic Society, they have, in order to obtain a renewal of
their tenancy, been obliged to submit to the payment of a
largely-increased rental, and, not unnaturally, have called upon
their under-tenants to assist them in bearing the burden thrown
upon them. The Council have felt the justice of the claim,
and though we can no longer enjoy the exceptional advantages
hitherto given us by the Royal Asiatic Society, the advanced
rent of £30 per annum does not appear unreasonable for the
accommodation afforded.

I must now shortly pass in review the principal subjects to
which, during the last year, the attention of the Society has
been called.

In Greek numismatics we have had an important and inte-
resting paper from my son, Mr. Arthur John Evans, on some
new artists' signatures on Sicilian coins. He has made the
curious discovery of the name of an engraver Kimon on an
early tetradrachm of Himera, of probably not later date than
450 B.C. As he points out, the Kimon thus recorded can
hardly be the same as the well-known engraver of the tetra-
drachms and pentekontalitra of Syracuse, struck during a
period of a few years before and a few after 400 B.C. Not
improbably the older Kimon may be, as suggested, the grand-
father of the later engraver of the same name ; but under any
circumstances the coin of Himera seems to be the earliest of
the Greek coins hitherto known upon which the name of the
artist who engraved the dies is given.

The name of another artist, hitherto unknown to fame, begins
with the letters MAI, possibly Mseon or Maethion. He also
worked for the mint at Himera, but at a later period than the
older Kimon, though no doubt before the year 409 B.C., when
Himera was destroyed by the Carthaginians. The signature
of the later Kimon the author finds on a coin of Messana,
showing that the distinguished artists of those days, as indeed
was already known, did not confine their services to a single

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

mint. Of other names of engravers those of Evarchidas at
Syracuse, recently discovered by Professor Salinas, of Palermo,
of Parme . . . also at Syracuse, and of Exakestidas, already
known as an artist at Kamarina, may be cited. Of Phrygillos
and Evarchidas other specimens are mentioned. The whole
paper is one of great importance as bearing on the develop-
ment of Greek art in Sicily, and tends to show that the received
chronology of the Sicilian coin-types of the latter part of the
fifth century B.C., is susceptible of a considerable amount of
revision.

Our honorary member and medallist of last year, M. J. P.
Six, of Amsterdam, has supplied us with a further instalment of
his list of unedited and uncertain Greek coins. Among them
there are some that he attributes to Eccarra in Thessaly ; others
to the dynasts of Teuthrania and Pergamus, and to a son of
Alexander the Great and Barsine, of the name of Hercules.
Some early Lydian coins M. Six finds reason for attributing to
Alyattes, about 600 B.C., though many of them have usually been
assigned to Miletus. The attribution of a number of electrum
staters to Chios seems not altogether indisputable, though
the suggestion that the archaic coins found in the hoards of
Thera andMelos, and reading VAO, were struck at Olymos, in
Caria, appears well worthy of consideration. M. Six proceeds
to attribute some early rude coins to Mylasa, and with more
certainty, describes some coins of Hecatomnos and Maussolos.
Others he attributes to Salmacis, a Persian satrap in Caria, and
to Audymon, a king of Salamis, about B.C. 415. The assigna-
tion of some other coins to Chalcia and Caunos is also dis-
cussed. The paper is long and extremely suggestive, and
whether all that is proposed meets eventually with universal
acceptance or not, the publication of the types and inscriptions,
and the discussion of their possible bearing and meaning, and
of what may be their proper geographical position, cannot fail
to aid in the advancement of knowledge.

Mr. Warwick Wroth has favoured us with an account of the

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 25

most important of the Greek coins acquired by the British
Museum in 1889. It is hard to select from among them those
that are most worthy of notice, but a didrachm of Sybrita, in
Crete, of early fourth-century work, an early silver coin of Elis,
a stater of Larnpsacus with the head of Demeter or Persephone
on the obverse, another of Mytilene, and a small silver coin of
lalysus seem to me specially interesting.

Mr. Wroth has also directed our attention to the coins of
Eupolemus, with three Macedonian shields on the obverse, and
with his name and a sword on the reverse. They have been
sometimes assigned to a supposed king of Paeonia, but the
Eupolemus of the coins is now regarded as the general of the
Macedonian king Cassander, who is twice mentioned by Dio-
dorus Siculus, and who led an expedition against Caprima, in
Caria. Mr. Wroth regards the coins as having been all struck
in Caria, and probably in the town of Mylasa.

Our excellent secretary, Dr. Head, has given us a valuable
paper on Archaic Coins, probably of Cyrene. The principal of
these formed part of a small hoard of silver coins of the Euboic
standard, found in the island of Cos, the obverse type being a
bunch of grapes, and the reverse a helmet, a head of Herakles,
or a running figure, identified by the author as one of the
Boreades. The coins are curiously connected together, by the
fact that some with different reverse types have been struck
from the same obverse die, while some with the same reverse
have a different obverse. The execution of the grapes is very
rude, so much so that on some of the coins the type might
almost be regarded as a cluster of dates. The identification of
the winged wind-god is substantiated by a remarkable Cyrenean
Kylix from Naukratis, on which the Boreades are represented
in conjunction with the well-known silphium, which they are
defending from an attack of Harpies. To us in catarrhal Eng-
land it may appear strange that the north winds were worshipped
as beneficent divinities, while the south were regarded as malevo-
lent Harpies. But circumstances alter cases. Dr. Head takes

d

*" PROCEEDINGS OF THE

in the same paper the opportunity of transferring to Cyrene
some tetradrachms with the types of a lion devouring his prey
on the obverse, and the fore part of a winged boar on the
reverse, which he had formerly assigned to Clazomense, in
Ionia.

The notes on coins found in Cyprus by Colonel Falkland
Warren relate not only to Greek coins, among which is one
that appears to be a new coin of Evagoras, but also to some
imperial and medieval coins. Among the last is a rare bezant
of Isaac Comnenus, as well as a still rarer silver coin, which is
attributed, and apparently with reason, to Robert de Sable,
Grand Master of the Knights Templars, who, in 1191, acquired
the Island of Cyprus from our Richard I. As Guy de Lusignan
was proclaimed king of Cyprus in 1102, the extreme rarity of
the coins issued by Robert de Sable is readily understood.

Col. Warren has also met with some rare coins of Guy de
Lusignan and his successors, among them one of John I, and
a new variety of the gros of James II.

The only paper that we have had relating to Roman numis-
matics was one by myself on some imperial medallions, princi-
pally of bronze, but one of them struck in commemoration of
Faustina the Elder thickly plated with silver. Although in
many instances we are able to determine the date of medallions,
and in some cases can be certain of the occasion on which they
were struck, the types of the reverses are often very difficult
to elucidate, and any attempt to interpret their symbolism is to
a certain extent hazardous.

We have had but one paper also bearing directly upon the
Anglo-Saxon coinage. In this our Vice-President, Mr. Montagu,
discusses the question as to the claims of the Leicester and
Chester mints to the coins which, by Hildebrand and others,
have been assigned to them. He shows, I think conclusively,
that as a rule the coins assigned by Hildebrand to the Chester
mint were in reality struck at Leicester, while those attributed
to Leicester were issued from the Chester mint. It is a question

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 27

to whicb, on the suggestion of Mr. Montagu, I alluded in 1885,
in my account of some Saxon pennies found in the city of
London, and my observation that, as a rule, the letter R entered
into the first part of the name of Leicester on Saxon coins,
while it is absent on those of Chester, seems to hold good.

On the English coinage we have had even more than our usual
number of essays, showing that on many points, notwithstand-
ing the number of those who have specially studied the
English series, there is still room for discussion ; it may per-
haps be added that possibly even now the last word upon some
of them has not been said.

The Rev. G. F. Crowther has attempted a chronological
arrangement of the pennies of William I and II, which, being
based upon a somewhat larger range of induction, differs in
several respects from that adopted by the late Mr. Hawkins,
and continued by Mr. Kenyon. Mr. Crowther's arrangement
brings together the types which, so far as the obverse is con-
cerned, seem to be closely related to each other, and places the
series in what he regards as their natural order ; but even here
there seem breaks in the sequence, his Type VI, Hawkins,
No. 238, with stars on either side of a full-faced bust, being
widely separated from his Type XVII (Hawkins, No. 250),
with a nearly similar bust. As the reverse of Type VI
approximates closely to one of these of Henry I (Hawkins,
No. 255), it seems doubtful on that ground also whether Type
VII ought not to be brought down and placed alongside of
Type XVII. I am not, however, prepared to criticise Mr.
Crowther's paper, as it would be out of place in the present
address. The key of the position is, as he has said, the date
of the issue of the PAX pennies, and as yet this is uncertain.
Still more uncertain is the place in the series, even when it is
satisfactorily arranged, where the coinage of the Conqueror
ceases and that of Rufus begins. Hoards that may be dis-
covered in the future will probably aid in fixing more certainly
the sequence of the types, but in the meantime we must be

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

grateful to Mr. Crowther for his labours, and for having so
clearly placed his deductions from them before us.

Mr. Crowther has also gone into the question whether certain
coins of Harold II and of William, hitherto attributed to the
mint of Witney, ought not to be transferred to that of Wilton,
and shows good reason for the transference.

Mr. Montagu has favoured us with another paper on the
Durham pennies of Edward III, in which he supports the esta-
blished opinion as to the attribution of certain coins to Bishop
Hatfield, and of there being none that can be attributed to Bishop
de Bury. In a paper that I wrote on a hoard of coins found
at Neville's Cross I advocated a different view, and I can only
express my regret that it has not met with the approval of so
practised a numismatist as our Vice-President. He has certainly
brought forward many reasons for holding that the Edward III
pennies of the ordinary Durham fabric were struck under
Bishop Hatfield, whether the crosier in which one of the limbs
of the cross on the reverse terminates be turned to the right or
to the left.

Mr. L. A. Lawrence has communicated to us a valuable
paper on the sequence of the coins, both of the heavy and light
standards, of Henry VI and Edward IV, and has done much
towards establishing a satisfactory chronological arrangement
of the different mint-marks. Though writing principally with
reference to the silver coinage, Mr. Lawrence has wisely called
in the aid of the gold coinage, the evidence of which is, of
course, of no little value in such a question. The coinages in
the two metals are also employed in illustration of each other
in some notes on the coins of Henry VII, communicated by
Mr. A. E. Packe. He regards, however, the mint-marks as
being rather those of the engravers of the dies at that period,
than as being indicative of a certain issue of coins, though this
latter was the case at a somewhat later date, when the mint-
mark was annually changed.

Mr. Packe makes some very ingenious suggestions as to the

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 29

cause of the adoption of some of the special mint-marks in use
under Henry VII. The escallop which was adopted in 1492,
on the establishment of the new type of angel, he correlates
with the capture of Granada by Ferdinand, whose conquest was
celebrated by a solemn thanksgiving service at St. Paul's. At
that time the alliance between the Kings of England and Spain
was close, and the emblem of St. James of Compostella, the
escallop, might, it is suggested, well have been adopted in com-
pliment to Spain. The sovereigns of Henry, the author thinks,
may have been struck with the special view of their being dis-
tributed as largesse on some great State occasions, such as the
creation of his eldest son Arthur as Prince of Wales, his subse-
quent marriage, and the creation after his death of his brother
Henry as Prince of Wales. How far these suggestions may
bear the test of time I will not venture to say, but the whole
paper will bear careful study, and its author may well be con-
gratulated on the new light that he has thrown upon some
obscure points in English numismatics.

We have to thank Mr. Grueber for again furnishing to us a
paper on English Personal Medals from 1760, which he has
now brought down as far as the letter F.

The only Oriental paper published this year is one by Mr. E.
J. Eapson on Gupta coins, founded to some extent on an
article on the coinage of the Early or Imperial Gupta Dynasty
of Northern India, by Mr. Vincent Smith, the worthy son of
our late old and valued honorary member and medallist, Dr.
Aquilla Smith, of Dublin. Mr. Fleet's great work on the Gupta
inscriptions has also been called to his aid by Mr. Rapson, whose
notes conclude with a list of the coins of the Gupta class in the
Bodleian Library, and in the collection of Mr.Wiimot Lane.

Among the more recent numismatic publications I may men-
tion Mr. Stanley Lane Poole's final volume of the British
Museum Catalogue of Arab coins, which contains a general
index that will prove of the highest value to those who are
interested in this series.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The catalogue of the coins of the kings of Syria, Armenia,
and Commagene in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, ban
been issued by M. Babelon, and forms probably the most
valuable introduction to the coinage of the Seleucid kings of
Syria that has as yet appeared. It is to be hoped that similar
catalogues of the rich collections in other departments that are
preserved in the Cabinet des Medailles will from time to time
make their appearance. I must again express my regret that
the series of plates illustrative of M. Muret's catalogue of the
great collection of Gaulish coins in the Paris Cabinet has not
as yet been published. Without the plates much of the value
of M. Muret's comprehensive work is lost.

The Traite de Numismatiqiie du Moyen Age, by MM.
Arthur Engel and Raymond Serrure, forms a fitting sequel to
their Repertoire de la numismatique frangaise, and will be
found of great service by all who are interested in mediaeval
numismatics.

In conclusion I may just mention my own Supplement to the
" Coins of the Ancient Britons," in which the observations of a
period of twenty-six years are summarised, and a considerable
number of new types and varieties recorded, while something
has been done towards extending our knowledge of the geo-
graphical distribution of the coins of different kings and
princes.

Turning for a moment to the subject of current coins, I may
mention that a small committee, consisting of Sir John Lub-
bock, Sir Frederick Leighton, Mr. Powell, Sir C. W. Fremantle,
the Deputy Master of the Mint, Mr. E. B. Wade, representing the
joint-stock bankers, and myself, has been appointed to consider
the whole subject of the designs on our coins, with the view of
removing some of the objections to the present issue. The
committee have held several meetings, with the result that
seven or eight artists of distinction have been invited to send
in designs for the sovereign and the half-sovereign, the crown,
half-crown, florin, and shilling. To guide them in preparing the

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 31

work, certain conditions have been laid down with regard to
the designs, which are to be sent in at the end of October
next. It is earnestly to be hoped that among the designs
that will be furnished some at least may be thought worthy of
being adopted, and may help to place the coinage of this
country, so far as design is concerned, in its proper place
among those of the rest of Europe. Looking, however, at the
great difference between the usual work of the sculptor and
that of the medallic engraver, and again at the necessary differ-
ence between a medal in high relief and a coin in such relief
only as will permit of a number of pieces being piled the one on
the other, my hopes are not unmingled with some mistrust as
to the eventual success of our endeavour to procure fitting
designs for the coinage. Even Evaenetos or Kimon, were they
now alive, would find no little difficulty in producing dies for
coins adapted to meet all the requirements of a modern cur-
rency.

With regard to the denominations of the future coins, it seems
probable that the double florin or four-shilling piece may be
withdrawn. In my individual capacity, I am still anxious to
plead for the introduction of a thirty-shilling piece in gold, a
coin which, as I have now for some years pointed out, would
greatly conduce to public economy and convenience. I have,
I think, nothing to add to this brief summary of the numismatic
life of the past year, and it only remains for me to thank you
for the attention which you have bestowed on this address
and for the kind sympathy which so many of the members of
this Society have extended to me during the sad trial through
which I have been called upon to pass.

The Meeting then proceeded to ballot for its Council and
Officers for the ensuing year, when the following gentlemen
were elected : —

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

President.

JOHN EVANS, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., TREAS. R.S.,
P.S.A., F.G.S.

Vice- Presidents.

ARTHUR J. EVANS, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.
H. MONTAGU, ESQ., F.S.A.

Treasurer.
ALFRED E. GOPP, ESQ., M.E.A.S.

Secretaries.

HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A.
BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ., D.C.L., Pn.D.

Foreign Secretary.
WARWICK WROTH, ESQ., F.S.A.

Librarian.
OLIVER CODRINGTON, ESQ., M.D.

Members of the Council.

THE REV. G. F. CROWTHER, M.A.

THE HON. SIR C. W. FREMANTLE, K.C.B.

PROF. P. GARDNER, LITT.D., F.S.A.

L. A. LAWRENCE, ESQ.

ALFRED E. PACKE, ESQ.

GEN. G. G. PEARSE, C.B., R.H.A.

PROF. R. STUART POOLE, LL.D.

AUGUSTUS PREVOST, ESQ.

E. J. RAPSON, ESQ., M.A.

HERMANN WEBER, ESQ., M.D.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

OF LONDON.
DECEMBEE, 1891.

LIST OF M KM UK US

OP TIIK

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

OF LONDON,
DEOEMUKU, 1891.

Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates tkat the Murnbtr Aas
for his annual contribution.

*ALKx6iEi'b', M. (.Koityu DB, Chambcllau do S.M. rUm^-ivm- do

Russie, Ekateriuoslavr (pur Moseou), Uussio
ALLEN, EEV. G. (\, Lyutou llouso, W. Oulwich.
ANDiifi, J. 11., l-;*Q., 127, Now r.cmdStiwt, \\
ANDUKVV, W. J., Ksu-, Moss Side, Asht
AXIHCKWS, E. Ti; :stle Street, llortibrd.

), 0. M., l]s«., J. I'., Milton Hull.

15-U'KiiousK, J. K.. IVSQ., Tho Uoukory, MiddU-tou 'I'vas, Uu-h-
moiul, Vurks.

Ml,AY, I'lus . IOC, 1'lm Park QtfdMMk \\

i L-OAKKLKY, M ^t.uul, roloford, (Jloiu

I'.VKKK, W. K, Ks^., i;^ronU»iU7, lh-r!l\>rd.
I'-VUUKIT, T. I'., l'-^,'., BO, Y.c'on. \\,,| l.|...i.l, Mi.nl

M. (I. J., Ms^., 101), 1 \\nnur, N,-u \,.tk, I

1'i.t i.l'i . .,, l'.oti-.lu'1-t.y, r.u-liHle.

*l'.n:i:i i;, (} \V BaiCOV i roiiohiiiv.li Avi'uu.'

I1 . I' ;.,« . lltuiiKipyn. 'l\'r«|M '\

r.na., \\ . \\ •

I • i ! II ,11 \,

4 LIST OF MEMBERS,

BLACKMORE, H. P., ESQ., M.D., Blackmore Museum, Salisbury.

*BLISS, THOMAS, ESQ., Coningsburgh, Bethune Eoad, Amhorst
Park, N.

BLTJNDELL, J. H., ESQ., 157, Cheapside, E.G.

BOBART, M. HODGKINSON, ESQ., The Yews, Alvaston, Derby.

BOM, M. ADRIAAN, Spuistraat, 135, Amsterdam.

*BRIGGS, ARTHUR, ESQ., Cragg Royd, Rawden, Leeds.

BROOKE, J. W., ESQ., Marlborough.

BROWN, G. D., ESQ., 37, Essex Street, Strand, W.O.

BROWN, JOSEPH, ESQ,, Q.C., 54, Avenue Eoad, Regent's
Park, N.W.

BUCHAN, J. S., ESQ., 15, Barrack Street, Dundee.

BUCKLEY, LADY SARA, Plas, Dinas-Mawddwy, Merioneth, Wales.

BUICK, DAVID, ESQ., LL.D., Sandy Bay, Larne Harbour, Ireland.

BULL, REV. HERBERT A., Wellington House, Westgate-on-Sea.

BUNBURY, SIR EDWARD H., BART., M.A., F.G.S., 35, St. James's
Street, S.W.

BURSTAL, EDWARD K, ESQ., 38, Parliament Street, West-
minster.

BUSH, COLONEL J. TOBIN, 29, Rue de 1'Orangerie, le Havre, France.

BUTLER, CHARLES, ESQ., F.R.G.S., Warren Wood, Hatfield.

*BUTTERY, W., ESQ. (not known.)

CALDECOTT, J. B., ESQ., Richmond Villas, Broxbourne.
CALVERT, REV. THOS., 15, Albany Villas, Hove, Brighton.
CARPRAE, ROBERT, ESQ., E. S.A.Scot., 77, George Street, Edinburgh.
CAVE, LAURENCE TRENT, ESQ., 13, Lowndes Square, S.W.
CHURCHILL, Wm. S., ESQ., 24, Birch Lane, Manchester.
*CLARK, JOSEPH, ESQ., 14, Mount Place, Whitechapel Road, E.
CLARKE, CAPT. J. R. PLOMER, Bryn Ivor House, Haverfordwest,

S. Wales.

*CLARKE, HYDE, ESQ., F.R.H.S., 32, St. George's Square, S.W.
CLAUSON, ALBERT CHARLES, ESQ., 12, Park Place Villas, Maida

Hill West, W.
CLERK, MAJOR-GEN. M. G., Bengal Army, c/o Messrs. H. S. King

& Co., 45, Pall Mall, S.W.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 0

CODRINGTON, OLIVER, ESQ., M.D., M.E.A.S., 71, Victoria Road,

Clapham Common, Librarian.

COKAYNE, MORTON W., ESQ., Exeter House, Eoehampton, S.W.
*Copp, ALFRED E., ESQ., Hatherley, Wimbledon Hill, and 37,

Essex Street, Strand, Treasurer.

COTTON, PERCY H, GORDON, ESQ., 29, Cornwall Gardens, S.W.
CREEKE, MAJOR ANTHONY BUCK, Westwood, Burnley.
*CROMPTON-EOBERTS, CHAS. M., ESQ., 16, Belgrave Square, S.W.
CROWTHER, EEV. G. F., M.A., 21, Dorchester Place, N.W.
CUMING, H. SYER, ESQ., F.S.A.Scot., 63, Kennington Park Road, S.E.
CUNNINGHAM, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR A., E.E., K.C.I.E., C.S.I.,

96, Gloucester Eoad, South Kensington, S.W.

DAMES, M. LONGWORTH, ESQ., C.S., M.E.A.S., Alegria, Enfield,

Middlesex.

DAUGLISH, A. W., ESQ., Boreham Wood, Elstree, Herts.
DAVIDSON, J. L. STRACHAN, ESQ., M.A., Balliol College, Oxford.
DAVIES, WILLIAM RUSHEK, Esq., Overthorpe House, Wallingford.
DAVIS, WALTER, ESQ., 23, Suffolk Street, Birmingham.
DAWSON, G. J. CROSBIE, ESQ., M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., F.S.S..

Brampton Lodge, Newcastle, Staffordshire.
DEAKIN, GEO., ESQ., 378, Camden Eoad, N.
DEICHMANN, CARL THEODOR, ESQ., Cologne, Germany.
*DEWICK, EEV. E. S., M.A., 26, Oxford Square, Hyde Park, W.
DICKINSON, EEV. F. BINLEY, M.A., Manor House, Ottery St. Mary.
DIMSDALE, JOHN, ESQ , 4, Palace Gardens Terrace, W.
DORMAN, JOHN WM., ESQ., B.A., C.E., Eailway Offices, Demerara.
DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN R. J. H., Junior United Service Club, Charles

Street, St. James's, S.W.

DRYDEN, SIR HENRY, BART., Canon's Ashby, Byfield, Northampton.
DURLACHER, ALEXANDER, ESQ., 15, Old Burlington Street, W.

EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., The Abbey, Evesliam, Worcestershire.

6 LIST OF MEMBERS.

ENGEL, M. ARTHUR, 29, Eue Marignan, Paris.

ERHARDT, H., ESQ., 9, Bond Court, Walbrook, E.G.

EVANS, ARTHUR J.,EsQ., M.A., F.S.A.,Ashmolean Museum, Oxford,
Vice-President.

EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A., Corr. de 1'Inst.,
Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, President.

EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., LL.D., 10, Eosary Gardens, South Ken-
sington, S.W.

FAY, DUDLEY B., ESQ., 37, Franklin Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

FEWSTER, C. E., ESQ., Elboek House, Prince's Avenue, Hull.

FORD, JOHN WALKER, ESQ., Chase Park, Enfield.

Fox, H. B. EARLE, ESQ., 42, Eue Jouffroy, Paris.

FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., C.B., F.E.S., F.S.A., British

Museum.

FREMANTLE, THE HON. Sir C. W., K.C.B., Eoyal Mint.
FRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 96, Upper Osbaldiston Eoad, Stoke

Newington, N.
*FRESHFIELD, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., 5, Bank Buildings,

E.C.
FURDOONJEE, C. D., ESQ., 9, Pitha St. Fort, Bombay, India.

GARDNER, PROF. PERCY, Litt.D., F.S.A., 12, Canterbury Eoad,

Oxford.

GARSLDE, H., ESQ., Burnley Eoad, Accrington.
GEORGE, A. DURANCE, ESQ., National Provincial Bank, Newport,

Isle of Wight.

GIBSON, J. HARRIS, ESQ., 73, Eenshaw Street, Liverpool.
GILL, HENRY SEPTIMUS, ESQ., Tiverton.
GILLESPIE, W. J., ESQ., F.E.S.A., Beaufield House, Stillorgan,

Ireland.

GOODMAN, T. W., ESQ., Clifton Lodge, 155, Haverstock Hill, N.W.
GOSSET, BRIGADIER-GEN. MATTHEW W. E., C.B., Belgaum,

India.

*GRANTLEY, LORD, 26, Hertford Street, Mayfair, W.
GREENE, T. W., ESQ., B.C.L., Merrieleas, Eastleigh, Southampton.
G KEEN WELL, HEY. CANON, M.A., F.E.S., F.S.A., Durham.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 7

GRUEBER, HERBERT A., ESQ., F.S.A., British Museum, Secretary.

HARVEY, WILLIAM G. L., ESQ., 22, Mersey Road, Aigburth,

Liverpool.

HAVELOCK, COL. ACTON C., Bolingbroke, Baling.
HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., D.C.L., Ph.D., British Museum,

Secretary.
*HENDERSON, JAMES STEWART, ESQ., F.E.G.S., M.R.S.L.,M.C.P.,

7, Hampstead Hill Gardens, N.W.
HEYWOOD, NATHAN, ESQ., 3, Mount Street, Manchester.
HOBLYN, RICHARD A., ESQ., F.S.A., Hollywood, 79, Priory Road,

West Hampstead, N.W.

HODGES, GEORGE, ESQ., Thornbury, Gloucestershire.
HODGKIN, T., ESQ., D.C.L., F.S.A., Benwelldene, Newcastle.
* HOFFMANN, M. H., 11, Rue Benouville, Paris.
HOPKINS, CAPTAIN C. H. INNES-, Witton le Wear, Darlington.
HOWORTH, H. H., ESQ., M.P., F.S.A.,M.R.A.S., Bentcliffe, Eccles,

Manchester.
HUBBARD, WALTER R., ESQ., 9, Broomhill Avenue, Partick,

Glasgow.

HiJGEL, BARON F. VON, 4, Holford Road, Hampstead, N.W.
HUNT, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 4, Airlie Gardens, Campdeu Hill, W.

IONIDES, CONSTANTINE ALEXANDER, ESQ., 8, Holland Villas
Road, Kensington, S.W.

JACOB, W. HEATON, ESQ., Legacy Duty Office, Somerset House.

JAMES, J. HENRY, ESQ., Kingswood, Watford.

JEFFERIES, CHARLES S., ESQ., Clevedon, Somerset.

*JEX-BLAKE, REV. T. W., D.D., Alvechurch, Redditch.

JOHNSTON, J. M. C., ESQ., The Yews, Grove Park, Camber-
well, S.E.

JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick.

JONES, THOMAS, ESQ., Eglwyseg Manor House, Llangollen, North
Wales ; and 2, Plowden Buildings, Temple.

KAY, HENUY CASSELLS, ESQ., 11, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.

8 LIST OF MEMBERS.

KEARY, CHARLES FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 200, Cromwell Koacl,

S.W.

*KENYON, R. LLOYD, ESQ., M.A., Pradoe, West Felton, Shrops.
KING, L. WHITE, ESQ., 52, Lansdowne Eoad, Dublin.
KIRKALDY, JAMES, ESQ., 68, East India Eoad, E,
KITCHENER, COLONEL H. H., E.E., care of Messrs. Cox & Co.,

Charing Cross, S.W.

*KiTT, THOS. W., ESQ., Auckland, New Zealand.
KRUMBHOLZ, E. C., ESQ., 38, Great Pulteney Street, W.

*LAGERBERG, M. ADAM MAGNUS EMANUEL, Chamberlain of H.M.

the King of Sweden and Norway, Director of the Numismatic

Department, Museum, Gottenburg, and R8da, Sweden,
*LAMBERT, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S.A.., 10, Coventry Street, W.
*LAMBROS, M. J. P., Athens, Greece.
*LANG, ROBERT HAMILTON, ESQ., Pila Lodge, South Norwood

Park, S.E.

LATCHMORE, F., ESQ., High Street, Hitchin.
LAWRENCE, F. G., ESQ., Birchfield, Mulgrave Eoad, Sutton, Surrey.
*LAWRENCE, L. A., ESQ., Trehurst, 35, Maresfield Gardens, N.W.
LAWRENCE, W. F., ESQ., M.P., Cowesfield House, Salisbury.
*LAWRENCE, EICHARD HOE, ESQ., 31, Broad Street, New York.
*LAVVSON, ALFRED J., ESQ., Imperial Ottoman Bank, Smyrna.
LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 69, New Oxford Street, W.C.
LONGSTAFFE, W. HYLTON DYER, ESQ., 4, Catherine Terrace,

Gateshead.
Low, LYMAN H., ESQ., 12, East Twenty-Third Street, New York,

U.S.A.
LOWSLEY, LIEUT.-COL. B., E.E., Eoyal Engineers' Offices,

Colombo, Ceylon.

LUCAS, JAMES DUFFETT, ESQ., Stapleton Eoad, Bristol.
*LYELL, A. H., ESQ., 9, Cranley Gardens, S.W.

MACKERELL, C. E., ESQ., Dunningley, Balham Hill, S.W.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., M.E.A.S., 13, Grand Parade,

Brighton.
MASON, JAS. J., ESQ., Maryfield Villa, Victoria Eoad, Kirkcaldy.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 9

*MAUDE, EEV. S., Needham Market, Suffolk.

MAYLER, W., ESQ., 113, Mostyn Street, Llandudno.

MCLACHLAN, R. W., ESQ., 55, St. Monique Street, Montreal.

MIDDLETON, PROF. JOHN H., M.A., F.S.A., King's College, Cam-
bridge.

MINTON, Tiros. W., ESQ., 28, Walbrook, E.C.

MITCHELL, E. C., ESQ., Meppadi S. Wynaad, Madras Pres., India
(care of Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill).

MONTAGU, H., ESQ., F.S.A., 34, Queen's Gardens, Hyde Park, W.,
Vice- President.

MONTAGUE, L. A. D., ESQ., Penton, near Crediton, Devon.

MURDOCH, JOHN GLOAG, ESQ., Huntingtower, The Terrace, Camdeu
Square, N.W.

NEALE, C. MONTAGUE, ESQ., 34, St. Andrew's Eoad, Southsea.
NECK, J. F., ESQ., care of Mr. F. W. Lincoln, 69, New Oxford

Street, W.C.

NELSON, EALPH, ESQ., 55, North Bondgate, Bishop Auckland.
NERVEGNA, M. G., Brindisi, Italy.
*NUNN, JOHN JOSEPH, ESQ., Downbam Market.
NUTTER, MAJOR, W. Eough Lee, Accrington, and Cleveley's,

Poulton-le-Fylde.

OLIVER, E. EMMERSON, ESQ., M.E.A.S., M.Inst.C.E., c/o Messrs.

H. S. King & Co., 45, Pall Mall, S.W.
OMAN, C. W. C., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., All Souls College, Oxford.

PACKE, ALFRED E., ESQ., 1, Stanhope Place, Hyde Park, W.

PAGE, SAMUEL, ESQ., Hanway House, Nottingham.

PATON, W. E., ESQ., Grandhome, Aberdeen.

*?ATRICK, ROBERT W. COCHRAN, ESQ., F.S.A., Beitli, Ayrshire.

*PEARCE, SAMUEL SALTER, ESQ.

PEARSE, GEN. G. G., C.B., E.H.A., 4, Norfolk Square, Hyde

Park, W.
*PECKOVER, ALEX., ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.E.G.S., Bank House,

Wisbech.

10 LIST OF MEMBERS.

*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., Spalding, Lincolnshire.

PINCHES, JOHN HARVEY, ESQ., 27, Oxenden Street, HaymarkeL

PIXLEY, FRANCIS W., ESQ., 23, Linden Gardens, W.

POLLEXFEN, REV. JOHN H., M.A., F.S.A., Middleton Tyas, Richmond,

Yorkshire.

POOLE, Prof. E. S., LL.IX, Corr. de 1'Institut, British Museum.
POOLE, STANLEY E. LANE, ESQ., M.E.A.S., 31, Mathesonr Road

West Kensington.

POWELL, SAMUEL, ESQ., Ivy House, Welshpool.
PREVOST, AUGUSTUS, ESQ., 79, Westbourne Terrace, W.
PRIDEAUX, LIEUT.-COL., W. E., F.E.G.S., M.E.A.S., c/o Mr.

B. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly, W.

EANSOM, W., ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., Fairfield, Hitchin, Herts.

EAPSON, E. J., ESQ., M.A., British Museum, W.C.

EASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's

Park, N.W.
RAWLINSON, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY C., G.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.*

21, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.

READY, W. TALBOT, ESQ., 55, Eathbone Place, W.
REED, P. R., ESQ., Rusholme, Grove Road, Surbiton.
RICHARDSON, A. B., ESQ., F. S.A.Scot., 16, Coates Crescent,

Edinburgh.

EICKETTS, ARTHUR, ESQ , 10, Agincourt Eoad, Hampstead, N.W
*ROBERTSON, J. D., ESQ., M.A., Caen Leys, Ashtead, Surrey.
EODGERS, C. J., ESQ., Panjab Circle, Amritsar, India.
EOME, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., The Eed Lodge, Putney.
ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ., 1, Hare Court, Temple.

*SALAS, MIGUEL T., ESQ., 247, Florida Street, Buenos Ayres,
*SANDEMAN, LIEUT.-COL. JOHN GLAS, 24, Cambridge Square,

Hyde Park, W.
SCHINDLER, GENERAL A. H., care of Messrs. W. Dawson and Sou,

121, Cannon Street, E.G.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 11

SCHLUMBERGER, M. G., 140, Faubourg St. Honor^, Paris.

SELBORNE, THE EIGHT HON. THE EARL OF, F.E.S., Blackmoor,
Selborne, Hants.

SELTMAN, E. J., ESQ., 66, Victoria Street, S.W.

SERRURE, M. RAYMOND, 53, Hue de Richelieu, Paris.

SHORTHOUSE, E., ESQ., 5, Charlotte Eoad, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

SIDEBOTHAM, E. J., ESQ., M.B., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

SMITH, H. P., ESQ., 269, West 52nd Street, New York.

SMITH, R. HOBART, ESQ., 70, Broadway, New York.

SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., JUN., 25, Croxteth Road,Prince's Park, Liverpool.

SMITH, W. BERESFORD, ESQ., Kenmore, Vanburgh Park Eoad,
West Blackheath.

SMITHE, J. DOYLE, ESQ., F.G.S., Ecclesdin, Upper Norwood.

SOAMES, REV. CHARLES, Mildenhall, near Marlborough, Wilts.

*SPENCE, C. J., ESQ., South Preston Lodge, North Shields.

SPICE a, FREDERICK, ESQ., Catteshall, Godalming, Surrey.

SPINK, 0. F., ESQ., 2, Gracechurch Street, E.C.

STEPHEN, CARR, ESQ., District Judge, Tullundur, Panjab, India.

STORY, MAJOR- GEN. VALENTINE FREDERICK, The Forest, Not-
tingham.

*STREATFEILD, REV. GEORGE SIDNEY, Vicarage, Streatham Common,
S.W.

*STUBBS, MAJOR-GEN. F. W., E.A., M.E.A.S., Dromiskin House,
Castle Bellingham, co. Louth, Ireland.

STUDD, E. FAIRFAX, ESQ., Oxton, Exeter.

STULPNAGEL, DR. C. E., Govt. College, Lahore, Panjab, India.

SUGDEN, JOHN, ESQ., Dockroyd, near Keighley.

SYMONDS, HENRY, ESQ., Oakdale, Farquhar Eoad, Edgbaston.

TABLEY, THE EIGHT HON. LORD DE, M.A., F.S.A., 62, Elm Park

Eoad, Chelsea, S.W.
TALBOT, MAJOR THE HON. MILO GEORGE, E.E., 2, Paper Buildings,

Temple.
TALBOT, THE HON. REGINALD, LL.B., 2, Paper Buildings, Temple.

12 LIST OF MEMBERS.

TATTON, THOS. E., ESQ., Wythenshawe, Northenden, Cheshire.

TAYLOK, W. H., ESQ., Ivy View, Erdington, near Birmingham.

THAIRLWALL, T. J., ESQ., 12, Upper Park Eoad, Haverstock Hill,
N.W.

*THEOBALD, W., ESQ., Budleigh Salterton, S. Devon.

THOMAS, CHARLES G., ESQ., Reform Club, S.W.

THURSTON, E., ESQ., Central Government Museum, Madras.

TREVOR, HON. GEORGE HILL, 25, Belgrave Square, S.W.

TRIST, J. W., ESQ., F.S.A., F.S.I., 62, Old Broad Street, E.C.

TROTTER, LIEUT. -CoL. HENRY, C.B., British Embassy, Constan-
tinople.

TUFNELL, CAPT. R. H. C., 37, Queen's Gardens, Lancaster
Gate, W.

TUNMER, H. G., ESQ., 2, Corn Exchange Buildings, Ipswich.

VERITY, JAMES, ESQ., Earlsheaton, Dewsbury.

VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., 294, City Road, E.C.

VIZE, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., 4, Loraine Road, Holloway, N.

*WADDINGTON, MONSIEUR W. H., Membre de 1'Institut, 31, Rue
Dumont Durville, Paris.

WAKEFORD, GEORGE, ESQ., Knightrider Street, Maidstone.

WALKER, R. K, ESQ., M.A., Trin. Coll. Dub., 9, St. James's
Terrace, Miltown, Co. Dublin, Ireland.

WARREN, CAPT. A. R., Cosham Park, Cosham, Hants.

WARREN, COL. FALKLAND, C.M.G., 57, Cornwall Road, West-
bourne Park.

WEBB, HENRY, ESQ., Redstone Manor House, Redhill, Surrey.

* WEBER, EDWARD F., ESQ., 58, Alster, Hamburg, Germany.

* WEBER, FREDERIC P., ESQ., 10, Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor

Square, W.
*WEBER, HERMANN, ESQ., M.D., 10, Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor

Square, W.
WEBSTER, W. J., ESQ., 1, Bloomsbury Place, Bloomsbury Square,

W.C.

WHELAN, F. E., ESQ., 19, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.
WHITE, GEORGE, ESQ., 15, Stradbroke Road, Highbury, N.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 13

*WIGRAM, MRS. LEWIS.

WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 13, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WILLIAMSON, GEO. C., ESQ., Dunstanbeorh, Church Hill, Guild-
ford, Surrey.

WINSEH, THOMAS B., ESQ., 81, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

WOOD, 'HUMPHREY, ESQ., Chatham.

WORMS, BARON GEORGE DE, F.R.G.S.,F.S.A., M.R.S.L., E.G.S.,D.L.,
J.P., 17, Park Crescent, Portland Place, Regent's Park, W.

WRIGHT, COL. CHARLES I., The Bank, Carlton Street, Nottingham.

WRIGHT, REV. WILLIAM, D.D., Woolsthorpe, 10, The Avenue,
Upper Norwood, S.E.

WROTH, W. W,, ESQ., F.S.A., British Museum, Foreign Secretary.

WYON, ALLAN, ESQ., F.S.A. Scot., 2, Langham Chambers, Port-
land Place, W.

YEATES, F. WILLSON, ESQ., 15, Cleveland Gardens, Hyde

Park, W.
YOUNG, ARTHUR W., ESQ., 12, Hyde Park Terrace, W.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.

BABELON, M. ERNEST, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
BARTHELEMT, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d' Amsterdam, Paris.
BERGMANN, J. RITTER VON, Vienna.

CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, 80, Rue S. Bernardo,

Madrid.

CHABOUILLET, M. A., Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
COLSON, DR. ALEXANDRE, Nojon (Oise), France.

DANNENBERG, HERR H., Berlin.

GONZALES, CAV. CARLO, Palazzo Ricasoli, Via delle Terme, Florence.
GROTE, DR. H., Hanover.
GUIOTH, M. LEON, Liege.

14 LIST OF MEMBERS.

HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York.
HEISS, M. ALOISS, 48, Rue Charles-Laffitte, Neuilly, Seine.
HERBST, HERE C. F., Director of the Museum of Northern Anti-
quities and Inspector of the Coin Cabinet, Copenhagen.
HILDEBRAND, DR. HANS, Eiksantiquarien, Stockholm.

IMHOOF-BLUMER, DR. F., Winterthur, Switzerland.
KENNER, DR. F., K. K. Museum, Vienna.

LEEMA.NS, DR. CONRAD, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites, Leyden.
LEITZMANN, HERR PASTOR J., Weissensee, Thiiringen, Saxony.
Lis Y RIVES, SEN"OR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid.

MINERVINI, CAV. GIULIO, Rome.

MOMMSEN, PROFESSOR DR. THEODOR, Berlin.

SALLET, DR. ALFRED VON, Konigliche Museen, Berlin.
Six, M. J. P., Amsterdam.
STICKEL, PROFESSOR DR. J. G., Jena, Germany.
SVORONOS, M. J. N., Cabinet des Medailles, Athens.

TIESENHAUSEN, PROF. W., Pont de la Police, 17, St. Petersburg.

VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence.
VERACHTER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.

WEIL, DR. RUDOLF, Konigliche Museen, Berlin.

. ChnnSer. J//.Vol.X/.PL /X.

KimorirRpst Medallion! Type.

Partormos, imitated From Kimdn.Type I

PLATE I.
K1MQNS FIRST 'MEDALLION TYPE AND ILLUSTRATIVE COI NS

Num. Chron.Ser.lff.VolXL PL X.

Kimoa.Tetradracfim

T Tl

Kimon. Gold Stater
as Type H

Motyo.: Imitations of Kimon's Typ

Kimon.Gold Staters
f Later)

m

Kimoa/Medallioa Type III

DidracKms of Neapolis

PLATE II.
KIMON'S LATER-MEDALLIONS' AND I LLU STRATI VE CO I NS

Num. Chron.Ser. llf.VoLXf.PL

PKistelia

TelradracKms by Kimon with Facing Head of Arethusa

Moiya DidracHm Motya,

Motya Didrackni

Larissa (TKessaly)

Satrapal Coin, of
Cilicia M

PLATE III.
KIMON'S FACING H EAD OF ARETHUSA PROTOTYPE AND COPIES.

Num. Chron.Ser. I/I. Vol.Xf.PL Xll

PLATE IV.

'MEDALLION' BY NEW ARTIST [TWO DIAM.Sj

Num. Chron.Ser. MVol.X/.Pl. Xt/I.

w

Evaenetos, Gold
Pentekontalitron

Evaenetos, Gold Staters

Gem Found ne
Catania

Carthaginian

Gold Pieces

CartKaginian,
Camp Coin

-

Evaenetos .Earliest «n
Medallion Type

Evaenetos
witli A on Obv

Evaenetos .-Latest Medallion with. Signature Evainetov

PLATE V.

'MEDALLIONS^ AND GOLD PIECES BY EVAENETOS WITH
111 II^TRATIVF COINS AND GEM.

Num. Chron.Ser. Itt.Vol.Xt. PL

'Medallion of Evaenetos

Siculo - Punic

PLATE VI.
EVAENETOS MEDALLION TYPE AND IMITATIONS.

Num. ChronSer. MVolJff.Pl. X

Siculo - Punic

S v p a c u

Katane

,x
Kanianaa

COINS IN EVAENETOS EARLIER MANNER

PLATE VII.

ENGLISH PERSONAL MEDALS.

va

N6

ser.3
v.ll

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and journal of the Royal
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